Ernst Haeckel
Za ostale upotrebe, v.Hekel.| Ernst Hekel | |
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| Rođenje | 16. februar1834. Potsdam |
|---|---|
| Smrt | 9. avgust1919. Jena |
Ernst Hekel(nem.Ernst Heinrich Philip Haeckel;Potsdam,16. februar1834—Jena,9. avgust1919) je bionemačkibiolog,prirodnjak,filozof,fizičar,profesoriumetnik.
Hekel je bio profesorzoologijenaUniverzitetu u Jeni.Poznat je kao osnivačekologije,nauke koju je definisao kao ekonomiju prirode, istraživanje totalnih odnosa organizama prema organskoj i neorganskoj okolini i kao učenje o kompleksnim međuodnosima. Bio je i veliki popularizatorteorije evolucije.
U čast Ernsta Hekela, njegovim prezimenom nazvane su planine Hekel (engl.Mount Haeckel) u SAD, i na Novom Zelandu, kao iasteroid12323 Häckel.Kuća u kojoj je Hekel stanovao, Vila Meduza uJeni,poseduje istorijski važnu biblioteku.
Hekel je biozoolog,uspešni umetnik i ilustrator, kasnije i profesoruporedne anatomije.Autor je mnogobrojnih uobičajenih termina (npr.filogenija,ekologija,heterohronija) kao i novogeukariotskogcarstva —protistâ(Protista). Većinom su mu zanimanja ležala u evoluciji, iako nije podržavao principe delovanja prirodne selekciju, većlamarkističke ideje[1].Prvi je naučnik koji je smatraopsihologijudisciplinomfiziologije.
Dao je niz izvornihmonografijao morskimbeskičmenjacima.Postavio je teorijugastreje,formulisaobiogenetski zakon.Zacrtao je prvegenealogiježivotinjskog carstva i postavio teoriju o nastanku života iz nežive materije. Baveći se razvićem životinja, dao jebiogenetski zakon(teoriju rekapitulacije): individualno razviće organizma (ontogenija) je rekapitulacija njegovog evolucionog razvića (filogenije). Svoju ideju argumentovao je i uporednim crtežom razvića embriona kod kičmenjaka, koji se danas smatra previše pojednostavljenim prikazom ovih komplikovanih uporednih odnosa.
Hekel je nacrtao i u knjizi „Umetnički oblici prirode “(nem.Kunstformen der Natur) publikovao preko 100 detaljnih ilustracija (u boji) različitih životinja i morskih organizama. Kao filozof, napisao je dela Zagonetka Univerzuma (nem.Welträthsel,1895-1899) i Sloboda u nauci i nastavi (engl.Freedom in Science and Teaching,1878).
- Charles Darwin (1859).On the Origin of Species (by Means of Natural Selection).London: John Murray.ISBN84-206-5607-0.
- Charles Darwin (2003).The Origin of Species (with introduction by Julian Huxley).Signet Classics.ISBN0-451-52906-5.
- Desmond, Adrian J. (1989).The politics of evolution: morphology, medicine, and reform in radical London.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN0-226-14374-0.
- Ernst Haeckel,Freedom in Science and Teaching(1879), reprint edition, University Press of the Pacific, February 2004, paperback, 156 pages,ISBN1-4102-1175-4.
- Ernst Haeckel,The History of Creation(1868), translated by E. Ray Lankester, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., London, 1883, 3rd edition, Volume 1.
- Ernst Haeckel,Kunstformen der Natur( "Art forms of Nature" ),1904, (from series published 1899–1904): over 100 detailed, multi-color illustrations of animals and sea creatures.
- Ernst Haeckel,Lebenswunder,Stuttgart, 1904.
- Ernst Haeckel,The Riddle of the Universe(Die Weltraetsel,1895–1899), Publisher: Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY, 1992, reprint edition, paperback, 405 pages, illustrated,ISBN0-87975-746-9.
- Richard Milner,The Encyclopedia of Evolution: Humanity's Search for Its Origins,Henry Holt, 1993.
- Robert J. Richards,The Tragic Sense of Life: Ernst Haeckel and the Struggle over Evolutionary Thought,University of Chicago Press, 2008.
- Richardson, Michael K. (1998). „Haeckel's embryos continued”.Science281(5381): 1285–9.Bibcode1998Sci...281.1285R.DOI:10.1126/science.281.5381.1285j.
- Richardson, M. K. & Keuck, G. (2001) "A question of intent: when is a 'schematic' illustration a fraud?,"Nature410:144 (vol. 410, no. 6825, page 144), March 8, 2001.
- Richardson, M. K. & Keuck, G. (2002)Haeckel's ABC of evolution and developmentArhivirano2007-11-17 naWayback Machine-uBiological Reviews (2002), 77: 495–528
- M. Ruse,The Darwinian Revolution.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
- Newman, H.H., 1932,3rd edition, Evolution, Genetics, and Eugenics,Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 30
- G.G. Simpson and W. Beck,An Introduction to Biology(New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1965), p. 241
- New Scientist,9/6/97, p. 23
- W. Bock,Book Review Science,May 1969, pp. 684–685
- Di Gregorio, Mario A.From here to eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith,Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005,ISBN3-525-56972-6
- Haeckel, Ernst. (1900).The Riddle of the Universe at the Close of the Nineteenth Century.Harper (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009;ISBN978-1-108-00089-5)
- Haeckel, Ernst,Art Forms from the Ocean: The Radiolarian Atlas of 1862,Prestel Verlag, 2005,ISBN3-7913-3327-5.
- Djela čiji je autor Ernst HaeckelnaProjektu Gutenberg.
- Hopwood, Nick (2014).Haeckel's Embryos: Images, Evolution, and Fraud.University of Chicago Press.ISBN978-0-226-04694-5.Lay summary(10 January 2015).
- Richardson, Michael K., "Haeckel, embryos, and evolution,"ScienceVol. 280, no. 5366 (15 May 1998) p. 983, 985–986.
- Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009).Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant.Univ. of Vermont Press.ISBN978-1-58465-715-6.Lay summary(29 September 2010).
- E. Haeckel: Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte 1868 (front page of 1st edition, German)
- E. Haeckel: Die Welträthsel 1899 (front page of 1st edition, German)
- University of California, Berkeley— biography
- Ernst Haeckel – Evolution's controversial artist.A slide-show essay
- Kunstformen der Natur(frombiolib.de)
- PNG alpha-transparencies of Haeckel's "Kustformen der natur"
- Proteus— Animated documentary film on Haeckel's life and work
- Ernst Haeckel Hausand Museum inJena
- View works byHaeckelat the Biodiversity Heritage Library
- aDiatomea: artificial life experiment with 3d generated diatoms, influenced by Haeckel
- Images fromAnthropogenie, oder, Entwickelungsgeschichte des menschenArhivirano2019-09-30 naWayback Machine-u
- ↑Ruse, M. 1979. The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN0-226-73164-2