Basque leid

Basque
euskara
Pronunciation	IPA:[eus̺ˈkaɾa]
Native tae	Spain,Fraunce
Region	Basque Kintra,Basque diaspora.
Ethnicity	Basque
Native speakers	750,000(2016) 1,185,500passive speakers
Leid faimily	Leid isolate (Vasconic)
Early forms	Proto-Basque Aquitanian
Dialects	Biscayan Gipuzkoan Upper Navarrese Navarro-Lapurdian dialect Eastren Navarrese Souletin (Zuberoan)
Writin seestem	Basque Alpha bet(Laitin script) Basque Braille
Offeecial status
Offeecial leid in	Basque Autonomous Commonty Navarre
Recognised minority leid in	Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Regulatit bi	Euskaltzaindia
Leid codes
ISO 639-1	eu
ISO 639-2	baq(B) eus(T)
ISO 639-3	eus
Glottolog	basq1248
Linguasphere	40-AAA-a
Schematic dialect auries o Basque. Licht-coloured dialects are extinct. Seedialectsablo for details.
Basque speakers + passive speakers (2011). >80 % >60 % >40 % >20 % >0 %

Basque(Basque:euskara,pronounced[eus̺kaɾa]) is the ancestralleido theBasque fowk,who inhabit theBasque kintra,a region spannin an aurie in northeastrenSpainan soothwastrenFraunce.It is spaken bi 25.7% o Basques in aw territories (665,800 oot o 2,589,600).O thir, 614,000 live in the Spaingie pairt o the Basque kintra an the remainin 51,800 live in the French pairt.

In academic discussions o the distribution o Basque in Spain an Fraunce, it is customary tae refer taethree auncient provincesin Fraunce an fower Spaingie provinces. Native speakers are concentratit in a contiguous aurie includin pairts o the SpaingieAutonomous Communitieso theBasque Autonomous Commonty(Spaingie:País Vasco;Euskara:Euskadi) anNavarrean in the wastren hauf o the FrenchDépartementoPyrénées-Atlantiques.The Autonomous Commonty o País Vasco/Euskadi is an admeenistrative entity athin the binational ethnographic Basque Kintra incorporatin the traditional Spaingie provinces oBiscay,Gipuzkoa,anÁlava,which retain thair existence as politico-admeenistrative diveesions.

Thir provinces an mony auries o Navarre are hivily populatit bi ethnic Basques, but the Euskara leid haed, at least till the 1990s, aw but disappeared frae maist o Álava, wastren pairts o Biscay an central an soothren auries oNavarre.In soothwastren Fraunce, the auncient Basque-populatit provinces wurLabourd,Lawer Navarre,anSoule.Thay an ither regions wur consolidatit intae a singledépartementback in 1790 unner the name Basses-Pyrénées, which name persisted till 1969.

A standardized form o the Basque leid, cawedEuskara Batua,wis developed bi theBasque Language Academyin the late 1960s. Euskara Batua is mainly uised in the Spaingie Basque Kintra. In Fraunce the Basque leid schuil Seaska an the association for a bilingual schoolin Ikasbi meet a wide range o Basque leid educational needs up tae the Saxt Form, while aften strugglin tae surmount financial an admeenistrative constraints.

Apairt frae this staundardized version, thare are sax main Basque dialects, correspondin tae the abuin mentioned historic provinces populatit bi Basques:Bizkaian,Gipuzkoan,anUpper Navarresein Spain anLower Navarrese,Lapurdian,anZuberoan(in Fraunce). Housomeivver, the dialect boondars are no congruent wi poleetical boondars.

Names o the leid

In Basque, the name o the leid is offeeciallyEuskara(alangside variousdialectforms). Thare are currently three etymological theories o the nameEuskarathat are taken seriously bi linguists an vasconists which are discussed in detail on theBasque fowkpage.

In French the leid is normally cawedbasqueor, in recent times,euskara.Thare is a greater variety o Spaingie names for the leid. The day, it is maist commonly referred tae asel vasco,la lengua vascaorel euskera.Baith terms,vascoanbasque,are inheritit frae LatinethnonymVasconeswhich in turn goes back tae the Greek termουασκωνους(ouaskōnous), an ethnonym uised biStraboin hisGeographica(23 AD, Beuk III).

The termVascuence,derivit frae Latinvasconĭce,haes acquired negative connotations ower the centuries an is no well liked amangst Basque speakers generally. Its uise is documentit at least as far back as the 14t century when a law passed inHuescain 1349 statit thatItem nuyl corridor nonsia usado que faga mercadería ninguna que compre nin venda entre ningunas personas, faulando en algaravia nin en abraych nin en basquenç: et qui lo fara pague por coto XXX sol- essentially penalizin the uise o Arabic, Hebrew or Vascuence (Basque) wi a fine o 30sols.

History an classification

Tho geographically surroondit biIndo-EuropeanRomance leids,Basque is classifee'd as aleid isolate.It is the last remainin pre-Indo-European leid in Wastren Europe.Consequently, its prehistory mey no be reconstructible bi means o thecomparative methodexcept bi applyin it tae differences atween dialects athin the leid. Little is kent o its oreegins but it is likely that an early form o the Basque leid wis present in Wastren Europe afore the arrival o the Indo-European leids tae the aurie.

Latin inscriptions inAquitaniapreserve a nummer o wirds wicognatesin reconstructitproto-Basque,for instance the personal namesNescatoanCison(neskatoangizonmean "yung girl" an "man" respectively in modren Basque). This leid is generally referred tae asAquitanianan is assumed tae hae been spoken in the aurie afore theRomanconquests in the wastrenPyrenees.Roman neglect o this aurie alloued Aquitanian tae survive while theIberieanTartessian leidsbecame extinct. Throu the lang contact wi Romance leids, Basque adoptit a sizable nummer o Romance wirds. Initially the soorce wis Latin, laterGascon(a branch oOccitan) in the northeast,Navarro-Aragonesein the sootheast anSpaingiein the soothwast.

Freemit airtins

• Deustuko:Basque leid course (Spaingie)
• Schools o leids o the Basque kintra that teach Basque
• Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy o the Basque Leid) offeecial web
• Ethnologuehaes reports onBasque(ISO 639-1:eu),Navarro-Labourdin(ISO 639-3:bqe) anSouletin Basque.
• Center for Basque Studies at University o Nevada, Reno
• Basque language at Buber.net
• Basque Studies Program Newsletter· Issue 18, 1978. Miguel Echegaray shares several suggestions o possible etymological connections atween Basque an Inglis words.
• Linguistic maps o Basque Kintra
• Euskara Kultur Elkargoa-Basque Cultural FoundationArchived2006-10-07 at theWayback Machine
• BasqueArchived2008-02-13 at theWayback Machinein theRosetta Project
• Depairtment o Leid Policyo the Basque Govrenment
• Basque Culture Institute
• Dictionnaire étymologique basque by Michel Morvan.(interactive dictionary, non standard, wi idiosyncratic etymological theories an no references).

Basque media

• Berria: Newspaper(in Basque)
• EiTB: Tv an radioArchived2008-01-11 at theWayback Machine(in Basque)
• Argia: Weekly magazine(in Basque)

Dictionaries

• Elhuyar Basque Spanish Dictionary
• Morris Basque-English Dictionary
• Hiztegia 3000 Online bidirectional Spanish-Euskara dictionaryArchived2011-08-10 at theWayback Machine

Grammar

• University o the Basque Kintra: A Brief Grammar o Euskara, the Basque Leid
• Basque Verb TablesArchived2005-12-15 at theWayback Machine

Classification

• History of the Basque Language by Manfred Owstrowski)Archived2007-10-14 at theWayback Machine
• A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1 by John D. Bengston (scanned pages)

Basque letterin

• Basque Alpha bet accordin tae Euskaltzaindia
• Arquitectura popular y grafía vascaArchived2008-08-21 at theWayback Machine,biP.anJ. de Zabalo,Biblioteca de Cultura Vasca, Editorial VascaEkin,Buenos Aires, 1947. Designs for a naitional typography derived frae Medieval an Modern-Age inscriptions.
• Tipografías vascasArchived2010-05-16 at theWayback Machine,a blog post reviewin Basque-style computer fonts.
• Grafía vascaArchived2011-01-13 at theWayback Machine,in the Spainyie-leidAuñamendi Encyclopedia.