Endofita

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Endofitailiendofitjeendosimbiont,često abakterijailigljiva,koja živi unutarbiljke,sa najmanje jedan dio životnog ciklusa, bez očiglednog izazivanja bolesti.[1][2][3][4]Endofite su sveprisutno raširene i nađene su kod svih do danas proučavanih biljaka. Međutim, većina međuodnosa endofit–biljka domaćin nije sasvim poznata.[5][6][7][8]Također poznato je da se endofite javljaju i nališajima[9]ialgama.[10][11]Mnoge ekonomski važnetrave(npr.Festucaspp. iLoliumspp.) nose gljivične endofite rodaEpichloë,[12][13][14]koje mogu poboljšati rast[15]i snabdijevanje hranjivim sastojcima.[16]Mogu poboljšati i sposobnost biljke da tolerira abiotske stresove, kao što su suša i povećati otpornost nainsekte,biljne patogene isisarskebiljojede.[17][18][19]

Prenošenje

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Endofite se mogu prenositi ili vertikalno (direktno od roditelja na potomstvo) ili horizontalno (među jedinkama).[20]Vertikalno prenosivee gljivične endofite se obično smatrajuklonskimi prenese prekogljivičnihhifakoje prodiru unutarembrionausjemenudomaćina, kao naprimjer kod oblika rodaEpichloë[21][22][23]Nasuprot tome, reprodukcija putem aseksualnih ili seksualnihsporadovodi do horizontalnog prijenosa, gdje endofite mogu se prenositi između biljaka u populaciji ili u zajednici.[24]Neki endofite koje se često prenose vertikalno mogu proizvesti spore u biljkama, koje se mogu prenijeti horizontalno (npr.Epichloë festucae).[25][26][27]Neke od endofita iz roda Epichloë proizvode skrivene ali infektivnekonidijske agensena površini listova.[24][28][29]Međutim, u kojoj mjeri endofite oslanjaju se na ove zagonetne konidije za horizontalni prijenos, još uvijek je nepoznato. Neke endofitske gljivice su zapravo latentnipatogeniilisaprotrofii samo postaju aktivne i razmnožavaju se pod određenim uslovima okoliša ili kada im biljke domaćini to omoguće ili počnu dastare.[30][31]

Povezano

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literatura

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  1. ↑Stone, J.; Bacon, C; White, J. (1999). Bacon, C and White, J.. ur.An overview of endophytic microbes: endophytism defined.Marcell-Dekker. str. 29–33.ISBN0-8247-8831-1.
  2. ↑Clay, Keith; Schardl, Christopher (2002-10-01). „Evolutionary Origins and Ecological Consequences of Endophyte Symbiosis with Grasses.”.The American Naturalist160(S4): S99-S127.DOI:10.1086/342161.JSTOR10.1086/342161.PMID18707456.
  3. ↑Hardoim, Pablo R.; Overbeek, Leonard S. van; Berg, Gabriele; Pirttilä, Anna Maria; Compant, Stéphane; Campisano, Andrea; Döring, Matthias; Sessitsch, Angela (2015-09-01).„The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes”(en).Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews79(3): 293–320.DOI:10.1128/MMBR.00050-14.ISSN1092-2172.PMC4488371.PMID26136581.
  4. ↑Suman, Archna; Yadav, Ajar Nath; Verma, Priyanka (2016-01-01). Singh, Dhananjaya Pratap. ur (en).Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity.Springer India. str. 117–143.DOI:10.1007/978-81-322-2647-5_7.ISBN9788132226451.
  5. ↑Faeth, Stanley H. (2002). „Are endophytic fungi defensive plant mutualists?”.Oikos98(1): 25–36.DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980103.x.JSTOR3547609.
  6. ↑White, James F., Jr.; Morrow, Angela C.; Morgan-Jones, Gareth (1990-03-01). „Endophyte-Host Associations in Forage Grasses. XII. A Fungal Endophyte of Trichachne insularis Belonging to Pseudocercosporella”.Mycologia82(2): 218–226.DOI:10.2307/3759850.JSTOR3759850.
  7. ↑Saunders, Megan; Glenn, Anthony E.; Kohn, Linda M. (2010-09-01).„Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes”(en).Evolutionary Applications3(5-6): 525–537.DOI:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00141.x.ISSN1752-4571.PMC3352505.PMID25567944.
  8. ↑Suryanarayanan, Trichur S. (2013-12-01).„Endophyte research: going beyond isolation and metabolite documentation”.Fungal Ecology6(6): 561–568.DOI:10.1016/j.funeco.2013.09.007.
  9. ↑Grube, Martin; Cardinale, Massimiliano; de Castro, João Vieira; Müller, Henry; Berg, Gabriele (2009-06-25).„Species-specific structural and functional diversity of bacterial communities in lichen symbioses”(en).The ISME Journal3(9): 1105–1115.DOI:10.1038/ismej.2009.63.ISSN1751-7362.PMID19554038.
  10. ↑Flewelling, Andrew J.; Ellsworth, Katelyn T.; Sanford, Joseph; Forward, Erica; Johnson, John A.; Gray, Christopher A. (2013-12-13).„Macroalgal Endophytes from the Atlantic Coast of Canada: A Potential Source of Antibiotic Natural Products?”(en).Microorganisms1(1): 175–187.DOI:10.3390/microorganisms1010175.
  11. ↑Peters, A. F., et al. "Molecular identification, distribution and taxonomy of brown algal endophytes, with emphasis on species from Antarctica." Proceedings of the 17th International Seaweed Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa, 28 January-2 February 2001.. Oxford University Press, 2003.
  12. ↑White, J. F. (1987-01-01).„Widespread Distribution of Endophytes in the Poaceae”.Plant Disease71(4): 340.DOI:10.1094/pd-71-0340.
  13. ↑Leyronas, C; Raynal, G (2001-08-01).„Presence of Neotyphodium-like endophytes in European grasses”(en).Annals of Applied Biology139(1): 119–127.DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2001.tb00136.x.ISSN1744-7348.
  14. ↑Iannone, Leopoldo J.; Jr, James F. White; Giussani, Liliana M.; Cabral, Daniel; Novas, María Victoria (2010-04-10).„Diversity and distribution of Neotyphodium-infected grasses in Argentina”(en).Mycological Progress10(1): 9–19.DOI:10.1007/s11557-010-0669-2.ISSN1617-416X.
  15. ↑Nassar, Amr H.; El-Tarabily, Khaled A.; Sivasithamparam, Krishnapillai (November 2005). „Promotion of plant growth by an auxin-producing isolate of the yeastWilliopsis saturnusendophytic in maize (Zea maysL.) roots”.Biology and Fertility of Soils42(2): 97–108.DOI:10.1007/s00374-005-0008-y.
  16. ↑Vázquez-de-Aldana, Beatriz R.; García-Ciudad, Antonia; García-Criado, Balbino; Vicente-Tavera, Santiago; Zabalgogeazcoa, Iñigo (2013-12-18).„Fungal Endophyte (Epichloë festucae) Alters the Nutrient Content of Festuca rubra Regardless of Water Availability”.PLoS ONE8(12): e84539.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0084539.PMC3867530.PMID24367672.
  17. ↑Clay, Keith (February 1988).„Fungal Endophytes of Grasses: A Defensive Mutualism between Plants and Fungi”.Ecology69(1): 10–6.DOI:10.2307/1943155.JSTOR1943155.
  18. ↑Cheplick, G. P. and S. H. Faeth. 2009.Ecology and Evolution of the Grass-Endophyte Symbiosis.Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  19. ↑Kuldau, G.; Bacon, C. (2008-07-01).„Clavicipitaceous endophytes: Their ability to enhance resistance of grasses to multiple stresses”.Biological Control.Special Issue: Endophytes46(1): 57–71.DOI:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.023.
  20. ↑Carroll, George (February 1988).„Fungal Endophytes in Stems and Leaves: From Latent Pathogen to Mutualistic Symbiont”.Ecology69(1): 2–9.DOI:10.2307/1943154.JSTOR1943154.
  21. ↑White, J.F.; Morgan-Jones, G.; Morrow, A.C. (1993-01-01).„Taxonomy, life cycle, reproduction and detection of Acremonium endophytes”.Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment44(1-4): 13–37.DOI:10.1016/0167-8809(93)90037-p.
  22. ↑Johnston-Monje, David; Raizada, Manish N. (2011-06-03).„Conservation and Diversity of Seed Associated Endophytes in Zea across Boundaries of Evolution, Ethnography and Ecology”.PLoS ONE6(6): e20396.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0020396.PMC3108599.PMID21673982.
  23. ↑Gundel, Pedro E.; Batista, William B.; Texeira, Marcos; Martínez-Ghersa, M. Alejandra; Omacini, Marina; Ghersa, Claudio M. (2008-04-22).„Neotyphodium endophyte infection frequency in annual grass populations: relative importance of mutualism and transmission efficiency”(en).Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences275(1637): 897–905.DOI:10.1098/rspb.2007.1494.ISSN0962-8452.PMC2600900.PMID18198146.
  24. ↑24,024,1Tadych, Mariusz; Bergen, Marshall S.; White, James F. (2014-03-01).„Epichloë spp. associated with grasses: new insights on life cycles, dissemination and evolution”(en).Mycologia106(2): 181–201.DOI:10.3852/106.2.181.ISSN0027-5514.
  25. ↑White, James F., Jr. (1988-07-01). „Endophyte-Host Associations in Forage Grasses. XI. A Proposal concerning Origin and Evolution”.Mycologia80(4): 442–446.DOI:10.2307/3807845.JSTOR3807845.
  26. ↑Tintjer, Tammy; Leuchtmann, Adrian; Clay, Keith (2008-07-01).„Variation in horizontal and vertical transmission of the endophyte Epichloë elymi infecting the grass Elymus hystrix”(en).New Phytologist179(1): 236–246.DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02441.x.ISSN1469-8137.
  27. ↑Chung, K. -R.; Schardl, C. L. (1997-03-01).„Sexual cycle and horizontal transmission of the grass symbiont, Epichloë typhina”.Mycological Research101(3): 295–301.DOI:10.1017/S0953756296002602.
  28. ↑Tadych, Mariusz; Bergen, Marshall; Dugan, Frank M.; White Jr., James F. (2007-04-01).„Evaluation of the potential role of water in spread of conidia of the Neotyphodium endophyte of Poa ampla”.Mycological Research111(4): 466–472.DOI:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.02.002.
  29. ↑White, James F., Jr.; Martin, Tyler I.; Cabral, Daniel (1996-03-01). „Endophyte-Host Associations in Grasses. XXII. Conidia Formation by Acremonium Endophytes on the Phylloplanes of Agrostis hiemalis and Poa rigidifolia”.Mycologia88(2): 174–178.DOI:10.2307/3760920.JSTOR3760920.
  30. ↑Petrini, Orlando (1991). „Fungal Endophytes of Tree Leaves”. u: Andrews, John H.; Hirano, Susan S..Microbial Ecology of Leaves.Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience. str. 179–97.DOI:10.1007/978-1-4612-3168-4_9.ISBN978-1-4612-7822-1.
  31. ↑Álvarez-Loayza, Patricia; White, James F., Jr; Torres, Mónica S.; Balslev, Henrik; Kristiansen, Thea; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Gil, Nathalie (2011-01-31).„Light Converts Endosymbiotic Fungus to Pathogen, Influencing Seedling Survival and Niche-Space Filling of a Common Tropical Tree, Iriartea deltoidea”.PLoS ONE6(1): e16386.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0016386.PMC3031546.PMID21305008.

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