Auld Testament

The Auld Testamentis the name gien tae the ingaitherin o beuks that maks up the first pairt o theChristianBible.Forby Christians,Jewshaud the beuks tae be haly an aw; thay cry thaim theTanakh.Scholars for ordinar uise the termThe Ebrue Bible.

Beuks

TheProtestantAuld TestamentanThe Ebrue Bibleo the Jews is gey seemilar. The differs atween the twa is smaw, tae the maist pairt adae wi the sortin an nummer o the beuks; for exemplar,The Ebrue BiblehaesKingsas ae quair, but the ProtestantAuld Testamentspleets it in twa. In the same gate,The Ebrue BiblegiesEzraanNehemiahas ae beuk, while the ProtestantAuld Testamentspleets thaim in twa an aw.

TheRoman Catholic kirkan the Eastren Orthodox an Oriental Orthodox kirks haes beuks an pairts o beuks that's in the early Greek translate criedThe Septuagintbut arna inThe Ebrue Bible.Thir kirks cries thaimDeutrocanonical Beuks,while Protestants haud thaim as apocryphal.

A wabsteid wi a guid page compearin the canons can be fund here[1].

Pairts

Bi tradeetion,The Ebrue Bibleis spleet intil three pairts viz.The Law(תורה - 'Torahin Ebrue),The Prophets(נביאים -Nevi'imin Ebrue) anThe Scrievins(כתובים -Ketuvimin Ebrue). Gin ye tak the three first letters o thir wirds in Ebrue an jyne thaim thegither, ye getTNK- that's whaurTenakhcomes frae.

Please merk that the sortin o the beuks as gien ablo is the sortin tae be fund inThe Ebrue Bible,syne that is the oreeginal order. For tae see the Protestant, Cathloic, Eastren Orthodox or Oriental Orthodox sortin, uise the link gien in the section anent "Beuks" abuin. Syne the Deutrocanonical Beuks/ Apocrypha kythna inThe Ebrue Bible,this princeeple appleesna tae thaim.

Torah

The Torahis criedThe Pentateuchforby, that's frae the Greek Πεντετεύχως meaninFive Quairs.Thir beuks are the first five beuks o the Christian an Jewish Screepturs, an is the maist important beuks o the hail Jewish faith. They tell the unco early lair o theJewishfowk, as weel as giein the Jewish releegious laws.
The beuks o the Torah is:

• Genesis
• Exodus
• Leviticus
• Nummers
• Duetoronomy

Tho tradeetion threaps that thir beuks wis written maistly bi Moses (an sae thay are whiles criedThe Bueks o Moses) maist modren scholars hauds that thay are the affcome o the jynin thegither o fower deeferent documents written at deeferent times. The names gien tae thir hypothetical documents isThe Yahwistic Tradeetion,The Elohistic Tradeetion,The Deuteronmistic TradeetionanThe Priestly Tradeetion.

• The Yahwistic Tradeetion(cutty form -J).

This is sae cried acause it aye cries GodYahweh,uisin the Saicret Name. It maun come frae the time o King Solomon c. 950 BC. Explainin why the cutty form isJan noYis a bit o a fankle, but it basicaly comes frae a auld-farrant (an wrangous) wey o transliteratin the EbrueYasJ.

• The Elohistic Tradeetion(cutty form -E)

Sae cried syne it uised the wird אלהים -Elohimfor God. This wis aiblins written aboot 750 BC in the Norran Kinrick efter the skailin o the Kinrick o Dauvit an Solomon. At some pynt boot 700 BC, theJanEtradeetions micht hae been jyned thegither in Jerusalem tae mak a document whiles cryedJE.

• The Deuteronmistic Tradeetion(cutty form -D)

Abuin aw this beuk is conteened inDeuteronomybut pairts o it micht kythe in ither pairts o the Torah forby. It is jaloused tae hae been stairtit in the Norran Kinrick an feenished in Jerusalem.

• The Priestly Tradeetion(cutty form -P)

This wis maist likely written durin the Jewish thirldom in Babylon (587 - 538 BC). Efter bein exiled tae a fremmit kintra (i.e. Babylon), the priests o the Jews did whit thay coud tae uphaud the faith o the fowk, an this document wis the affcome.

Thir fower tradeetions wis brocht thegither aboot 400 BC, efter the retour frae Babylon, an haes aften been attributit tae Ezra the scribe, tho hou muckle wark he did (gin, atweel, he did onything) isna possible tae tell the nou.

Nevi'im

Five Prophets

• Joshua
• Judges
• Samuel
• Kings

Thir beuks win on wi the history (specially the releegious history) o theJewish fowkdurin an efter the reddin in the "Hechtit Land" o Canaan that follaed on frae the flicht frae Egyp telt o in the Torah (speciallyExodus). Thir wis unco teuch times for the Jews, an mony time thay haed tae fecht for tae haud thair ain in thair new hameland. At first the kintra wis a republic, but efter some time the fowk saucht tae hae a king ower thaim. The beuk oSamuel(spleet in twa inChristianBibles) tells o hou the Laird waled Saul tae be the first king o Israel, an o Dauvit efter him, while tellin o the role o the prophet Samuel himsel.Kingsthat is spleet in twa bi Christians, is an upcast o the Kings o Israel an Judah (the kinrick spleet in twa efter the daith o King Solomon).

Later Prophets

• Isaiah
• Jeremiah
• Ezekiel

Prophesies o howp an juidgment as weel as weirdins anent the futur is tae be fund in aw the prophetic beuks, an thir anes isna an exception.Isaiahspecially wairns the fowk o Israel tae tak tent o whit he says anent repentance for sins. It is important tae see that the fowk o the time saw the poleetical heal o thair naition as bein sib tae thair moral heal. The Prophets saw that the sinnin an want o regaird for the Laird an His laws wis leadin tae a an unco muckle mishanter in the form o the kinricks bein owerin bi fremmit pouers an thair fowk cairied aff intil exile. Some beukmen & weemin jalouse that pairt o Issaih wis written afore the exile, pairt durin an pairt efter - syne it seems that thare are three authors at wirk in that beuk. The prophet Jeremiah telt o the comin faw o Jerusalem, an leeved tae see it at the end o his days. Ezekiel wis a prophet o the sae cried "exilic stent".

Twal Minor Prophets

• Hosea
• Joel
• Amos
• Obadiah
• Jonah
• Micah
• Nahum
• Habakkuk
• Zephaniah
• Haggai
• Zechariah
• Malachi

The minor prophets isna cried sic acuase thay haed anerly smaw importance, but acause the beuks that beirs thair names is cutty whan evened aside the langer warks sic asIsaiahorEzekiel.Thir quairs is anent a muckle reenge o subjects -Amoshaes a hantle anent social juistice,Jonahtells o the need for aw fowk (no juist the Jews) tae repent an tak tent o the Laird's wairnishments.HaggaianZechariahwis written efter the retour frae the exile an deal wi the re-biggin o the Temple. The muckle reenge o subjects kivvered maks for teuch readin at pynts, as daes the aften heichly allegorical leid uised - an the same gaes for the mony poetical pairts that aften lose mair nor a tait o thair oreeginal "flowe" whan pitten ower intil anither leid. As for authorskip an ither provenance, the quairs thaimsels aften gies us anerly a tait information anent the scrievers an the steid an time o thair componin, tho it's jaloused bi maist beukmen & weemin that maist o the prophets wis based in Jerusalem.

Ketuvim

Thrie Beuks o Musardie

• Psaums
• Proverbs
• Job

Thir beuks is beuks o sangs an musardie (Psaums), wyce sayins (Proverbs) siclike. Bi tradeetion, King Dauvit wis the scriever o mony o the Psaums, but no aw o thaim an his son King Solomon scrieved maist o the Provribs.

Psaumsis a gaitherin o mony releegious sangs. Thay are anent the hail reenge o human experience in relation tae God, the guid an the bad stents o life as weel as liturgical pairts forby. Sangs o praise as weel as some dealin wi the mair fashfu times are tae be fund in this beuk. The musardrie is unco deeferent frae wir modren poetic tradeetions, wi parallelism an acrostic structurs that wis raither common in Ebrue musardie o the time. The Psaums hae for mony year been central tae wirship for baith Jews an Christians. TheKirk o Scotlandhaes bi tradeetion uised the Psaums syne the Reformation.

Provribsis a gaitherin o mony wyce sayins, the feck o whit is attribute tae Dauvit's son, King Solomon. Tho his name is mentiont at the stairt o the beuk, it is naewhaur threapit direct in the beuk that Solomon wis the scriever. That said, he is said tae hae been unco wyce, an in1 Kings4:29-34 he is said tae hae scrieved mony sangs an provribs. Whither he scrieved the provribs or gaithered thaim (or baith, an tae whit gree) is still debatit. At least twa ither fowk is said tae hae scrieved provribs in the beuk -Agur son o Jakeh an a chiel cried Lemuel (or aiblins his mither). The last twa-three is bi an unkent scriever. It shaws, in some respects, the influence o an Egyptian beuk criedThe Instructions of Amenemopet

Jobis thocht bi some tae be the auldest beuk o the hailBible.It is a lang treatise anent sufferin an whit man maun dree an thole on the yird. Forby, it haes some lang pairts in it anent the pouer o God.

Five Megillot

• Sang o Sangs
• Ruth
• Lamentations
• Ecclesiastes
• Esther

Sang o Sangsis attributit tae King Solomon, an sae it is kent forby asThe Sang o Solomon.It is anent luve atween a man an a wumman, tho some fowk sees it as an allegory anent the relationship atween God an his fowk, at least in pairt.

Ruthis a cutty beuk that some threaps tae be the ae beuk in the Bible scrieven bi a wumman, tho this is juist conjectur. A muckle theme in the beuk is the duty tae bield the waik an brashy.

The doulsome beuk oLamentationsis attribute tae the prophet Jeremiah, an is anent the murnin follaein the faw o Jerusalem in 586 BC. It is read liturgically bi Jews whan thay mind the faw o Jerusalem at the fastin day o Tish B'Av.

Ecclesiastes is in some respects mair pheelosophical nor some beuks o the Bible, an a tait mair doulsome nor maist. It taks a guid leuk at hou rhymless an knotless mony o man's warks an daeins is. The kenspeckle passage anent "a time fer ilka thing" is taen fraeEcclesiastes.This beuk soudna be taen as the same asEcclesiasticusthat's a deeferent beuk awthegither an is o the Deutrocanonical/ Apocryphal curn.

The beuk oEstheris setten in the time o exile durin the waldin o King Xerxes. This is the ae beuk o the Bible that the name o God disna kythe in ava. It tells o hou Esther, a bonny young Jewish quean that wis mairiet on the King wis able tae pit a stap tae a planned killin o her fowk, an sicweys the oreegins o the Jewish festival oPurim.

Ither Beuks

• Daniel
• Ezra-Nehemiah
• Chronicles

LikEsther,the beuk oDanielcomes frae the exilic stent. It is unco teuch tae unnerstaund, specially modren readers that's no acquent wi the metaphorical eemagery an the apocalyptic genre as a hail. It is in pairt an accoont o some o the Godly Jewish chiels an whit thay haed tae thole in Babylon for the sake o thair faith. It haes weirdins anent the end o the yird an veesions that the scriever threapit tae hae haed an aw.

Ezra-Nehemiahis taen tae be the ae beuk bi the Jews, but Christian Bibles spleets it in twa (i.e. intil the beuks oEzraanNehemiah).Ezratells o the endin the Babylonian exile an o the stairtin o the retour tae Jerusalem an Judah, anNehemiahcairies on efter this gate an tells o the re-biggin o the waw o Jerusalem an its dedication as weel as haen some data anent the state o the Jewish fowk an thair releegion at the time. This beuk (or "thir beuks" ) micht hae been screiven at aboot the same time as that o the prophetMalachi.

Chronicles(ance mair, this ane is spleet in twa bi Christians) is anent Jewish history an kivers muckle o the same time kivered bi the ither historical warks sic asKings.

Deutrocanonical Beuks/ Apocrypha

Catholic

The Roman Catholic Kirk hauds the follaein beuks as "Deutrocanonical", but Protestants dinna haud thaim as canonical ava. Thay are anent a reenge o things - frae mair wyce sayins efter the gate oProvribs(Wisdom Ben Sira) tae history (the beuks o the Maccabees that tells o the war the Jews haed tae fecht for unthrildom agin the Greek Seleucid Empire, aboot a entury afore the kythin oJesus) an a tait ither subjects forby thon. Thay war taen intil the Catholic canon o Screeptur efter some dackle, thair staundin chyngin frae "nane-canoncical" tae "deutrocanonical" efter twa-three cooncils anent the maiter, sic as the Cooncil o Trent.

• Tobit
• Judith
• Eikins tae Esther (Vulgate Esther 10:4-16:24, but see fobyEstherin theNAB) *Wisdom Ben Sira,cried forbySirachorEcclesiasticus(no tae be confuised wi the beuk oEcclesiastes,see abuin)
• Baruch,includin theLetter o Jeremiah(Eikins tae Jeremiah inThe Septuagint)
• Eikins tae Daniel:
  • Sang o the Three Bairns(VulgateDaniel 3:24-90)
  • Story o Susanna(VulgateDaniel 13,Septuagintprologue)
  • The Idol Bel an the Draigon(VulgateDaniel 14,Septuagintepilogue)
• 1 Maccabees
• 2 Maccabees

Eastren Orthodox

The follaein beuks is rejectit bi Jews, Protestants an Catholics, but acceptit bi the Eastren Orthodox Kirk efter the Senyie o Jerusalem.

• 1 Esdras
• 3 Maccabees
• 4 Maccabees(in appendix bot no canonical)
• Prayer o Manasseh
• Psaum 151(The beuk oPsaumsinThe Ebreu Biblehaes anerly 150 psaums)

Roushian an Ethiopian Orthodox Kirks

Thir kirks hauds the follaein beuk as pairt o thair canon.

• 2 Esdras

Ethiopian Orthodox Kirk

The Ethiopian Orthodox Kirk taks thir beuks intil thair canon forby. The beuk oEnochis quotit frae in theNew Testamentletter oJude,an syne c. AD 90 the Jews haes rejectit it (accordin tae the seicont century theologian Tertullain this wis acause it haed weirdins anentthe Christ). This quotation awmaist led taeJudebein rejectit bi the Christian Kirks.

• Jubilees
• Enoch
• 1–3 Meqabyan
• 4 Baruch

Syriac Peshitta Bible

An lastly theSyriac Peshitta Biblehaes the follaein that the ither kirks an canons disna.

• Psaums 152–155(The beuk oPsaumsinThe Ebreu Biblehaes anerly 150 psaums)
• 2 Baruch

Dates

The muckle feck o Biblical scholars grees that aw the quairs oThe Auld Testamentwis aw scrieved an componed atween the Twalt Century BC an the Seicont Century BC. Sae the beuks oThe Auld Testamentwis aw completit afore the birth oJesusan the scrievin oThe New Testament.As sic, the Screepturs uised bi Jesus includes aw o whit we nou cryThe Ebrue Bibleas weel as aiblins some itherJewishwarks o the time.

Leids

Awmaist the hail oThe Ebrue Biblewis scrieved in Ebrue, tho some cutty pairts oDanielwis scrieved in Aramaic. Atween the third an first centuries BC, Jewish scholars in Alexandria pit it ower intil Greek, eikin some beuks an pairts o beuks as thay did sae. Thir eikins cam tae be kent as deutrocanonical bi Catholics an Orthodoc Christians, an as apocryphal bi Prostestants. The translate cam tae be kent asThe Septuagint.

Translates intil Scots

Tho thare is yet tae be a translate o the hail Bible intil Scots, mair nor twa-three translates oAuld Testamentbeuks hae been made. Maist o thaim hae been pitten ower fraeInglisraither nor the oreeginal Ebrue, but this isna the case for thaim aw.

• Murdoch Nisbet (c. 1520) pitThe New Testamentower intil Scots, but he pit ower some pairts oThe Auld Testamentforby. His wark wis pitten ower frae an earlier Inglis translate bi Purvey.
• Henry Scott Riddell (1857) pit oot a translate o the beuk oPsaumsthat wis taen frae the InglishAuthorised Version(kent as theKing James Versionan aw).†
• In 1858, Riddell set furth his translate o theSang o Solomon.†
• The Inglisman Joseph Phillip Robson set furth his translate o theSang o Solomonin 1860.†
• In the same year, a third translate o theSang o Solomonwis set furth, tho the name o the translator isna kent. It is seemilar in mony weys tae Riddell's wark.†
• TheSang o Solomonwis set furth for a fowert time in 1862, bi George Henderson.†
• Anither unkent translate o theSang o Solomonkythed at this time foryb the anes telt o abuin, but the year isna kent.†
• P Hately Waddell gied us hisPsalms frae Hebrew intil Scottisin 1871 an sae becam the first Scots translator o ony Biblical beuk tae wirk frae the oreeginal leid text.
• In 1879, Waddell set furth hisIsaiah frae Hebrew intil Scottis.As wi his wark on thePsaumshe teuk tent o ither translates in ither leids forby, the Laitin, Greek, Italian, German an Inglis.
• At the end o his warkThe Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland(1873), James AH Murray includit a translate frae the Inglis o the cutty beuk oRuth.
• The Unitit Free Kirk meenister Rev. Thomas Whyte Paterson set furth his translate oProvribsfrae the Inglis that he criedWyse Sayin's o' Solomonin 1917.
• Henry Paterson Cameron, a Scots chiel that haed flittit taeAustralieuised the InglisRevised Versionas the foond o his wark onGenesisin 1921. His translate haed jottins in Scots includit.
• In 1971, Alex Borrowman's tranlate oRuthcam oot; tho he himsel haed dee'd the year afore. He uised the modren InglisNew English Bibleas the foond o his wark that cam wi jottins, a commentar anentRuthas weel as ither wark sic as sermons, reddins o services an twa-threePsaums- aw duin in guid modren Scots.

Translates merkit wi † wis commeesiont bi a French chiel cried Prince Louis Lucien Bonaparte (1813-1891), nevoy tae Napoleon Bonaparte. He wis born in Ingland an bid for maist o his life thare, an in his studies intil the Inglis leid teuk on an unco interest in byleids an sae on. Ettlin for tae document whit he saw as the diverse byleids o Inglis tae be fund in Breetain (jalousin that thay war deein an wantit documentin afore this wis duin wi), he haed a nummer o scrievers wark on pittin pairts o the Bible ower intae thair ain byleids. The warks that he commeesiont an gaithered wisna set furth, but hauden in gey few nummers as academic texts that no mony fowk kent o. The Scots translates is o varyin quality, maist o thaim is tae some gree based on the "leeterar Scots" o Burns, Scott, Ramsay an ithers raither nor bein based on the leevin speak o the fowk that uised the leid ilka day; this wis tae the maist pairt the affcome o whit we maun nou see as early ettles tae mak a formal register o Scots (beirin in mynd that nae colloquial Inglis translate o the Bible existit at this time, aither). As sic, thay are mair o a cuiriosity an a document o the ettles tae mak a formal strynd o Scots raither nor real representations o 19t Century spoken Scots, ettles tae hain the leid - or muckle less ettles tae gie the fowk a Bible in thair ain vernacular leid.

Forby, see the fremmit airtins ablo that haes links tae some o thir translates online.

See Forby

• The Bible
  • The New Testament
• Christianity
• Judaism
  • Shema

Soorces

• The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church- ed. FL Cross (1958)
• How to Read the Old Testament- Etienne Charpentier (1981)
• Meet the Prophets - A Beginner's Guide to the Books of the Biblical Prophets- John W. Miller (1985 edeetion uised)
• A History of the Scots Bible: With Selected Texts- Graham Tulloch (1989)

Fremmit Airtins

• Encyclopaedia Britannica page anentThe Auld TestamentArchived2007-09-29 at theWayback Machine
• The Wice Sayins o Solomon - Scots translate o the hail beuk bi T Whyte PatersonArchived2007-10-21 at theWayback Machine
• The Beuk o Psalms - Scots translate o the hail beuk bi P Hately WaddellArchived2008-02-21 at theWayback Machine
• The Beuk o Ruth - Scots translate o the hail beuk bi AS Borrowman