Republic o the Fowk o Cheena

Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
Fowkrepublic o Cheenae; Trung hoa nhân dân cộng hòa quốc; Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó;
	Banner Naitional Emblem
	Anthem: 《 nghĩa dũng quân tiến hành khúc 》; Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ(Pinyin); "Mairch o the Volunteers";
	Aurie controlled bi the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae shawn in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shawn in licht green.
Caipital	Beijing; 39°55′N116°23′E/ 39.917°N 116.383°E
Lairgest ceety	Shanghai
Offeecial leids	Staundart Cheenese
Recognised regional leids	Mongolian; Tibetan; Uyghur; Zhuang; various ithers;
Offeecial written leid	Vernacular Cheenese
Offeecial script	Semplifee'd Cheenese
Ethnic groups	91.51%Han; 55 minorities 1.30%Zhuang; 0.86%Manchu; 0.79%Uyghur; 0.79%Hui; 0.72%Miao; 0.65%Yi; 0.62%Tujia; 0.47%Mongol; 0.44%Tibetan; 0.26%Buyei; 0.15%Korean; 1.05% ithers ; ;
Demonym(s)	Cheenese
Govrenment	Single-pairtysocialist republic
•Preses	Xi Jinping
•Premier	Li Qiang
•Congress Chairman	Zhang Dejiang
•Conference Chairman	Yu Zhengsheng
Legislatur	Naitional Fowk's Congress
Formation
•Unification o Cheenaeunner the Qin Dynasty	221 BCE
•Republic established	1 Januar 1912
•Fowkrepublic proclaimed	1 October 1949
Aurie
• Total	9,596,961 km2(3,705,407 sq mi)(3rd/4t)
• Water (%)	0.28%
Population
• 2019 estimate	1,400,050,000(1st)
• 2010 census	1,340,910,000(1st)
• Density	145/km2(375.5/sq mi) (83rd)
GDP(PPP)	2020 estimate
• Total	$29.471 trillion(1st)
• Per capita	$20,984(67t)
GDP(nominal)	2020 estimate
• Tot	$15.269 trillion(2nt)
• Per capita	$10,872(67t)
Gini(2018)	46.7; heich
HDI(2018)	0.758; heich·85t
Currency	Renminbi (yuan)(¥)(CNY)
Time zone	UTC+8(Cheenae Staundart Time)
Date format	yyyy-mm-dd; oryyyyNiênmNguyệtdNhật; (CE;CE-1949);
Drivin side	richt
Cawin code	+86
Internet TLD	.cn; .Trung quốc; .Trung quốc;

TheFowkrepublic o Cheenae(FRC;Simplifee'd Cheenese:Trung hoa nhân dân cộng hòa quốc,Tradeetional Cheenese:Trung hoa nhân dân cộng hòa quốc;pinyin:Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguólisten(help·info),orCheenae), is asovereign stateinEast Asie.Wi a population o mair nor 1.3 billion fowk, the FRC is the maist populous kintra in the warld.

TheCommunist Pairty o Cheenae(CPC) haes led the FRC unner aae-pairtyseestem syne the kintra's foondin in 1949. Mauger this, naur hauf the FRC's economy haes beenprivatisedin the bygane three decades unner "Socialism wi Cheenese chairacteristics."Durin the 1980s, thireconomic reformshelpit lift millions o fowk oot o puirtith, bringin the poverty rate doun tae 12% frae the oreeginal ae-third o the population(China’s Institutional and Structural fault lines,that cites World Bank, 1992, p. 4 as the reference).Houaniver, acause o thismixinomercatanplanned economies,the FRC is faced wi a nummer o problems associate wi ilkane, includin unemployment an increasin rural/urban income gap. Mauger failins, greater prosperity haes led tae growin Cheeneseglobalinfluence ineconomic,poleetical,meelitary,scieentific,technological,anculturalaffairs.

In an ongaun dispute, the FRCclaims suyerainty ower Taiwanan some naurby islands, that's been actually controllt bi theRepublic o Cheenaesyne 1949. The FRC threaps that the Republic o Cheena is an illegeetimate an supplantit entity an admeenistratively categorizesTaiwanas a province o the FRC. The term "mainlaund China"is whiles uised tae denote the aurie unner FRC owerins, but for normal excludin the twaSpeicial Administrative Regions,Hong KonganMacau.

Name

The wird "China" his been yaised in Englis since the 16th centurie; hooever, it wasnae a wird used by the Cheenese theresels at this time. Hits origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit wirdCīna,used in ancient India.

"China" appears in Richard Eden's 1555 owersett o the 1516 journal o the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. Barbosa's yaisage wis derivit fae PersianChīn(چین), which wis in turn derivit from SanskritCīna(चीन).Cīnawas first used in early Hindu scripture, including theMahābhārata(5th century bce) and theLaws o Manu(2nd century bce). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the wird China is derivit ultimately fae the name o the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). Although this derivation is still gien in various sources, the origin o the Sanskrit wird is a matter of debate, according to theOxford English Dictionary.Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state.

The official name o the modern state is the "Fowksrepublic o Cheenae" (simplified Chinese: Trung hoa nhân dân cộng hòa quốc; traditional Chinese: Trung hoa nhân dân cộng hòa quốc; pinyin:Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó). The shorter form is "Cheenae"Zhōngguó( trung quốc; trung quốc ) fae 'zhōng'( "central" ) and 'guó'( "state" ), a term which developed durin the Western Zhou dynasty in reference tae its royal demesne. It was then applied tae the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China's Central Plain afore being yaised as an occasional synonym fir the state under the Qing. It was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia fowk fae perceived "barbarians". The nameZhongguois also translated as "Middle Kingdom" in English.

Notes

↑Or (previously) "Peking".
↑Portuguese(Macauanly),Inglis(Hong Konganly).
↑Ethnic minorities that are recognized offeecially.
↑Xi Jinping haulds fower concurrent poseetions:General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae,Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae,anChairman o the Central Militar Commissionfor baith state an pairty.^[4]
↑The aurie gien is the offeecial Unitit Naitions figur forthe mainlandan excludesHong Kong,MacauanTaiwan.^[5]It an aa excludes theTrans-Karakoram Tract5,800 km²(2,200 sq mi),Aksai Chin37,244 km²(14,380 sq mi) an ither territories in dispute wi Indie. The tot aurie o Cheenae is leetit as 9,572,900 km²(3,696,100 sq mi) bi theEncyclopædia Britannica.^[6]For further information, seeTerritorial chynges o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae.
↑This figure wis calculatit uisin data frae the CIA Warld Factbeuk.^[7]
↑TheHong Kong Dollaris used inHong Kongand theMacanese patacais used inMacau.
↑ExceptHong KonganMacau.

↑The accuracy o Cheenae's offeecial GDP stateestics haes been quaistened bi a wide variety o academics an institutions, an it believed tae be lawer nor statit.

References

↑Chan, Kam Wing (2007)."Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications"(PDF).Eurasian Geography and Economics.48(4): 383–412.doi:10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383.Archived fraethe original(PDF)on 15 Januar 2013.Retrieved7 August2011.p. 395
↑^a ^b"Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)".Chinese Government. 31 October 2000. Archived fraethe originalon 24 Julie 2013.Retrieved21 Juin2013.For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.
↑"Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China".China Statistics Press.
↑"New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China".RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
↑"Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density"(PDF).UN Statistics. 2007.Retrieved31 Julie2010.
↑"China".Encyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved16 November2012.
↑"CIA – The World Factbook".Cia.gov. Archived fraethe originalon 13 October 2016.Retrieved23 November2013.
↑^a ^b[1]> nhân khẩu > tổng nhân khẩu,National Bureau of Statistics of China
↑"Population density (people per sq. km of land area)".IMF.Retrieved16 Mey2015.
↑^a ^b ^c ^d"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019".IMF.org.International Monetary Fund.Retrieved30 Mairch2020.
↑"China Economic Update, December 2019: Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives"(PDF).openknowledge.worldbank.org.World Bank. p. 21.Retrieved3 Januar2020.The Gini coefficient, a measure of overall income inequality, declined to 0.462 in 2015, and has since risen to 0.467 in 2018 (Figure 27). Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution. The eastern coastal regions have been the driver of China's rapid growth, due to its geographic location and the early introduction of reforms. As a result, the eastern coastal region is now home to 38 percent of the population, and its per capita GDP was 77 percent higher than that of the central, western, and northeastern regions in 2018. This gap widened further in the first three quarters of 2019. This is in part due to a disproportionate slowdown in interior provinces, which are more dependent on commodities and heavy industry. The slowdown has been negatively affected by structural shifts, especially necessary cuts in overcapacity (Figure 28).
↑"Human Development Report 2019"(in Inglis).United Nations Development Programme.10 December 2019. Archived fraethe original(PDF)on 30 Apryle 2020.Retrieved10 December2019.

Fremmit airtins

Overviews

Documentaries

"Cheenae on the Rise"PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
China Risesa documentary co-produced biThe New York Times,Discovery Times,CBC, ZDF, Fraunce 5 an S4C. 9 Aprile 2006.
Cheenae in the Red,1998–2001. PBS Frontline.
Cheenae Frae the InsideA documentary series co-produced bi KQED Public Telly an Granada Telly.

Govrenment

The Central Fowk's Government o Fowkrepublic o Cheenae(in Inglis)
Cheenae Internet Information Center (China.org.cn)(in Inglis)- Authorised govrenment portal steid tae Cheenae

Studies

Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy– analysis bi Minxin Pei, IFRI Proliferation Papers n°15, 2006
The Dragon's Dawn: China as a Rising Imperial Power Archived2007-12-12 at theWayback Machine11 Februar 2005.
History o The Fowkrepublic o Cheenae Archived2013-04-26 at theWayback MachineTimeline o Key Events syne 1949.
Media, advertisin, an urban life in Cheenae

Traivel

Travel guide taeRepublic o the Fowk o Cheenafrae Wikivoyage

Maps

Google Maps – China
Google Maps – China Archived2008-09-07 at theWayback MachineInterestin locations

[1] Or (previously) "Peking".

[4] Portuguese(Macauanly),Inglis(Hong Konganly).

[6] Ethnic minorities that are recognized offeecially.

[8] Xi Jinping haulds fower concurrent poseetions:General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae,Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae,anChairman o the Central Militar Commissionfor baith state an pairty.^[4]

[11] The aurie gien is the offeecial Unitit Naitions figur forthe mainlandan excludesHong Kong,MacauanTaiwan.^[5]It an aa excludes theTrans-Karakoram Tract5,800 km²(2,200 sq mi),Aksai Chin37,244 km²(14,380 sq mi) an ither territories in dispute wi Indie. The tot aurie o Cheenae is leetit as 9,572,900 km²(3,696,100 sq mi) bi theEncyclopædia Britannica.^[6]For further information, seeTerritorial chynges o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae.

[13] This figure wis calculatit uisin data frae the CIA Warld Factbeuk.^[7]

[20] TheHong Kong Dollaris used inHong Kongand theMacanese patacais used inMacau.

[21] ExceptHong KonganMacau.

[17] The accuracy o Cheenae's offeecial GDP stateestics haes been quaistened bi a wide variety o academics an institutions, an it believed tae be lawer nor statit.

[2] Chan, Kam Wing (2007)."Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications"(PDF).Eurasian Geography and Economics.48(4): 383–412.doi:10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383.Archived fraethe original(PDF)on 15 Januar 2013.Retrieved7 August2011.p. 395

[langlaw-3] "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)".Chinese Government. 31 October 2000. Archived fraethe originalon 24 Julie 2013.Retrieved21 Juin2013.For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.

[census-5] "Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China".China Statistics Press.

[7] "New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China".RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.

[UN_Stat-9] "Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density"(PDF).UN Statistics. 2007.Retrieved31 Julie2010.

[10] "China".Encyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved16 November2012.

[CIA-12] "CIA – The World Factbook".Cia.gov. Archived fraethe originalon 13 October 2016.Retrieved23 November2013.

[govPPL-14] [1]> nhân khẩu > tổng nhân khẩu,National Bureau of Statistics of China

[15] "Population density (people per sq. km of land area)".IMF.Retrieved16 Mey2015.

[IMFWEOCN-16] "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019".IMF.org.International Monetary Fund.Retrieved30 Mairch2020.

[GINI-18] "China Economic Update, December 2019: Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives"(PDF).openknowledge.worldbank.org.World Bank. p. 21.Retrieved3 Januar2020.The Gini coefficient, a measure of overall income inequality, declined to 0.462 in 2015, and has since risen to 0.467 in 2018 (Figure 27). Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution. The eastern coastal regions have been the driver of China's rapid growth, due to its geographic location and the early introduction of reforms. As a result, the eastern coastal region is now home to 38 percent of the population, and its per capita GDP was 77 percent higher than that of the central, western, and northeastern regions in 2018. This gap widened further in the first three quarters of 2019. This is in part due to a disproportionate slowdown in interior provinces, which are more dependent on commodities and heavy industry. The slowdown has been negatively affected by structural shifts, especially necessary cuts in overcapacity (Figure 28).

[UNHDR-19] "Human Development Report 2019"(in Inglis).United Nations Development Programme.10 December 2019. Archived fraethe original(PDF)on 30 Apryle 2020.Retrieved10 December2019.

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