Edinburgh

Edinburgh
Edinburgh; Scots Gaelic:Dùn Èideann; InglisanScots:Edinburgh
	Capital cityandcouncil area
	Ceety o Edinburgh
	Clockwise frae tap-left: Skyline of Edinburgh,Edinburgh Castle,Scott Monument,Holyrood Palace,Princes Street,TheScottish Parliament Building,Bute House,theRoyal Mile
	Banner Coat airms
	Eik-name(s): "Auld Reekie", "Athens o the North", "Edina", "Dunedin"
	Edinburgh Location within Scotland Edinburgh Location within the Unitit Kinrick Edinburgh Location within Europe
	Coordinates:55°57′11″N3°11′20″W/ 55.953°N 3.189°WCoordinates:55°57′11″N3°11′20″W/ 55.953°N 3.189°W
Sovereign state	Unitit Kinrick
Country	Scotland
Council area	Ceety o Edinburgh
Lieutenancy area	Edinburgh
Admeen HQ	Edinburgh Ceety Centre
Founded	prior tae the 7t century
Burgh Charter	1125
City status	1633
Govrenment
• Teep	Unitary authority,Ceety
• Governin body	The Ceety o Edinburgh Cooncil
•Lord Provost of Edinburgh	Frank Ross
•MSPs	6 Ash Denham(SNP); Ruth Davidson(Con); Daniel Johnson(Lab); Gordon MacDonald(SNP) ; Ben Macpherson(SNP); Alex Cole-Hamilton(LD) ;
•MPs	5 Joanna Cherry(SNP); Tommy Sheppard(SNP); Ian Murray(Lab); Deidre Brock(SNP); Christine Jardine(LD) ;
Area
•Capital cityandcouncil area	264 km2(102 sq mi)
• Urban	119 km2(46 sq mi)
Elevation	47 m (154 ft)
Population (mid-2016 est.)
•Capital cityandcouncil area	488,050 (ceety); 507,200 (Council area)
• Density	1828/km2(4,730/sq mi)
•Urban	512,150
•Metro	901,455
• Language(s)	English; Scots
Demonym(s)	Edinburgher
Time zone	UTC±0(GMT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1(BST)
Postcode areas	EH1-17, EH28-30
Area code(s)	0131
ISO 3166-2	GB-EDH
ONS code	S12000036
OS grid reference	NT275735
NUTS3	UKM25
Primary Airport	Edinburgh Airport
GDP	$33 billion
GDP per capita	$58,000
Website	www.edinburgh.gov.uk
UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid
Offeecial name	Old and New Towns of Edinburgh
Criteria	Cultural: ii, iv
Reference	728
Inscription	1995 (19tSession)
UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid
Offeecial name	The Forth Bridge
Criteria	Cultural: i, iv
Reference	1485
Inscription	2015 (39tSession)

Edinburgh(Ulster Scots:Eedinburra,Scots Gaelic:Dùn Èideann;whiles criedEmbra,EmbroorEdinburriean aw) is the caipital city oScotland,an is the kintra's seicont mucklest city efterGlesga,that is 45 mile (72 km) tae the wast.^[7]It is the seivent mucklest city in theUnitit Kinrick.^{[citation needit]}Edinburgh is ane o Scotland's 32local govrenment cooncil areas(see:City o Edinburgh) - this cooncil area includes urban Edinburgh an a 30 sq mile (78 sq km) landwaird area. In the census o 2011, thare wis 476,600 indwallers.^[8]

Locatit in the sooth-east o Scotland, Edinburgh is on the east coast o Scotland's Central Belt, alang theFirth o Forth,nearby the North Sea. It haes muckle gaitherin o stane Medieval an Georgian airchitectur.

It haes been the caipital city syne aboot 1437 (replacinPairth),^[9]an is the hame o theScots Pairlament.The city wis ane o the heidmaist centres o the Enlichtenment, led bi theVarsity o Edinburgh,an sic thinkers as Dauvit Hume,Adam Smith,James Huttonan mony ithers, giein it the bynameThe Athens o the North.^[10]TheAuld TounanNew Touno Edinburgh wis leetit as a UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid in 1995.^[11]The city haes mair nor 4500 listit biggins.

Etymology[eedit|eedit soorce]

The oreigin o ceety's name inScotsis unnerstuid tae come frae the BrythonicDin Eidyn(Fort o Eidyn) frae the time whan it wis a Gododdin braefort.^[12]In the first century the Romans recordit the Votadini as a Brythonic tribe or kinrick i the aurie, an aboot AD 600 the poemY Gododdin,uisin the Brythonic mak o thon name, descreives werriours feastin "in Eidin's great haw."

It cam tae be kent bi the Bernician Angles asEdin-burgh.Sum fowk syne jaloused this wis taen frae the Anglo-Saxon for "Edwin's Fort", wi a reference tae the 7t century king Edwin oNorthumbrie.Houane'er, syne the name appeiringly predates King Edwin, this isna gey likely ava. Theburghpairt means "fortress" or "wawed curn o biggins" - i.e. a toun or ceity, an is sib tae theGermanburgan theLaitinparcus.Burghis jist an owersettin o the BrythonicDin;Edinis untranslatit.

Ither names[eedit|eedit soorce]

The ceety haes the bynameAuld Reekieacause whan the biggins wis heatit bicoalanwid ingles,lumswad boak oot muckle colums o thick blackreekintae the air.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Sum haes cried Edinburgh theAthens o the NorthanAuld Greekieefter its intellectual history, an for its topography, wi the Auld Toun o Edinburgh performin a seimilar role tae the Athenian Acropolis.^[10]Edinburgh is an aa kent bi twa-thrie Laitin names;Aneda,Edina(that crops up in leeteratur, sic as that oBurnsorFergusson) orEdinensis(that can be seem on monie eddicational biggins).

Edinburgh haes an aa been kent asDunedin,taen frae theGaelicDùn Èideann.Dunedin in New Zealand wis oreiginally cried "New Edinburgh" an is still gied the byname the "Edinburgh o the South".^[16]Ben Jonson descreivit it asBritain's ithiree,anWalter Scottcried ityon Empress o the North.

Pairts o Edinburgh[eedit|eedit soorce]

The Auld Toun[eedit|eedit soorce]

Main airticle:Auld Toun, Edinburgh

The Auld Toun haes preservit its medieval lay-oot an monie Reformation-era biggins. Ane end is closed bi theEdinburgh Castlean the main gate, theRoyal Mile,leads awa frae it (wee closes an wynds gang aff the Royal Mile dounhill on aither side o the main spine in a "herrinbane" patren). Lairge squares merk whaur merkets wis aince locate an surroond public biggins sic asSaunt Giles Cathedralan the Law Courts. Ithir notable places nearhaun include the Royal Museum o Scotland, Surgeons' Haw an the McEwan Haw. The street lay-oot is teipical o the aulder pairts o monie northren European ceities, an whuar the castle sits on the tap o a rocky crag (the remains o a deid volcano) the Royal Mile rins doun the crest o a rig frae it.

Due tae space restrictions gied bi the narraness o the "tail" (aidit bi the biggin o theFlodden Wawefter 1513), the Auld Toun becam hame tae sum o the eirliest "heich rise" residential biggins.^[17]Monie-flaired dwallins kent aslandswis ordinar frae the 1500s onwawrds wi ten an eleiven flairs bein teipical an ane e'en raxed tae fowerteen flairs. Eikit tae this, monie vaults ablo gate level wis bydit in bi the muckle influx o immigrants durin the Industrial Revolution. Thir still gie tift tae auld-threips o an unnergrun ceity.

The New Toun[eedit|eedit soorce]

Main airticle:New Toun o Edinburgh

The New Toun wis an 18t century solution tae the fyke o the mair an mair croudit Auld Toun. The ceity haed remainit gey compack, confinit tae the rig rinnin doun frae the castle. In 1766, a competeetion tae design the New Toun wis won bi James Craig, a 22 year auld airchitect.^[18]The plan that wis bigged creatit a rigid, reddit grid, that fittit weil wi enlichtenment norries o rationality. The heidmaist gate wis tae beGeorge Street,that folloaes the naitural rig tae the north o the Auld Toun. Aither side o it is the ithir main gates oPrinces Streetan Queen Street. Princes Street haes synesen becam the heidmaist shoppin street in Edinburgh, an no monie Georgian biggins survive on it. Jynin thir gates thegithir is a series o perpendicular gates. At the eist an wast ends is St Andrew Sqaure an Charlotte Square respecteivly. The hinmaist wis designed bi Robert Adam an aften thocht o as ane o the brawest Georgian squares in the wurld. Bute Hous, the offeical dwallin o theFirst Meenister o Scotland,is on the north side o Charlotte Square.^[19]

Sittin in the glen atween the Auld an New Touns wis the Nor Loch, that wis maistly a place for horsin awa keich an ithir rubbish.^[20]Bi the 1820s it wis drained. Sum plans shaw that a canal wis ettled, butPrinces Street Gairdenswis creatit insteid (1830-1876).^[20]Left ower eirth frae the makkin o the biggins wis horsed in the loch, makkin whit's nouThe Mound.^[21]In the mid 19t century the Naitional Gallery o Scotland an the Royal Scottish Academy Building wis bigged on The Mound, an weems tae Waverley Station driven throu it.^[22]

The New Toun wis sae successfou that it wis extendit greaty. The grid patren wisna haudit tae, but raither a mair picturesque lay-oot wis creatit. The day the New Toun is thocht o bi monie tae be ane the best ensamples o Georgian airchitecture an plannin in the wurld.

Sooth Side[eedit|eedit soorce]

A popular residential pairt o the ceity is its sooth side, made up o a nummer o airts includin St Leonards, Marchmont, Haymerket, Polwarth, Newington, Sciennes, The Grange, Bruntsfield, Morningside an Merchiston. "Sooth side" is braidly the samen as the aurie kivvered bi the Burgh Muir, an becam mair popular efter the apenin o the Sooth Brig. Thir auries is specially popular wi faimilies (monie weil-regairdit state an private schuills is locate thare), students (the CentralVarsity o Edinburghcampus is based aroun George Square jist north o Marchmont an the Meadows, an Napier Varsity haes muckle campuses aroun Merchiston an Morningside), an wi festival-gaers.

Leith[eedit|eedit soorce]

Leith is the sea-port o Edinburgh. It still hauds a seperate identity frae Edinburgh, an it wisna weil thocht o thare whan, in 1920, the burgh o Leith wis jyned wi Edinburgh. E'en the day the pairlamentary seat at Westminster is kent as "Edinburgh NorthanLeith. "Wi the redevelopin o Leith, Edinburgh haes won the business o a nummer o cruise liner companies that nou gie cruises taeNorrowey,Swaden,Denmark,Germanyan theNetherlands.Leith an aa haes the Royal YachtBritannia,berthit ahint the Ocean Terminal as weil as bein hame taeHibernianFitbaw Club.

Cultur[eedit|eedit soorce]

Edinburgh is weil-kent for the annual Edinburgh Festival, a gaitherin o offeicial an unthirled festivals haulden ilka year ower aboot fower week in early August.^[23]The maist kenspeckle o thir events is the Edinburgh Frings (the lairgest performin airts festival in the wurld), the Edinburgh Comedy Festival (the lairgest comedy festival in the wurld), the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, the Edinburgh Internaitional Film Festival an the Edinburgh Internaitional Beuk Festival.

Ithir notable events include theHogmanaystreet pairty anBurns NichtanSt. Andra's Dayan aa hae events merkin thaim. The ceety is ane Europe's heidmaist tourist destinations, breingin in 13 million veisitor ilka year, an efterLunnonis the seicond maist veisatit tourist destination in the Unitit Kinrick.^[24]

Transport[eedit|eedit soorce]

Edinburgh Airport(Scots Gaelic:Port-adhair Dhùn Èideann) (IATA:EDI,ICAO:EGPH) is locatit in theInglistonairt.

Twin touns an sister ceeties[eedit|eedit soorce]

Ceety or municipality	Subdiveesion	Date o greement
Munich	Bavarie	1954
Nice	Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur	1958
Florence	Tuscany	1964
Dunedin	Otago	1974
Vancouver	Breetish Columbie	1977
San Diego	Californie	1977
Segovia	Castile an León	1985
Xi'an	Shaanxi	1985
Kiev	Kiev Ceety Municipality	1989
Aalborg	Nordjylland	1991
Kyoto Prefectur	Kansai	1994
Kraków	Lesser Poland Voivodeship	1995