Lanzhou

Lanzhou Lan châu thị
Prefectur-level ceety
View o Lanzhou
Location of Lanzhou City (yellow) in Gansu and the PRC
Lanzhou Location in Cheenae
Coordinates:36°02′N103°48′E
Kintra	Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
Province	Gansu
County-level divisions	8
Govrenment
• Mayor	Yuan Zhanting( viên chiêm đình )
• Deputy Mayor	Cai Ming
Area
•Prefectur-level ceety	13300 km2(5,100 sq mi)
• Urban	1,088 km2(420 sq mi)
Population (2010 census)
•Prefectur-level ceety	3,616,163
• Density	270/km2(700/sq mi)
•Urban	2,177,130
• Urban density	2,000/km2(5,200/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+8(China Standard)
Postal code	730000
Area code(s)	931
License plate prefixes	CamA
GDP(2008)	CNY84.6 billion
- per caipita	CNY25,566
Website	http://www.lz.gansu.gov.cn(in Cheenese)
Cityflowers Rugosa Rose

Lanzhou
Traditional Chinese	Lan châu
Simplified Chinese	Lan châu
Postal	Lanchow
Leeteral meanin	elegant state or Capital of Lan
Transcriptions Staundart Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lánzhōu Wade–Giles Lan-chou Wu Romanieation lae1tseu1 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping laan4zau1 Soothren Min HokkienPOJ Lân-chiu

Lánzhōu(Cheenese:Lan châu;Postal cairt spellin:Lanchow) is the caipital an lairgest ceety oGansuProvinceinNorthwast Cheenae.Aprefectur-level ceety,it is a key regional transportation hub, allouin auries further wast tae maintain railwey connections tae the eastren hauf o the kintra. Lanzhou is hame tae 3,616,163 indwallers at the 2010 census an 2,177,130 in the biggit-up aurie (urban) o 1,088 square kilometre (420 sq mi).

History

Oreeginally in the territory o the WastrenQiang fowks,Lanzhou became pairt o the territory o theState o Qinin the 6t century BC.

In 81 BC, unner theHan dynasty(206 BC–220 AD), it wis taken frae the Huns'Huandi Chanyuan made the seat oJinchengcommandery(jùn), an later o theJinchengcoonty(xiàn), later renamitYunwu.The ceety uised tae be cried the Gowden ceety, an syne at least the first millennium BC it wis a major link on the auncientNorthren Silk Road,an a important historicYellae Rivercrossin steid an aw. Tae pertect the ceety, theGreat Waw o Cheenaewis extendit as far asYumen.

Efter the faw o theHan dynasty,Lanzhou became the caipital o a succession o tribal states. In the 4t century it wis briefly the caipital o the independent state oLiang.TheNorthren Wei dynasty(386–534) reestablishedJinchengcommandery, renamin the coontyZicheng.Mixed wi different cultural heritages, the aurie at present-dayGansuprovince, frae the 5t tae the 11t century, became a centre forBuddhiststudy. Unner theSui Dynasty(581–618) the ceety became the seat o Lanzhou prefectur for the first time, retainin this name unner theTang dynasty(618–907). In 763 the aurie wis owerrun bi theTibetan Empirean in 843 wis conquered bi theTang.Later it fell intae the haunds o theWastren Xia dynasty(which flourished inQinghaifrae the 11t tae 13t century) an wis subsequently absorbit bi theSong dynasty(960–1126) in 1041. The name Lanzhou wis reestablished, an the coonty renamit Lanzhuan.

Efter 1127 it fell intae the haunds o theJin dynasty,an efter 1235 it came intae the possession o theMongol Empire.

Dountoun Lanzhou seen frae athort the Yellae River

Unner theMing dynasty(1368–1644) the prefectur wis demotit tae a coonty an placit unner the admeenistration oLintaosuperior prefectur, but in 1477 Lanzhou wis reestablished as a poleetical unit.

The ceety acquired its current name in 1656, durin theQing dynasty.When Gansu wis made a separate province in 1666, Lanzhou became its caipital.

In 1739 the seat oLintaowis transferred tae Lanzhou, which wis later made a superior prefectur cried Lanzhou.

Lanzhou wis badly damagit durin theDungan revoltin 1864–1875. In the 1920s an 1930s it became a centre oSovietinfluence innorthwastren Cheenae.Durin theSeicont Sino-Japanese War(1937–1945) Lanzhou, linkit wiXi'anbiheich-gatein 1935, became the terminus o the 3,200 km (2,000 mi) Cheenese–Soviet heich-gate, uised as a route for Soviet supplies destined for the Xi'an aurie. This heich-gate remained the primar traffec route o northwastren Cheenae till the completion o the railwey frae Lanzhou taeUrumqi,Xinjiang.Durin the war Lanzhou wis hivily bombit bi theJapanese.

Durin the 1937 Japanese invasion o Cheenae, theGuominjunMuslimGeneralsMa HongkuianMa Bufangprotectit Lanzhou wi thair cavalry troops, puttin up sic resistance that the Japanese niver captured Lanzhou.

The ceety is the seat o a currently vacantRoman Catholicdioceseand wis previously the centre o avicariate apostolic(Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Kan-Su).

Geografie

• Aurie:13,300 km²(5,100 sq mi)
• Elevation:1,600 metre (5,200 ft) abuin sea level
• Cheenae's northwastgeographical centre
• Mair nor 20 square kilometre (7.7 sq mi) o urbanisation alang the soothren banks o theYellae River.
• Zonary basin
• Muntains are locatit on the sooth an north sides o the ceety:
  • Qilian Ranges,Mt. PinglianganMt. Kongtong(the maist notit inTaoism)
• River:
  • TheYellae Riverflows throu frae wast tae east.

Lanzhou is situatit on the upper reaches o theYellae Riverwhaur it emerges frae the muntains an haes been a centre syne early times, bein at the soothren end o the route leadin via theHexi CorridorathortCentral Asie.It commands the approaches tae the auncient caipital aurie oChang'an(modrenXi'an) inShaanxiprovince frae baith the wast an the northwast, as well as the aurie oQinghai Lochvia the upper watters o the Yellae River an its tributars.

Climate an environs

Lanzhou is situatit in thetemperate zonean enjoys asemi-arid climate(KöppenBSk) wi het simmers an cauld an vera dry winters. The monthly 24-oor average temperatur ranges frae −5.3 °C (22.5 °F) in Januar tae 22.4 °C (72.3 °F) in Julie. The mean annual temperatur is 9.75 °C (49.5 °F), while annualrainfawis 315 millimetre (12.4 in), amaist aw o which faws frae Mey tae October. The winters are sae dry that snaw is extremely rare. Wi monthly percent possible sunshine rangin frae 50 percent in Dizember tae 59 percent in Februar, sunshine is generous but no abundant, as the ceety receives 2,424 oors o bricht sunshine annually.

Climate data for Lanzhou (1971–2000)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average heich °C (°F)	1.7 (35.1)	6.0 (42.8)	12.2 (54.0)	19.6 (67.3)	24.1 (75.4)	27.3 (81.1)	29.3 (84.7)	27.9 (82.2)	22.8 (73.0)	16.7 (62.1)	9.5 (49.1)	2.8 (37.0)	16.7 (62.0)
Average law °C (°F)	−10.1 (13.8)	−6 (21)	0.3 (32.5)	6.1 (43.0)	10.7 (51.3)	14.3 (57.7)	16.6 (61.9)	15.7 (60.3)	11.4 (52.5)	5.0 (41.0)	−2.1 (28.2)	−8.3 (17.1)	4.5 (40.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches)	1.4 (0.06)	2.7 (0.11)	9.2 (0.36)	14.7 (0.58)	33.2 (1.31)	44.0 (1.73)	67.0 (2.64)	73.8 (2.91)	40.7 (1.60)	21.3 (0.84)	2.8 (0.11)	0.9 (0.04)	311.7 (12.29)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm)	1.9	2.4	4.5	5.3	7.5	9.4	11.4	11.2	9.9	6.3	1.7	1.0	72.5
Averagerelative humidity(%)	54	49	48	45	48	54	59	63	66	66	60	58	56
Mean monthlysunshine oors	155.7	179.3	195.4	224.5	245.9	234.7	244.8	241.1	191.5	186.0	174.0	151.2	2,424.1
Percentpossible sunshine	51	59	53	57	57	54	55	58	52	53	57	50	55
Source: China Meteorological Administration

Environmental issues

Further information:Environs o Cheenae

Seriousair pollutionin the ceety means that it haes some o the wirstair qualityo ony ceety naitionally.Accordin tae theBlacksmith Institute,Lanzhou is ane o the 30 maist pollutit ceeties in the warld, wi its TSP (tot suspendit pairticle) ratin 247 percent abuin that o the Gansu State recommendation. Air quality is sae poor that at times ane canna seeLanshan,the muntain risin straicht up alang the sooth side o the ceety. At ane pynt, a controversial suggestion wis put forrit tae bulldoze a muntain adjacent tae the ceety, in order tae let fresh air intae the bowl whaur Lanzhou is situatit. It wis suggestit on the premise that the surroondin mountains block a free flow o air in the ceety. The ceety is locatit in a narrae river valley wi a unfortunate curve causin it tae be hemmit in wi nae free air flow. Lanzhou is the hame o mony factories an aw, includin some involvit in petroleum processin, an suffers frae lairgedust stormskickit up frae theGobi Desert,especially in the winter an ware. In 2011, uisin Cheenese statistics, theWorld Health Organizationreportit that Lanzhou haes the wirst air quality (annual meanPM10ug/m3 o 150) amang eleiven wastren Cheenese ceeties, an is even waur nor Beijing wi its readin o 121.

The reach o the Yellae River at Lanzhou cairies a heich load o silt, giein the river its characteristic muddy appearance; housomeivver watter quality in this reach is better nor the "fetid ootflow that barely passes for watter twa oors dounstream".

Yirdquauks

Lanzhou experiences yirdquauks regularly, awtho uisually at law intensities. In 1920 a lairge yirdquauk wis experiencit killin mair nor 100,000 fowk in Eastren Gansu province, awtho anerly 42 wur killed in Lanzhou itsel, the law nummer bein attributit tae the strang yet flexible natur o the firthen biggins in the ceety.

Admeenistrative diveesions

Map	#	Name	Simplifee'd Cheenese	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2010 census)	Aurie (km²)	Density (/km²)
	City proper
	1	Chengguan Destrict	Thành quan khu	Chéngguān Qū	1,278,745	220	5,812.47
	2	Qilihe Destrict	Thất lí hà khu	Qīlǐhé Qū	561,020	397	1,413.14
	3	Xigu Destrict	Tây cố khu	Xīgù Qū	364,050	385	945.58
	4	Anning Destrict	An ninh khu	Ānníng Qū	288,510	86	3,354.76
	Suburban
	5	Honggu Destrict	Hồng cổ khu	Hónggǔ Qū	136,101	575	236.69
	Landwart
	6	Yongdeng Coonty	Vĩnh đăng huyện	Yǒngdēng Xiàn	418,789	6,090	68.76
	7	Gaolan Coonty	Cao lan huyện	Gāolán Xiàn	131,785	2,556	51.55
	8	Yuzhong Coonty	Du trung huyện	Yúzhōng Xiàn	437,163	3,362	130.03
	9	Lanzhou New Aurie A economic management aurie no a formal admeenistrative diveesion.	Lan châu tân khu	Lánzhōu Xīnqū

Lanzhou New Aurie

Main airticle:Lanzhou New Aurie

On 20 August 2012, Lanzhou New Aurie wis appruivit bi the State Cooncil o Cheenae's Central Govrenment as the fift state-level new special economic development zone (follaeed bi Pudong o Shanghai, Binhai o Tianjin, Liangjiang o Chongqing, Zhoushan o Zhejiang), which is the first state-level new aurie in the northwast o Cheenae an aw.

Tourism

• TheFive Spring Moontain Pairk( ngũ tuyền sơn công viên ) wis biggit at the northren side o Gaolan Muntain, is famous for its five springs an several Buddhist temples.
• TheYellae River Brig( hoàng hà thiết kiều ) haes connectit the transport hub o Lanzhou tae the mainland an northwast syne the Ming dynasty when fowk began tae envisage sic a crossin tae conquer the Yellae River.
• Baita Moontain Pairk( bạch tháp sơn công viên ) wis biggit close tae the muntains at a elevation o 1,700 metre (5,600 ft) an opened in 1958 athort the Yellae River brig.

Economy

Panoramic view o Lanzhou ceety centre

Productivity

Syne 1949 Lanzhou haes been transformit frae the caipital o a poverty-stricken province intae the centre o a major industrial aurie. TheGDP per caipitao Lanzhou wis 25,566 (RMB) (US$3,681) in 2008, rankin it at nummer 134 amang 659 Cheenese ceeties.

Natural resources

• Minerals:coal,gowd,siller,zinc,nickel,manganese,clay,andolomite
• Hydropouer

Thare is athermal generatin plantsupplee'd wi coal frae fields inQinghai.In addeetion, thare is ahydroelectric stationat Zhulama Gorge inGansu,an a lairge multipurpose dam haes been biggit in the Liujia Gorge on the Yellae River abuin Lanzhou.

Industry

Main industries include textile mills,rubberprocessin anfertilizerplants, anile refinery,petrochemicals,machinery, anmetallurgicalindustry.

Gansu haes ane o the lairgestile refineriesin the kintra an Lanzhou itsel is the centre o the province's petrochemical industry. Lanzhou haes a lairge refinery linkit tae the fields atYumenbi pipeline. It manufactures equipment for theile industryan aw.

Lanzhou haes a lairgetextile industry,pairticularly notit for the production o ooen an leather guids. In addeetion, Lanzhou produceslocomotivesanrollin stockfor the northwastren railweys, as well as machine tuils an minin equipment.aluminumproducts, industrial chemicals, an fertilizers are producit on a lairge scale, an thare is a lairge rubber industry.Copperis mined in nearbiGaolan.

Lanzhou haes been ane o the centres o Cheenae's naitionalnuclear pouerindustry syne the 1960s.

Industrial zones:

• Lanzhou Economic an Technological Development Zone
• Lanzhou Heich-tech Industrial Development Zone

Agricultur

Lanzhou is the collectin centre an mercat foragricultural produceanfermstockinfrae a wide aurie.

• Spring wheat,vegetables,beans,ile-boilin,melon,peaches,antobacco
• Rosesanlilies

Transportation

Further information:Transport in Cheenae

Lanzhou Railwey Station

TheYellae Riverseen frae the pairk o theWhite Pagoda.

Airlines

• Lanzhou Airportserves as the main airport an is locatit 70 km (43 mi) north o Lanzhou. Flichts frae mair nor 20 ceeties depairt an arrive at the airport.

Railwey

Subwey

Lanzhou wis the seicont ceety in northwast Cheenae tae open a subwey line, in August 2012. The urban railwey netwirk,Lanzhou Metro,is planned tae conseest o sax subway lines runnin 207 km (129 mi). Three o the subwey lines, codit Line 1, Line 2 an Line 3, will extend 90 km (56 mi) in the ceety proper, while the three ooter lines, codit Line 4, Line 5 an Line 6, will run 117 km (73 mi), connectin the ceety centre wi Lanzhou Zhongchuan Airport, Yuzhong coonty an Gaolan coonty, respectively. The first twa lines will cost aboot 23 billion yuan ($3.6 billion) an be completit bi 2020.

Regional

Lanzhou Railwey Stationis a major railwey hub o wastren Cheenae. Ivery day ower 100 passenger trains oreeginate or pass via this station. It is a vital focal pynt connectin the wastren Cheenese provinces wi the east. Lanzhou Railway Station is locatit on Huochezhan Dong Lu, in Chengguan destrict.

It haes the follaein railwey connections:

• Longhai Railweytae the east (Xi'an,Zhengzhou,Lianyungang), wi connection tae the main railwey o Eastren Cheenae supportin direct trains taeBeijing,Shanghai,etc. This wis the first railwey tae reach Lanzhou (1953).
• Lanxin Railweytae the wast an northwast (wi direct trains tae wastren Gansu anÜrümqi,an further connections tae ither pynts inXinjiangan taeKazakhstan)
• Lanqing Railweytae the wast an soothwast, wi direct service taeXininganLhasa
• A line tae the north an northeast, wi direct service taeYinchuananBaotou

Construction o new heich-speed passenger-anerly railwey lines is carriet oot baith toward the east (theXulan Passenger Dedicated Line) an the wast (theLanxin High-Speed Railway). Thir services will uise a upgraditLanzhou West Railway Station.

Heich-gates

• Linkit tae neebourin provinces
• Cheenae Naitional Heich-gate 212
• Cheenae Naitional Heich-gate 213
• Cheenae Naitional Heich-gate 312

Bus services

Lanzhou haes a notitbus rapid transitseestem which opened in 2013 an wan the ceety a honorable mention at the 2014 Sustainable Transport Awairds.

Places o interest

Xiguan Mosque efter aFriday Prayer

• Gansu Provincial Museum
• Wuquan Muntain
• Baita Muntain
• Xinglong Muntain
• Lutusi auncient govrenment

Media

• Gansu People's Press,in Lanzhou, publishesDuzhe,the maist widely circulatit magazine inCheenae.
• Lanzhou Radioserves theLhasaan Lanzhou province regions wi news an muisic.

Cultur

The ceety is the cultural centre oGansu.It is hame tae mony different ethnic groups an thair respective culturs, but the maist prominent three groups are the Han, Hui, an Zang.

• Cheenese opera:Qinqiang Drama
• Cuisine:Lanzhou beeflamiannoodles, the ruit o the lily, an mony different kynds o mutton aw featur intae Lanzhou's destinct fuid cultur.
• Islam in China:XiguanMosque,the mosque wis constructit in the Ming dynasty an later rebuilt in 1990, an occupees a aurie o 467 square metres, an is ane o the maist influential mosques in Cheenae. The airchitectur o the mosque predominantly reflects that o Arab airchitectur.

Colleges an varsities

Further information:Leet o varsities in Cheenae

The ceety is the seat oLanzhou Varsity,foondit in 1909. The Naitional Minorities Institute at Lanzhou an a nummer o scienteefic institutes are locatit thare an aw. In pairticular,Northwast Normal Varsityhaes been the key varsity at the provincial level, which haes prepared ower 100,000 teachers in schuils athort the province Gansu.

Leet

Note: Institutions without full-timebachelor's degreeprograms are not listed.

Naitional level

• Lanzhou Varsity,foondit 1909

Ither public institutions

• Eastern Gansu University
• Gansu Agricultural University,foondit 1958
• Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine( cam túc trung y học viện )
• Gansu Institute of Political Science and Law( cam túc chính pháp học viện )
• Gansu Lianhe University( cam túc liên hợp đại học )
• Gansu Political Science and Law Institute( cam túc chính pháp học viện )
• Institute Of Technology( lan châu công nghiệp học viện )
• Lanzhou City University( lan châu thành thị học viện ), foondit 1958
• Lanzhou Commercial College( lan châu thương học viện ) (Lanzhou Business Institute)
• Lanzhou Jiaotong University( lan châu giao thông đại học ), foondit 1958
• Lanzhou Medical College( lan châu y học viện ) (Lanzhou Medical Institute)
• Lanzhou Niuroumian Cultural Research Institute( lan châu ngưu nhục diện văn hóa nghiên cứu sở )
• Lanzhou University of Technology,foondit 1919 (formerly Gansu University of Technology)
• Northwest Nationalities University( tây bắc dân tộc đại học )
• Northwest Normal University,foondit 1902
• Tianshui Normal University( thiên thủy sư phạm học viện )

Halthcare

• Lanzhou Hivy Ion Cancer Treatment Centre,jynt ventur bi Sheng De Group, the ceety govrenment anCheenese Academy o Sciences' Institution o Modren Pheesics

Accordin tae the provincial halth bureau, aboot 42,000 fowk dee o cancer ivery year inGansu,accoontin for 25 percent o the province's oweraw daiths. Mair nor 1 billion yuan (146 million U.S. dollars) is spent annually on treatin cancer in the province.

See an aw

• Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Cheenae
• Dunhuang
• White Pagoda Hill

Freemit airtins

• Lanzhou govrenment wabsteidArchived2018-08-12 at theWayback Machine
• Map o LanzhouArchived2016-03-06 at theWayback Machine
• Lanzhoutravel guide frae Wikivoyage