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Perugia

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For ither uises, seePerugia (disambiguation).
Perugia
Comune
Comune di Perugia
Piazza IV Novembre
Coat of airms o Perugia
Coat airms
Perugia is located in Italy
Perugia
Perugia
Location o Perugia in Italy
Coordinates:43°6′44″N12°23′20″E/ 43.11222°N 12.38889°E/43.11222; 12.38889
KintraItaly
RegionUmbrie
ProvincePerugia(PG)
FrazioniSeelist
Govrenment
• MayorWladimiro Boccali (PD)
Area
• Total449.92 km2(173.72 sq mi)
Elevation
493 m (1,617 ft)
Population
(30 September 2010)
• Total168,066
• Density370/km2(970/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Perugini
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
Postal code
06100
Diallin code075
Patron sauntSt. Constantius,St. Herculanus,St. Lawrence
Saunt day29 January
WebsiteOffeecial wabsteid

Perugia(Italian pronunciation:[peˈruːdʒa](listen);(Laitin:Perusia) is the caipital ceety o the region oUmbriein centralItaly,crossed bi the riverTiber.The ceety is the caipital o theprovince o Perugia. Perugia is locatit aboot 164 kilometre (102 mile) north o Roum, an 148 km (92 mile) sooth-east o Florence. It covers a heich hilltop an pairt o thevalleysaroond the aurie. The region oUmbrieis bordered biTuscany,LazioanMarche.

The history o Perugia goes back tae the Etruscan period. Perugia wis ane o the mainEtruscan ceeties.The ceety is kent as thevarsitiestoun an aw, wi theVarsity o Perugiafoondit in 1308 (aboot 34,000 students), theVarsity for Foreigners(5,000 students), an some smawer colleges sic the Academy o Feene Airts "Pietro Vannucci" (Italian:Accademia di Belle Arti "Pietro Vannucci") public athenaeum foondit on 1573, the Perugia Varsity Institute o Linguistic Mediation for translators an interpreters, the Muisic Conservatory o Perugia, foondit on 1788, an ithers Institutes. Thare are annual festivals an events: the Eurochocolate Festival (October), theUmbria Jazz Festival(Julie), an the International Jurnalism Festival (in Apryle).

Perugia is a well-kent cultural an airtistic centre o Italy. The famous penter Pietro Vannucci, elknamitPerugino,wis a native oCittà della Pievenear Perugia. He decoratit the localSala del Cambiowi a bonnie series ofrescoes;aicht o his picturs can be admired in the Naitional Gallery o Umbrie an aw.[1]Perugino wis the teacher oRaphael,[2]the greatRenaissanceairtist who producit five pentins in Perugia (the day nae langer in the ceety)[3]an ane fresco.[4]Anither famous penter,Pinturicchio,livit in Perugia.Galeazzo Alessiis the maist famous airchitect frae Perugia. The ceety seembol is thegriffin,which can be seen in the form oplaquesanstatueson biggins aroond the ceety.

History

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Perugia wis aUmbriedounset[5]but first appears in written history asPerusia,ane o the 12confederateceeties oEtrurie;[5]it wis first mentioned inQ. Fabius Pictor'saccoont, utilisit biLivy,o the expedeetion carriet oot against theEtruscan LeaguebiFabius Maximus Rullianus[6]in 310 or 309 BC. At that time a thirty-yearindutiae(truce) wis greit upon;[7]housomeivver, in 295 Perusia teuk pairt in theThird Samnite Waran wis reducit, wi Volsinii an Arretium (Arezzo), tae seek for peace in the follaein year.[8]

In 216 an 205 BC it assistit Roum in theSeicont Punic Warbut efterwairds it is nae mentioned till 41-40 BC, whenLucius Antoniusteuk refuge thare, an wis reducit biOctavianefter a lang siege, an its senators sent tae thair daith. A nummer o lead bullets uised bi slingers hae been foond in an aroond the ceety.[9]The ceety wis burnt, we are tauld, wi the exception o the temples oVulcananJuno— the massive Etruscan terrace-waws,[10]naturally, can hardly hae suffered at aw— an the toun, wi the territory for a mile roond, wis alloued tae be occupeed bi whoiver chose. It must hae been rebuilt amaist at ance, for several bases for statues exist, inscribitAugusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta;but it did no acome acolonia,till 251-253 AD, when it wis resettled asColonia Vibia Augusta Perusia,unner the emperorC. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus.[11]

It is hardly mentioned except bi the geografers till it wis the anerly ceety in Umbrie tae resistTotila,who captured it an laid the ceety waste in 547, efter a lang siege, apparently efter the ceety's Byzantine garrison evacuatit. Negotiations wi the besiegin forces fell tae the ceety's bishop,Herculanus,as representative o the tounsfowk.[12]Totila is said tae hae ordered the bishop tae beflayedan beheidit. St. Herculanus (Sant'Ercolano) later became the ceety'spatron saunt.[13]

In theLombardperiod Perugia is spoken o as ane o the principal ceeties oTuscie.[14]In the 9t century, wi the consent oCharlemagneanLouis the Pious,it passed unner the papes; but bi the 11t century itscommunewis assertin itsel, an for mony centuries the ceety continued tae mainteen a unthirlt life, warrin against mony o the neebourin land an ceeties—Foligno,Assisi,Spoleto,Todi,Siena,Arezzoetc. In 1186Henry VI,rex romanoruman futur emperor, grantit diplomatic recognition tae theconsulargovrenment o the ceety; efterwairdPape Innocent III,whose major aim wis tae gie state dignity tae the dominions hain been constitutin thepatrimony o St. Peter,acknawledgit the validity o the imperial statement an recognisit the established ceevic practices as haein the force o law.[15]

Medievalaqueduct

On various occasions the papes foond asylum frae the tumults o Roum athin its waws, an it wis the meetin-place o fiveconclaves(Perugia Papacy), includin those that electitHonorius III(1216),Clement IV(1285),Celestine V(1294), anClement V(1305); the papal presence wis characterisit bi a pacificatory rule atween the internal rivalries.[15]But Perugia haed nae mind simply tae subserve the papal interests an niver acceptit papal sovereignty: the ceety uised tae exercise a jurisdiction ower the members o the clergy, mairower in 1282 Perugia wis excommunicatit due tae a new militar affensive against the Ghibellines regairdless o a papal prohibition. In the ither haund side bi side wi the 13t century bronze griffin o Perugia abuin the door o thePalazzo dei Prioristaunds, as a Guelphic emblem, thelion,an Perugia remained lyal for the maist pairt tae the Guelph pairty in the struggles oGuelphs an Ghibellines.Housomeivver this dominant tendency wis rather a anti-Germanic an Italian poleetical strategy.[15]TheAngevinpresence in Italy appeared tae affer a coonterpoise tae papal pouers: in 1319 Perugia declared the Angevin SauntLouis o Toulouse"Protector o the ceety's sovereignty an o the Palazzo o its Priors"[16]an set his figur amang the ither patron saunts abuin the rich doorwey o the Palazzo dei Priori. Midwey throu the 14t centuryBartholus o Sassoferrato,who wis a renouned jurist, assertit that Perugia wis dependent upon neither imperial nor papal support.[15]In 1347, at the time oRienzi'sunfortunate enterprise in revivin the Roman republic, Perugia sent ten ambassadors tae pey him honour; an, when papal legates socht tae coerce it bi foreign sodgers, or tae exact contreibutions, thay met wi vigorous resistance, which broke intae open warfare wiPape Urban Vin 1369; in 1370 the noble pairty reached a greement signin the treaty oBolognaan Perugia wis forcit tae accept a papal legate; housomeivver the vicar-general o the Papal States,Gérard du Puy,Abbot o Marmoutier an nephew oGregory IX,[17]wis expelled bi a popular uprisin in 1375, an his fortification o Porta Sole wis razit tae the grund.[18]

Ceevic peace wis constantly disturbit in the 14t century bi struggles atween the pairty representin the fowk (Raspanti) an the nobles (Beccherini). Efter the assassination in 1398 ofBiordo Michelotti,who haed made hissel laird o Perugia, the ceety became a pawn in theItalian Wars,passin taeGian Galeazzo Visconti(1400), taePape Boniface IX(1403), an taeLadislaus o Naples(1408–14) afore it settled intae a period o soond govrenance unner theSignoriao thecondottieroBraccio da Montone(1416–24), who reached a concordance wi the Papacy. Follaein mutual atrocities o the Oddi an the Baglioni faimilies, pouer wis at last concentratit in the Baglioni, who, tho thay haed nae legal poseetion, defeed aw ither authority, tho thair bloody internal squabbles culminatit in a massacre, 14 Julie 1500.[18]Gian Paolo Baglioniwis lured tae Roum in 1520 an beheidit at the orders oLeo X;an in 1540 Rodolfo, who haed slain a papal legate, wis defeatit biPier Luigi Farnese,an the ceety, captured an plundered bi his sodgery, wis deprivit o its preevileges. A citadel kent as theit[Rocca Paolina],efter the name oPape Paul III,wis biggit, tae designs oAntonio da Sangallo the Younger"ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam."[19]

In theit[Rocca Paolina]

In 1797, the ceety wis conquered bi French troops. On 4 Februar 1798, theTiberina Republicwis formit, wi Perugia as caipital, an the Frenchtricolouras banner. In 1799, the Tiberina Republic mergit tae theRoman Republic.

In 1832, 1838 an 1854, Perugia wis hit bi yirdquauks. Follaein the collapse o theRoman republic o 1848-49,when the Rocca wis in pairt demolished,[18]it wis seizit in Mey 1849 bi theAustrians.In Juin 1859 the indwallers rebelled against the temporal authority o the Pape an established a proveesional govrenment, but the insurrection wis quashed bloodily biPius IX'stroops.[20]In September 1860 the ceety wis unitit feenally, alang wi the rest oUmbrie,as pairt o theKinrick o Italy.

Economy

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Palazzo dei Priori:the centre o communal govrenment

Perugia haes acome famous forchocolate,maistly acause o a single firm,Perugina,whose Baci (kisses) are widely exportit.[21]Perugian chocolate is vera popular in Italy. The company's plant locatit in San Sisto (Perugia) is the lairgest o Nestlé's nine steids in Italy.[22]

The ceety hosts a chocolate festival ivery October.[23]The suburbs host a lairge nummer oSMEs.

Geografie

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Ceeties' distances frae Perugia: Assisi 19 kilometre (12 mile), Siena 102 km (63 mile), Florence 145 km (90 mile), Roum 164 km (102 mile).

Climate

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Even tho Perugia is locatit in the central pairt o Italy, the ceety experiences ahumid subtropical climate(Köppen climate clessificationCfa) seemilar tae hintle o Northren Italy. Climate in this aurie haes mild differences atween heichs an laws, an thare is adequate rainfall year roond.[24]

Climate data for Perugia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average heich °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 		10.7
(51.3) 		13.7
(56.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		25.9
(78.6) 		29.8
(85.6) 		29.2
(84.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		19.9
(67.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		9.0
(48.2) 		18.7
(65.7)
Average law °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		1.5
(34.7) 		2.8
(37.0) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.3
(48.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.9
(58.8) 		15.1
(59.2) 		12.9
(55.2) 		8.8
(47.8) 		4.2
(39.6) 		1.6
(34.9) 		7.4
(45.3)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 58
(2.3) 		69
(2.7) 		61
(2.4) 		71
(2.8) 		74
(2.9) 		71
(2.8) 		46
(1.8) 		61
(2.4) 		69
(2.7) 		76
(3.0) 		94
(3.7) 		71
(2.8) 		820
(32.3)
Source: Intellicast[25]

Demographics

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Houses in Perugia.

In 2007, thare wur 163,287 fowk residin in Perugia, locatit in the province o Perugia,Umbrie,o whom 47.7% wur male an 52.3% wur female. Minors (childer ages 18 an younger) totalled 16.41 percent o the population compared tae pensioners who nummer 21.51 percent. This compares wi the Italian average o 18.06 percent (minors) an 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age o Perugia residents is 44 compared tae the Italian average o 42. In the five years atween 2002 an 2007, the population o Perugia grew bi 7.86 percent, whileItalyas a whole grew bi 3.85 percent.[26]

As o 2006, 90.84% o the population wisItalian.The lairgest immigrant group came frae itherEuropeankintras (pairticularly fraeAlbanieanRomanie): 3.93%, theAmericas:2.01%, anNorth African:1.3%. The majority o indwallers areRoman Catholic.

Eddication

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Perugiagriffin,in a medievalLaitindocument.

Perugia the day hosts twa main varsities, the auncientUniversità degli Studi(Varsity o Perugia) an theForeigners Varsity(Università per Stranieri).Stranieriserves as a Italian leid an cultur schuil for students frae aw ower the warld.[27]Ither eddicational institutions are the Perugia Fene Airts Academy "Pietro Vannucci" (foondit in 1573), the Perugia Muisic Conservatory for the study o clessical muisic, an the RAI Public Broadcastin Schuil o Radio-Telly Jurnalism.[28]The ceety is host tae the Umbra Institute an aw, a accreditit varsity program for American students studyin abroad.[29]TheUniversità dei Sapori(Vasity o Tastes), a naitional centre for Vocational Eddication an Trainin in Fuid, is locatit in the ceety as well.[30]

Frazioni

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Thecomuneincludes thefrazionio Bagnaia, Bosco, Capanne, Casa del Diavolo, Castel del Piano, Cenerente, Civitella Benazzone, Civitella d'Arna, Collestrada, Colle Umberto I, Cordigliano, Colombella, Farneto, Ferro di Cavallo,Fontignano,Fratticiola Selvatica, La Bruna, La Cinella, Lacugnano, Lidarno, Migiana di Monte Tezio, Monte Bagnolo, Monte Corneo, Montelaguardia, Monte Petriolo, Mugnano, Olmo, Parlesca, Pianello, Piccione, Pila, Pilonico Materno, Ponte della Pietra, Poggio delle Corti, Ponte Felcino, Ponte Pattoli, Ponte Rio, Ponte San Giovanni, Ponte Valleceppi, Prepo, Pretola, Ramazzano-Le Pulci, Rancolfo, Ripa, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Sant'Egidio, Sant'Enea, San Fortunato della Collina, San Giovanni del Pantano, Sant'Andrea d'Agliano, Santa Lucia, San Marco, Santa Maria Rossa, San Martino dei Colli, San Martino in Campo, San Martino in Colle, San Sisto, Solfagnano, Villa Pitignano. Ither localities are Boneggio, Canneto, Colle della Trinità, Monte Pulito, Montevile, Pieve di Campo, Montemalbe an Monte Morcino.

Collestrada, in the territory o the suburb o Ponte San Giovanni, saw a battle atween the indwallers o Perugia anAssisiin 1202.

Main sichts

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Kirks

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Fontana Maggiore
  • TheCathedral o S. Lorenzo.
  • Kirk an abbey oSan Pietro(late 16t century).
  • Basilica oSan Domenico(begun in 1394 an feenished in 1458). The Basilica is locatit whaur, in the Middle Ages, the mercat an the horse fair wur held, an whaur the Dominicans settled in 1234. The Basilica exterior is believit tae be designed biGiovanni Pisanowhile its interior decorations wur redesigned biCarlo Maderno.The massive belfry wis pairtially cut aroond mid-16t century. The Basilica hooses impressive ensaumples o Umbrie airt, includin the precious tomb oPape Benedict XIan a firthen choir frae the Renaissance period.
  • TheSant'Angeloor oSan Michele ArcangeloKirk frae the (5t-6t centuries). This kirk haes 16 antique columns an is a stunnin ensaumple o Palaeo-Christian airt wi a central plan reminiscent oSanto Stefano RotondoinRoum.
  • San BernardinoKirk (wi facade biAgostino di Duccio).
  • Sant' ErcolanoKirk frae the early 14t century. This kirk resembles a polygonal touer. This kirk ance haed twa floors. The upper floor wis demolished when the Rocca Paolina wus biggit. It includes Baroque decorations commissioned frae 1607. The main altar haes a sarcophagus foond in 1609.
  • Kirk oSant'Antonio da Padova.
  • Kirk oSanta Giuliana,heir o a female monastery foondit in 1253. In its later years, the kirk gained a reputation for dissoluteness. Later, the French turned the kirk intae a granary. Nou, the kirk is a militar hospital. The kirk, wi a single nave, anerly bears traces o 13t century frescoes, which probably uised tae kiver aw o the waws. The closter is a notewirthy ensaumple o mid-14t century Cistercian airchitectur fraeit[Matteo Gattaponi].The upper pairt o thecampanileis frae the 13t century.
  • TheTemplarkirk oSan Bevignate.

Secular biggins

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Antiquities

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Etruscan Airch
  • theIpogeo dei Volumni(Hypogeum o the Volumnus faimily), an Etruscan chamber tomb
  • an Etruscan Well (Pozzo Etrusco).
  • Naitional Museum o Umbrie Airchaeologie, whaur ane o the langest inscription inEtruscanis conservit, the sae-criedCippus perusinus.
  • Etruscan Airch(kent asPorta Augustaan aw), a Etruscan gate wi Roman elements.

Modren airchitectur

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  • Centro Direzionale(1982–1986), a admeenistration ceevic centre awned bi the Umbrie Region. The biggin wis designed bi the Pritzker Airchitectur prizewinnerAldo Rossi.[32]

Airt

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Pietro Perugino,sel-portrait

Perugia haes haed a rich tradeetion o airt an airtists. TheHeich Renaissancepenter Pietro Perugino creatit some o his maisterpieces in the Perugia aurie. The ither Heich Resaissance maisterRaphaelwis active in Perugia an an an pentit his famousOddi Altarthare in 1502-04.

The day, theGalleria Nazionale dell'Umbriain Perugia hooses a nummer o masterpieces, includin theMadonna wi Bairn an sax Angels,which represents theRenaissanceMarian airtoDuccio.An the privateAirt Collection o the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugiahaes twa separate locations.

TheCollegio del Cambiois an extremely well preservit representation o a Renaissance biggin an hooses a magnificent Pietro Perugino fresco.[33]The newly re-opened Academy o Fine Airts haes a smaw but impressive plaster casts gallery an Perugie pentins an drawins frae the 16t century on.[34]

Cultur

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Umbria Jazz Festival 2008
International Journalism Festival 2009
Eurochocolate 2008

Sport

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A.C. Perugia Calcioplay at the 28,000-seaterStadio Renato Curi.

A.C. Perugia Calcioare the main fitbaa club in the ceety, currently playin in the third-tierLega Pro Prima Divisione,Group B. The club play at the 28,000-seaterStadio Renato Curi,namit efter a umwhile player who dee'd durin a match. Frae 1983 tae 2001, the stadium held fower matches for theItaly naitional fitbaa team.[36]

Transport

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Minimetrò

A electric tramwey operatit in Perugia frae 1901 till 1940. It wis decommissioned in favour o buses, an syne 1943 trolley buses – the latter wur in service till 1975.

Twa elevators wur established syne 1971:

  • Mercato Coperto (Pairkin) – Terrazza Mercato Coperto
  • Galleria Kennedy – Mercato Coperto (Pincetto)

This wis follaeed bi public escalators:

  • Rocca Paolina: Piazza Partigiani - Piazza Italia (1983)
  • Cupa-Pellini: Piazzale della Cupa - Via dei Priori (1989)
  • Piazzale Europa - Piazzale Bellucci (1993)
  • Piazzale Bellucci - Corso Cavour (1993)
  • Minimetrò: Pincetto - Piazza Matteotti (2008)

Syne 1971 Perugia haes taken several measures against caur traffec, when the first traffec restriction zone wis implementit. Thir zones wur expandit ower time an at certaint oors o the day drivin is forbidden in the ceety centre. Lairge pairkin lots are providit in the lawer toun, frae whaur the ceety can be reached via public transport.

Syne 2008, anautomatit fowk muivercriedMinimetròhaes been in operation an aw. It haes seiven stations, wi ane terminal at a lairge pairkin lot, an the ither in the ceety centre.[37]

Santa Annarailweystation.

Perugia railwey station,kent as Perugia Fontivegge an aw, wis opened in 1866. It forms pairt o theFoligno–Terontola railway,which linksFlorencewiRouman aw. The station is situatit at PiazzaVittorio Veneto,in the hivily populatit destrict o Fontivegge, aboot 3 kilometre (1.9 mi) soothwast o the ceety centre.

Perugia San Francesco d'Assisi – Umbria Internaitional Airportis locatit 12 kilometre (7.5 mi) ootside the ceety.

Internaitional relations

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Twin touns — Sister ceeties

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Relatit page:Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Italy

Perugia haestwinan sister ceety greements wi the follaein ceeties:[38]

See an aw

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Notes

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  1. ↑cf.Perugia,Raffaele Rossi, Pietro Scarpellini, 1993 (Vol. 1, pg. 337, 344)
  2. ↑"...it appears most probable that he did not enter Perugino's studio till the end of 1499, as during the four or five years before that Perugino was mostly absent from his native city. The so-called Sketch Book of Raphael in the academy of Venice contains studies apparently from the cartoons of some of Perugino's Sistine frescoes, possibly done as practice in drawing." (Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition).
    See also "Perugia".The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003
  3. ↑The precise role of Raphael in Perugino's works, executed during his apprenticeship, is disputed by scholars. The independent works depicted in Perugia are: theAnsidei Madonna(taken by the French under the terms of the Treaty of Tolentino in 1798), the Deposition by Raphael (Pala Baglioni,this masterpiece was expropriated by Scipione Borghese in 1608, cf.'The Guardian,October 19, 2004), the Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints, byRaphael(formerly located in the convent of St Anthony of Padua cf.The Colonna Altarpiece review at Art HistoryArchived2007-12-19 at theWayback Machine), theConnestabile Madonna(this picture left Perugia in 1871, when Count Connestabile sold it to the emperor ofRoushiefor £13,200, cf.Encyclopædia Britannica), the Oddi altar by Raphael (requisitioned by the French in 1798)
  4. ↑ab"...some studies for the figure of St. John the Martyr which Raphael used in 1505 in his great fresco in the Church of San Severo at Perugia." (The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci (X)
  5. ↑abPerugia (2007). InEncyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved May 21, 2007, fromEncyclopædia Britannica Online
  6. ↑"How much of his glory is due to his kinsman, Fabius Pictor, the first historian of Rome, or to the family legends, which found in Etruria the most fitting scene for the exploits of thegreat Fabian house,we cannot tell "(Walter W. How and Henry Devenish Leigh,A History of Rome to the Death of CaesarLondon: Longmans, Green 1898:112).
  7. ↑Livy ix.37.12).
  8. ↑Livy ix.30.1-2, 31.1-3;indutiaewithVolsinii,Perusia and Arretium, ix.37.4-5.
  9. ↑cf.Corpus Inscr. Lat.xi. 1212
  10. ↑Etruscan town walls.
  11. ↑Latin inscriptions at two of the preserved Etruscan gates.
  12. ↑Patrick Amory,People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554pp185-86, referring to Perugia in passing, notes the increasingly localized role assumed since the mid-5th century by the bishops.
  13. ↑Procopius,Bellum Gothicum,3 (7).2.35.2, characteristically does not mention the incident, reported inGregory the Great,Dialogues,13Archived2009-09-17 at theWayback Machine,who imagines a seven-year siege (i.e. since 540, before the accession ofBaduila) and dramatically reports Herculanus' grotesque murder.
  14. ↑Procopius of Caesarea,Gothic WarsI,16 and III,35.
  15. ↑abcdcf.Perugia,Raffaele Rossi, Attilio Bartoli Angeli, Roberta Sottani 1993 (Vol. 1, pp. 120-140)
  16. ↑"Avvocato della Signoria cittadina e del Palazzo dei suoi Priori"
  17. ↑Made a cardinal bi his uncle, 20 Dizember 1375 (Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: 14th century)
  18. ↑abccf. Touring Club Italiano,Guida d'Italia: Umbria(1966)
  19. ↑"in order to bring to heel the audacious Perugini".
  20. ↑cf.Chicago Tribune, Jul 18, 1859Archived2012-11-08 at theWayback MachineandThe outrage of the American witnesses in Perugia, Chicago Tribune, Jul 21, 1859Archived2012-11-08 at theWayback Machine
  21. ↑Nestlè-Perugina produced in 2005 about 1.5 million Baci a day. Each October, Perugia has an annual chocolate festival calledEuroChocolate.In Italy, right in the kisser, The Washington Post, May 29, 2005
  22. ↑"European Industrial Relations Observatory, April 9, 2003".Eurofound.europa.eu. Archived fraethe originalon 10 October 2013.Retrieved8 Juin2013.
  23. ↑By Lehndorff, John; 471 words."Thousands converge on historic city to celebrate everything chocolate Associated Press, October 21, 2002".Highbeam. Archived fraethe originalon 2 November 2012.Retrieved8 Juin2013.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors leet (link)
  24. ↑"Climate Summary for Perugia".Archived fraethe originalon 5 August 2014.Retrieved10 Januar2014.
  25. ↑"Perugia historic weather averages in Italy".Intellicast.Retrieved4 Juin2009.
  26. ↑"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT".Demo.istat.it. Archived fraethe originalon 26 Apryle 2009.Retrieved6 Mey2009.
  27. ↑BBC students diariesMarch 13, 2007
  28. ↑SeePerugia, University TownArchived2007-09-27 at theWayback MachineandLa Repubblica Università - Italian Journalism recognized schools(in Italian)
  29. ↑"The Umbra Institute".
  30. ↑See the institution educational purposes at theUniversità dei Sapori official siteArchived2007-07-12 at theWayback Machine
  31. ↑A short break in PerugiaThe Independent - London, June 6, 1999
  32. ↑The Centro Direzionale is mentioned in theAldo Rossi personal page at the Pritzker Prize official websiteArchived2007-05-23 at theWayback Machine
  33. ↑"NY Times".Travel.nytimes.Retrieved20 Apryle2010.
  34. ↑"The Academy of Fine Arts of Perugia".inperugia.Retrieved20 Januar2013.
  35. ↑The Umbrie muisical event is hostit in Perugia syne the end o Warld War IINYT, October 18, 1953
  36. ↑http://eu-football.info/_venue.php?id=826
  37. ↑"Perugia MiniMetro on".Urbanrail.net. 29 Januar 2008. Archived fraethe originalon 9 Apryle 2010.Retrieved20 Apryle2010.
  38. ↑Perugia Official site - Relazioni Internazionali(in Italian)
  39. ↑"Association of twinnings and international relations of Aix-en-Provence".Aix-jumelages.Retrieved20 Apryle2010.
  40. ↑Mairie of Aix-en-Provence - Twinnings and partnershipsArchived2009-01-13 at theWayback Machine
  41. ↑"Partner (Twin) towns of Bratislava".Bratislava-City.sk.Archivedfrae the original on 28 Julie 2013.Retrieved5 August2013.
  42. ↑"Die Partnerstädte der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam".potsdam.de(in German). Archived fraethe originalon 6 August 2016.Retrieved24 Juin2010.

References

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  • Conestabile della Staffa, Giancarlo (1855).I Monumenti di Perugia etrusca e romana.Perugia.
  • Gallenga Stuart, Romeo Adriano (1905).Perugia.Bergamo: Istituto italiano d'arti grafiche Editore.
  • Heywood, William (1910).A history of Perugia.London: Methuen & Co.
  • Mancini, Francesco Federico.Perugia - guida storico-artistica.Perugia: Italcards.ISBN88-7193-746-5.Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
  • Rubin Blanshei, Sarah (1976).Perugia, 1260-1340: Conflict and Change in a Medieval Italian Urban Society.Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.ISBN0-87169-662-2.
  • Rossi, Raffaele (1993).Perugia.Milan: Elio Sellino Editore.ISBN88-236-0051-0.Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
  • Symonds, Margaret (1898).The Story of Perugia.London: J.M. Dent & Co.ISBN0-8115-0865-X.Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
  • Zappelli, Maria Rita (2013). Zachary Nowak (ed.).Home Street Home: Perugia’s History Told Through its Streets.Perugia: Morlacchi Editore.ISBN978-88-6074-548-4.

Further readin

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Freemit airtins

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