Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi Чернівці(in Ukrainian) | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Banner  Coat airms | |
| Eik-name(s): | |
 The Chernivtsi Ceety Municipality (center) on the map oChernivtsi Oblast. | |
  Chernivtsi Location o Chernivtsi in Ukraine | |
| Coordinates:48°18′0″N25°56′0″E/ 48.30000°N 25.93333°ECoordinates:48°18′0″N25°56′0″E/ 48.30000°N 25.93333°E | |
| Kintra |  Ukraine |
| Oblast |  Chernivtsi Oblast |
| Raion | Chernivtsi Raion |
| First mentioned | 1408 |
| Ceety richts | 14t century |
| Govrenment | |
| • Ceety Cooncil Secretar | Vitaliy Mykhailishyn[3] |
| Area | |
| • City | 153 km2(59 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 248 m (814 ft) |
| Population (2013) | |
| • City | 259,419 |
| • Density | 1,700/km2(4,400/sq mi) |
| •Metro | 723,100 |
| Time zone | UTC+2(EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3(EEST) |
| Postal code | 58000 |
| Area code(s) | +380 372 |
| Vehicle registration | CE/26 |
| Sister ceeties | Salt Lake City,Konin,Suceava,Nazareth Illit,Saskatoon,Klagenfurt,Podolsk |
| Website | www.city.cv.ua www.chernivtsy.eu |
Chernivtsi(Ukrainian:Чернівці́,Ukrainian pronunciation:[t͡ʃerniu̯ˈt͡sʲi];see an awither names) is a ceety inwastrenUkraine,situatit on the upper course o theRiver Prut.Chernivtsi is theadmeenistrative centreoChernivtsi Oblast(province) - the northren, Ukrainian pairt o the European historic region oBukovina.At the time o the2001 Ukrainian Census,the population o the ceety wis 240,600.[4]
Thegither wi the ceety oLviv,Chernivtsi is viewed at present tae be a cultural centre o wastren Ukraine. The ceety is considered ane o modren Ukraine's greatest cultural, educational an airchitectural centres an aw. Historically in that role, Chernivtsi wis even dubbit "LittleVienna,"[1][2]"Jerusalemupon the Prut ". The ceety is a major pynt o railwey an heich-gate crossins in the region, an hooses ainternaitional airport.
Name
[eedit|eedit soorce]Aside frae Ukrainian, Chernivtsi is kent bi mony different names an aw, which wur uised durin times o rule bi different kintras throuoot the ceety's history, or bi the respective population groups at the time:Romanie:Cernăuți;German:Czernowitz;Pols:Czerniowce;Hungarian:Csernovic,Roushie:Черновцы́,translit.Chernovtsy(till 1944: Чернови́цы,translit.Chernovitsy). In the times o Halych-Volyn Principality the ceety's name wisChern.
History
[eedit|eedit soorce]Aircheological evidence discovered in the aurie surroondin Chernivtsi indicates that a population inhabitit it syne theNeolithicera. Later dounsets includit those o theCucuteni-Trypillian cultur,[5]theCorded Ware culture;artifacts frae theBronzeandIron Ageswar an aa foond in the ceety.
A fortifee'd dounset locatit on the left (north-eastren) shore o Prut dates back tae the time o thePrincipality o Halychan is thocht tae hae been biggit biGrand PrinceYaroslav Osmomysl.[6]Legendar accoonts refer tae this fortress-ceety asChern’,orBlack ceety;it is said tae awe its name tae the black colour o the ceety waws, biggit frae daurkaiklayered wilocal black-coloured soil.[7]This early stranghauld wis destroyed durin theMongol invasion o Europebi theBurundaiin 1259. Housomeivver, the remainin rampairts o the fortress wur still uised for defence purposes; in the 17t century thay wur augmentit wi several bastions, ane o which is still extant.
Follaein the destruction o the fortress, later dounsets in the aurie centreed on the richt (sooth-wastren) shore o the Prut River, at a mair strategically advantageous, elevatit location. In 1325, whanKinrick o Polandseisit control oGalicie,an came intae contact wi the earlyVlach(Romanie) feudal formations, a fort wis mentioned unner the nameȚețina;it wis defendin the ford an crossin pynt on thePrut River.It wis pairt o a group o three fortifications, the ither twa bein the fortress oHotinon the Dniester tae the east, an a fort on theKolachin River,a upriver tributar o Prut.
Atween 1359 an 1775, the ceety an its surroondins wur pairt o thePrincipality o Moldavie;the ceety bein the admeenistrative centre o thehomonymousţinut(coonty).[8]The name Cernăuţi/Chernivtsi is first attestit in a document biAlexander the Guidon 8 October 1408.[9]InOttomansoorces, the ceety wis mentioned as "Çernovi".
In 1775, the northwastren pairt o the territory o Moldavie wis annexed bi theHabsburg Empire;this region became kent asBukovina.The ceety became the region's caipital, which in 1849 wis raised in status an became kent as the Duchy o Bukovina, acrounlando theAustrian Empire.The ceety receivitMagdeburg richts.[10]The ceety began tae flourish in 1778 whan KnichtKarl von Enzenbergwis appointit the chief o the Militar Admeenistration. He invitit mony merchants, craftsmen an entrepreneurs tae help develop tred an ither businesses.Saunt Peter's Fairs (1–15 Julie) haed gien a new vibrant impulse tae the mercat development frae 1786. In the late 19t century the German leid—due tae the Habsburgian an the vera important Jewish influence—became the lingua franca an mair an mair newspapers wur editit in German, a remarkable leeterar production in German began in this period an aw, featurin maist prominentlyKarl Emil Franzos.[11]
Durin the 19t an early 20t century, Chernivtsi became a centre o baith Romanie an Ukrainian naitional muivements. In 1908, it wis the steid o the firstYiddish leidconference, theCzernowitz Conference,coordinatit biNathan Birnbaum.WhenAustrick-Hungarydissolvit in 1918, the ceety an its surroondin auriebecame pairto theKinrick o Romanie.[12]In 1930, the ceety reached a population o 112,400: 26.8%Jews,23.2%Romanies,20.8%Germans,18.6%Ukrainians,the remainderPolesan ithers. It wis ane o the five varsity centres o interwar Romanie.
In 1940, theRed Airmyoccupee'd the aurie;the aurie aroond the ceety became kent asChernivtsi Oblast,an wis allottit tae theUkrainian SSRbi the Soviet Union.[12]The ceety's lairge Romanie intelligentsia foond refuge in Romanie; while the Bukovina Germans wur repatriatit accordin tae a Soviet-Nazi greement. This promptit Romanie tae switch frae an allee o Fraunce an Breetain tae ane o Nazi Germany; in Julie 1941, the Romanie Airmy reteuk the ceety as pairt o theAxis attack on the Soviet Uniondurin Warld War II. In August 1941, Romanie militar dictatorIon Antonescuordered the creation o aghettoin the lawland pairt o the ceety, whaur 50,000Bukovina Jewswur crammit, twa-thirds o whom wad be deportit taeTransnistriein October 1941 an pairtly in early 1942, whaur the majority perished. Romanian mayor o the ceetyTraian Popovicimanagit tae persuade Antonescu tae raise the nummer o Jews exemptit frae deportation frae 200 tae 20,000.
In 1944, whanAxis forceswur driven oot bi the Reid Airmy, the ceety wis reincorporatit intae the Ukrainian SSR. Ower the follaein years, maist o the Jews left forIsrael;the ceety wis a important node in theBerihahnetwirk. Bukovina Poles wur repatriatit bi the Soviets efter Warld War II an aw. The ceety became a predominantly Ukrainian ane.
Syne 1991, Chernitvtsi haes been a pairt o unthirlt Ukraine. In Mey 1999, Romanie opened aconsulate generalin the ceety. Contemporar Chernivtsi is a important regional centre, which is situatit on the picturesque banks o the Prut River an occupees a aurie o aboot 150 square kilometre (58 sq mi).
Geografie an climate
[eedit|eedit soorce]Chernivtsi is locatit in the historic region oBukovina,which is currently shared atween Romanie (sooth) an Ukraine (north). The ceety lees 248 metresabuin sea level,an is surroondit bi forests an fields. The RiverPrutruns throu the ceety's landscape.
| Climate data for Chernivtsi | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record heich °C (°F) | 15.3 (59.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
24.6 (76.3) |
30.7 (87.3) |
33.5 (92.3) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.4 (99.3) |
37.7 (99.9) |
36.3 (97.3) |
31.0 (87.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
37.7 (99.9) |
| Average heich °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
1.7 (35.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
14.5 (58.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.1 (77.2) |
24.6 (76.3) |
19.6 (67.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
6.1 (43.0) |
0.9 (33.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.9 (26.8) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
2.7 (36.9) |
9.2 (48.6) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.1 (66.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
| Average law °C (°F) | −5.7 (21.7) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
4.6 (40.3) |
9.8 (49.6) |
13.3 (55.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
9.9 (49.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
4.7 (40.5) |
| Record law °C (°F) | −30.7 (−23.3) |
−29.0 (−20.2) |
−20.7 (−5.3) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
−30.7 (−23.3) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 26 (1.0) |
30 (1.2) |
32 (1.3) |
47 (1.9) |
75 (3.0) |
88 (3.5) |
97 (3.8) |
75 (3.0) |
50 (2.0) |
36 (1.4) |
32 (1.3) |
33 (1.3) |
621 (24.4) |
| Average rainy days | 7 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 151 |
| Average snawy days | 14 | 15 | 10 | 3 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 13 | 63 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 83 | 81 | 75 | 69 | 69 | 71 | 71 | 73 | 75 | 79 | 84 | 85 | 76 |
| Mean monthlysunshine oors | 65 | 75 | 123 | 162 | 219 | 233 | 247 | 246 | 188 | 141 | 68 | 53 | 1,820 |
| Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[13] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: NOAA(sun only)[14] | |||||||||||||
Govrenment an subdiveesions
[eedit|eedit soorce]Chernivtsi is theadmeenistrative centreo theChernivtsi Oblast(province) an the ceety itsel haes awn govrenment athin the oblast unner direct subordination tae oblast.
The territory o Chernivtsi is dividit intae three admeenistrative ceetyraions(destricts):
| No. | Name | inUkrainian | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pershotravnevy Raion | Першотравневий район | 69,370 |
| 2 | Sadhora Raion | Садгірський район | 28,227 |
| 3 | Shevchenko Raion[15] | Шевченківський район | 139,094 |
The mayor o Chernivtsi is Mykola Fedoruk, who haes held the poseetion syne 1994.[7]
Internaitional relations
[eedit|eedit soorce]Twin touns—Sister ceeties
[eedit|eedit soorce]Chernivtsi istwinnedwi:
| Kintra | Ceety/Toun | Coonty / Destrict / Region / State | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Austrick | 
|
Klagenfurt | 
|
Carinthie |
|
Canadae | Saskatoon | 
|
Saskatchewan | |
|
Israel | 
|
Nazareth Illit | North Destrict | |
|
Poland | 
|
Konin | 
|
Konin Coonty |
|
Romanie | 
|
Suceava | 
|
Suceava Coonty,Bucovina |
|
|
Romanie | 
|
Iași | 
|
Iași Coonty,Moldavie |
|
Roushie | 
|
Podolsk[16] | 
|
Moscow Oblast |
|
Unitit States | Salt Lake City | 
|
Utah |
References
[eedit|eedit soorce]- ↑ab"Bukovyna Week in Austria".Den.Zhytariuk, Natalia. Archived fraethe originalon 2005-03-20.Retrieved2007-09-26.Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ab"Bukovina. The beech tree land".Ukraine Cognita.Archived fraethe originalon 28 Julie 2011.Retrieved26 September2007.
- ↑Чернівецька міська рада (Chernivtsi City Council)
- ↑About number and composition population of CHERNIVTSI REGION by data All-Ukrainian Population Census '2001at ukrcensus.gov.ua[Error: unknown archive URL](archived[Date missing])
- ↑"Trypillya — a culture that was contemporaneous with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia".Welcome to Ukraine.Archived fraethe originalon 11 Februar 2020.Retrieved27 September2007.
- ↑"City of Chernivtsi – History".The Komkon Site.Retrieved25 September2007.
- ↑ab"History".Chernivtsi City Official Site.Retrieved25 September2007.
- ↑(in Romanie)Cetatea Ţeţina – CernăuţiArchived2011-10-09 at theWayback Machine,Astra,3 (13), 1998
- ↑(in Romanie)Cernăuţi-600 de ani de atestare documentară internăArchived2011-10-09 at theWayback Machine,Astra,4 (54), 2008, p.3
- ↑"Chernivtsi".Ukrainian heraldy.Archived fraethe originalon 7 December 2020.Retrieved25 September2007.
- ↑Ion Lihaciu, Czernowitz 1848-1948. Das kulturelle Leben einer Provinzmetropole, Parthenon Verlag, Kaiserslautern und Mehlingen 2012,ISBN 978-3-942994-00-2
- ↑ab"Bukovina".Encyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved26 September2007.
- ↑"Pogoda.ru.net"(in Russian). Mey 2011.Retrieved17 December2012.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
- ↑ "CERNOVCY Climate Normals 1961-1990".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Retrieved17 December2012.
- ↑The raion wis umwhile namitLenin Raion.The raion wis renamit in accordance wi theRivne Oblast Cooncil's decision.[1]Archived2011-01-28 atArchive.today
- ↑"Podolsk sister cities".Translate.google.com.Retrieved29 Apryle2010.
Freemit airtins
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