Tyrannosaurus

Tyrannosaurus
	Reconstruction o theteepspecimen (CM 9380) o the Tyrannosaurus at theCarnegie Museum o Naitural History
Scientific classification
Kinrick:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Order:	Saurischia
Faimily:	†Tyrannosauridae
Subfaimily:	†Tyrannosaurinae
Tribe:	†Tyrannosaurini; Osborn,1906
Genus:	†Tyrannosaurus; Osborn, 1905
Teep species
	†Tyrannosaurus rex; Osborn, 1905
Synonyms
	Genus synonymy Manospondylus; Cope,1892 ; Dynamosaurus; Osborn, 1905 ; Nanotyrannus?; Bakker,Williams &Currie,1988 ; Stygivenator; Olshevsky,1995 ; Dinotyrannus; Olshevsky,1995 ; Species synonymy Manospondylus gigas; Cope,1892 ; Aublysodon amplus?; Marsh,1892 ; Deinodon amplus?; (Marsh, 1892) ; Manospondylus amplus?; (Marsh, 1892) ; Stygivenator amplus?; (Marsh, 1892) ; Tyrannosaurus amplus?; (Marsh, 1892) ; Aublysodon cristatus?; Marsh, 1892 ; Deinodon cristatus?; (Marsh, 1892) ; Stygivenator cristatus?; (Marsh, 1892) ; Dynamosaurus imperiosus; Osborn, 1905 ; Tyrannosaurus imperiosus; (Osborn, 1905) ; Gorgosaurus lancensis?; Gilmore, 1946 ; Albertosaurus lancensis?; (Gilmore, 1946) ; Aublysodon lancensis?; (Gilmore, 1946) ; Deinodon lancensis?; (Gilmore, 1946) ; Nanotyrannus lancensis?; (Gilmore, 1946) ; Stygivenator molnari; (Paul, 1988) ; Dinotyrannus megagracilis; Olshevsky,1995 ;

Tyrannosaurus(/tᵻˌrænəˈsɔːrəs,taɪ-/,meanin "tyrant lizard", frae theAncient Greektyrannos(τύραννος), "tyrant", ansauros(σαῦρος), "lizard"^[1]) is agenusocoelurosaurian theropod dinosaur.ThespeciesTyrannosaurus rex(rexmeanin "king" inLatin), is ane o the maist well-represented o the lairge theropods.Tyrannosauruslived throughout what is nou wastren North Americae, on what wis then an island continent kent asLaramidia.Tyrannosaurushaed a much wider range than ithertyrannosaurids.Fossils are foond in a variety orock formationsdatin tae theMaastrichtianage o the upperCretaceous Period,68 tae 66million years ago.^[2]It wis the last kent member o thetyrannosaurids,^[3]an amang the last non-aviandinosaurs tae exist afore theCretaceous–Paleogene extinction.

Lik ither tyrannosaurids,Tyrannosauruswis abipedal carnivorewi a massive skull balanced bi a lang, hivy tail. Relative tae its lairge an pouerfu hind limms,Tyrannosaurusfore limbs war short but unuisually pouerfu for thair size an haed twa clawed deegits. The maist complete specimen meisurs up tae 12.3 m (40 ft) in lenth,^[4]up tae 3.66 meter (12 ft) taw at the hips,^[5]an accordin tae maist modren estimates 8.4 metric ton (9.3 short ton) tae 14 metric ton (15.4 short ton) in wecht.^[4]^[6]^[7]Awtho ither theropods rivaled or exceeditTyrannosaurus rexinsize,it is still amang the lairgest kent land predators an is estimatit tae hae exerted the lairgest bite force amang aw terrestrial ainimals.^[8]^[9]Bi far the lairgest carnivore in its environment,Tyrannosaurus rexwis maist likely anapex predator,preyin uponhadrosaurs,airmoured yerbivores likceratopsiansanankylosaurs,an possiblysauropods.^[10]Some experts, houiver, hae suggestit the dinosaur wis primarily ascaivenger.The quaisten o whetherTyrannosauruswis an apex predator or a pure scavenger wis amang the langest ongoing debates inpaleontology.^[11]It is acceptit nou thatTyrannosaurus rexactit as a predator, an opportunistically scaivenged as modren mammalian an avian predators dae.

Mair nor 50 specimens oTyrannosaurus rexhae been identifee'd, some o which are nearly complete skeletons.Soft tissueanproteinshae been reportit in at least ane o thir specimens. The abundance o fossil material haes allaed signeeficant resairch intae mony aspects o its biology, includin its life history anbiomechanics.The feedin habits,pheesiologyan potential speed oTyrannosaurus rexare a few subjects o debate. Itstaxonomyis an aa controversial, as some scientists conseederTarbosaurus bataarfrae Asie tae be a seicontTyrannosaurusspecies while ithers mainteenTarbosaurusis a separate genus. Several ither genera o North American tyrannosaurids hae an aa beensynonymizedwiTyrannosaurus.

As the aircheteepal therapod,Tyrannosaurusis ane o the best-kent dinosaurs, an haes been featurt in film, advertisin, an postal stamps, as well as mony ither types o media.

References

↑"Tyrannosaurus".Online Etymology Dictionary.
↑Hicks, J. F.; Johnson, K. R.; Obradovich, J. D.; Tauxe, L.; Clark, D. (2002)."Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary"(PDF).Geological Society of America Special Papers.361:35–55.doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.35.ISBN 0-8137-2361-2.
↑DiChristina, Mariette (14 Apryle 2015)."Rise of the Tyrants".... was merely the last survivor of a startling variety of tyrannosaurs that lived across the globe right up until the asteroid impact 66 million years ago...
↑^a ^bHutchinson, J. R.; Bates, K. T.; Molnar, J.; Allen, V.; Makovicky, P. J. (2011)."A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth".PLoS ONE.6(10): e26037.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.PMC3192160.PMID 22022500.
↑"Sue Fact Sheet"(PDF).Sue at the Field Museum.Field Museum of Natural History.Archived fraethe original(PDF)on 18 August 2016.
↑Hartman, Scott (7 Julie 2013)."Mass estimates: North vs South redux".Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.Retrieved24 August2013.
↑Therrien, F.; Henderson, D. M. (2007). "My theropod is bigger than yours... or not: estimating body size from skull length in theropods".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.27(1): 108–115.doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[108:MTIBTY]2.0.CO;2.ISSN 0272-4634.
↑Snively, Eric; Henderson, Donald M.; Phillips, Doug S. (2006)."Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics"(PDF).Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.51(3): 435–454.Retrieved8 October2008.
↑Meers, Mason B. (August 2003)."Maximum bite force and prey size ofTyrannosaurus rexand their relationships to the inference of feeding behavior ".Historical Biology: A Journal of Paleobiology.16(1): 1–12.doi:10.1080/0891296021000050755.
↑Switeck, Brian (13 Apryle 2012)."When Tyrannosaurus Chomped Sauropods".Smithsonian Media. Archived fraethe originalon 24 August 2013.Retrieved24 August2013.
↑Hutchinson, John (15 Julie 2013)."Tyrannosaurus rex: predator or media hype?".What's in John's Freezer?.Retrieved26 August2013.

[OnlineEtDict-1] "Tyrannosaurus".Online Etymology Dictionary.

[hellcreekage-2] Hicks, J. F.; Johnson, K. R.; Obradovich, J. D.; Tauxe, L.; Clark, D. (2002)."Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary"(PDF).Geological Society of America Special Papers.361:35–55.doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.35.ISBN 0-8137-2361-2.

[3] DiChristina, Mariette (14 Apryle 2015)."Rise of the Tyrants".... was merely the last survivor of a startling variety of tyrannosaurs that lived across the globe right up until the asteroid impact 66 million years ago...

[Hutchinsonet.al.2011-4] Hutchinson, J. R.; Bates, K. T.; Molnar, J.; Allen, V.; Makovicky, P. J. (2011)."A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth".PLoS ONE.6(10): e26037.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.PMC3192160.PMID 22022500.

[SueFMNH-5] "Sue Fact Sheet"(PDF).Sue at the Field Museum.Field Museum of Natural History.Archived fraethe original(PDF)on 18 August 2016.

[HartmanMassEstimate-6] Hartman, Scott (7 Julie 2013)."Mass estimates: North vs South redux".Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.Retrieved24 August2013.

[TH07-7] Therrien, F.; Henderson, D. M. (2007). "My theropod is bigger than yours... or not: estimating body size from skull length in theropods".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.27(1): 108–115.doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[108:MTIBTY]2.0.CO;2.ISSN 0272-4634.

[SnivelyHendersonPhillips2006FusedVaultedNasals-8] Snively, Eric; Henderson, Donald M.; Phillips, Doug S. (2006)."Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics"(PDF).Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.51(3): 435–454.Retrieved8 October2008.

[MM03-9] Meers, Mason B. (August 2003)."Maximum bite force and prey size ofTyrannosaurus rexand their relationships to the inference of feeding behavior ".Historical Biology: A Journal of Paleobiology.16(1): 1–12.doi:10.1080/0891296021000050755.

[SwitekChompedSauropod-10] Switeck, Brian (13 Apryle 2012)."When Tyrannosaurus Chomped Sauropods".Smithsonian Media. Archived fraethe originalon 24 August 2013.Retrieved24 August2013.

[HutchinsonTrexPredatorMediaHype-11] Hutchinson, John (15 Julie 2013)."Tyrannosaurus rex: predator or media hype?".What's in John's Freezer?.Retrieved26 August2013.

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