YouTube
YouTubeis an American online, freevideo sharingsocial mediawebsiteandappon theinternet.It was founded on February 14, 2005, by three formerPayPalemployees.[4][5]Google(asearch enginecompany) has owned and operated YouTube since 2006.
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Type | Private |
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Foundation date | February 14, 2005 |
Headquarters | 901 Cherry Avenue,San Bruno, California,United States |
Area served | Worldwide(exceptblocked countries) |
Founder(s) | |
Industry | Internet Video hosting service |
Employees | ![]() |
Parent | Alphabet Inc.(2003-2004) Google(2004–present) |
Slogan(s) | Broadcast Yourself (2003–2010) |
Website | YouTube.com (seelist of localized domain names) |
Written in | Java,[1]Python[2]and proprietaryJavaScript |
Alexarank | ![]() |
Advertising | GoogleAdSense |
Registration | Optional (not required to watch most videos; required for certain tasks such as uploading videos, viewing flagged videos, creating playlists and posting comments) |
Launched | April 23, 2005 |
YouTube's officiallogofeatures a red box like-rectangle with a white triangle facing right. People who commonly upload on YouTube are called YouTubers. YouTube awards people who reach milestones such as 100,000 subscribers and 1,000,000 subscribers, and even 10,000.000, with Play Buttons, a metal sheet with the YouTube logo and the channel name on the bottom.
Videos can be rated with likes or dislikes (although the number of dislikes a video has cannot be seen by the public since the 2021 update), and viewers can subscribe to channels they like. Videos can be commented on if viewers log into their own accounts. The number of times a video has been watched, known as "views", are shown. YouTube has another app calledYouTube Kids,[6]aimed atchildrenand with less functions, made to protect children.
Many different types of videos could be put onto the website, such aseducational content,animations,and events. There were very popular YouTubers such asMrBeast,PewDiePieandT-Series,which had the most subscribers for a YouTube Channel with over 200 million.[7]
History
changeOn February 14, 2005, three former workers ofPayPalSteve Chen, Jawed Karim, and Chad Hurley, founded the site. In November 2006, Google bought YouTube. In 2012, aniOSapp was created for YouTube. They changed their logo in 2017.
Videos
changeYouTube[8]needed theAdobe Flash Playerplug-in to playvideosin the past.[9]However, in January 2010, YouTube started using the built-in features of web browsers (HTML5) they removed it early 2015 so people would not need to use Adobe Flash player to watch videos.[10]
All YouTube[11]users can upload 15-minute long videos. Users who have used the site for enough time and follow the rules can upload videos that are 12 hours long. A user needs to verify the account to do this, however.[12]Everyone could upload long videos when YouTube started, but in March 2006 a ten-minute video limit was put in.[13]The limit was changed to 15 minutes in July 2010. Most video formats can be uploaded to YouTube, and videos can also be uploaded from mobile phones.[14]
Banning
changeYouTube is blocked in many schools due to it allowing students to find videos in the search bar that might distract them from their lessons. But at a higher level than schools (and in workplaces), some governments have blocked YouTube access to their country's public. Their reasons vary. Some countries have also banned it. These are listed below.
Iran
changeOn December 3, 2006, thegovernment of Iranblocked YouTube and several other sites to stop films and music from other countries from being seen.[15]
Turkey
changeTurkeyblocked YouTube on March 6, 2007 for letting videos that were mean or discriminating to Turks andAtatürk,the founder of modern Turkey, to be shown. Because of a "virtual war" between Greeks, Armenians, Kurds and Turks on YouTube, people from each side posted videos to hurt the other.[16]The video that caused the banning said thatTurksand Atatürk were gay. The video was first mentioned onTurkish CNNand theIstanbulpublic prosecutor sued YouTube for being mean to Turkishness.[17]The court suspended access to YouTube while waiting for the removal of the video. The ban was criticized a lot. YouTube lawyers sent proof of removal to court and users could access the website again on March 9, 2007.[18]
Thailand
changeDuring the week of March 8, 2007, YouTube was blocked in Thailand.[19]Manybloggers(people who have a "diary" online) believed the reason YouTube was blocked was because of a video of the former Prime MinisterThaksin Shinawatra's speech onCNN.However, the government did not confirm or give reasons for the ban. YouTube was unblocked on March 10.
On the night of April 3, YouTube was again blocked in Thailand.[20]The government said it was because of a video on the site that it said was "insulting" to KingBhumibol Adulyadej.[21]The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology claimed that it would unblock YouTube in a few days, after websites with references to this video are blocked instead of the entire website.[22]Communications Minister Sitthichai Pookaiyaudom said, "When they decide to withdraw the clip, we will withdraw the ban."[23]Soon after this incident the internet technology blog Mashable was banned from Thailand over the reporting of the YouTube clips in question.[24]
Brazilian model lawsuit and banning that came after
changeYouTube is being sued byBrazilianmodel and MTV VJ Daniela Cicarelli (better known asRonaldo's ex-fiancée) because she says that the site is making available a video footage made by a paparazzi (or celebrity photographer) in which she and her boyfriend are having sex on a Spanish beach. The lawsuit says that YouTube has to be blocked in Brazil until all copies of the video are removed. On Saturday, January 6, 2007, a legal injunction (command) ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from going to the website.[25][26]
The effectiveness of the measure has been questioned, since the video is not available only on YouTube, but rather has become anInternet phenomenon.On Tuesday, January 9, 2007, the same court overturned their earlier decision, ordering the filters to be taken down, even though the footage was still forbidden, but without technical support for its blockage.[27]
Morocco
changeOn May 25, 2007 the state-owned company Maroc Telecom blocked all access to YouTube.[28]There were no reasons given why YouTube was blocked. But the guesses are that it might have something to do with some pro-separatist group Polisario clips (Polisario is the Western Sahara independence movement) or because of some videos that criticized King Mohammed VI. This block did not concern the other two private internet-providers, Wana and Meditel. YouTube became accessible again on May 30, 2007 afterMaroc Telecomunofficially announced that the denied access to the website was only a "technical glitch".[29]
Pakistan
changeYouTube was blocked in Pakistan following a decision taken by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority on February 22, 2008 because of the number of "non-Islamic objectionable videos."
Australia
changeIn Australia, some schools, including all secondary schools inVictoria,have YouTube blocked from student access, after fights have been posted on YouTube.
China
changeCurrently inChina,the government has blocked YouTube. For several years, it has been unblocked but since March 24, 2009 it has been blocked.[30][31][32][33][34]
Terms of service
changeAccording the site's terms of service, or ToS[35]users may upload videos only if they have the permission of the copyright holder and of the people in the video. Pornography,defamation,harassment,commercials,and videos that encourage criminal conduct may not be uploaded. The uploader gives YouTube permission to give out and change the uploaded video for any purpose, and they do not have permission anymore when the uploader deletes the video from the site. Users may view videos on the site but are not allowed to save them on their computers.
Localization
changeOn June 19, 2007, Google CEOEric Schmidtwas in Paris to launch the newlocalizationsystem.[36]The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 104 countries, and a worldwide version.[37]
Testing language
changeThe interface of the YouTube website is available in 76 language versions includingAlbanian,Amharic,Armenian,Burmese,Khmer,Kyrgyz,Laotian,Mongolian,Persian,andUzbek,which do have local channel versions.
Criticism
changeYouTube has been criticized for how poorly they manage user-generated content and because of how a number of their policies are considered unfair to content creators. YouTube has been criticized for not properly handlingcopyrightedcontent that is added in uploaded videos.[86]The videorecommendation algorithmsused in YouTube persistently promote conspiracy theories and false information, as noted by some critics.[87]There is also criticism that there areviolent or sexually suggestive content involving popular charactersin certain videos falsely claiming to be targeted to children.[88]YouTube has also been criticized for attractingpedophiliccomments in videos of minors performing activities.[89]
Because YouTube keeps changing policies on the types of content that is eligible to be monetized with advertising, many content creators are concerned about these frequent changes.[86]YouTube policies restrict certain forms of content from being included in videos being monetized with advertising.[90]This includes videos containing violence, strong language, sexual content, "controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including subjects related to war, political conflicts, natural disasters and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not shown" (unless the content is "usually newsworthy or comedic and the creator's intent is to inform or entertain" ),[91]and videos whose user comments contain "inappropriate" content.[90]However, it is not clear what is the boundaries for what YouTube's policies specifically accept and do not accept. Some content creators also say that YouTube's policies also change too often. For example, on January 16, 2018, the requirement for a channel to be monetized is to get 4,000 hours of watchtime within the past 12 months and at least 1,000 subscribers.[92]Although YouTube's intent was to avoid monetizing videos of channels seen as controversial, people criticize that this move greatly harms smaller YouTube channels.[93]
After testing earlier in 2021, YouTube removed public display of dislike counts on videos of November. citing its internal research that found users often used the dislike feature as a form ofcyberbullyingandbrigading.While some users praised the move as a way to discouragetrolls,others felt that hiding dislikes would make it harder for viewers to recognise clickbait or unhelpful videos, and that other features already existed for creators to limit bullying. Some theorised the removal of dislikes was influenced byYouTube Rewind 2018,which was universally panned and became themost-disliked videoon the platform. YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim referred to the update as "a stupid idea", and that the reason behind the change was "not a good one, and not one that will be publicly disclosed." Karim felt that the ability for users on a social platform to identity bad content was essential, saying, "The process works, and there’s a name for it: the wisdom of the crowds. The process breaks when the platform interferes with it. Then, the platform still disagrees."
Related pages
changeReferences
change- ↑Wilson, Jesse (May 19, 2009)."Guice Deuce".Archivedfrom the original on December 2, 2015.RetrievedDecember 2,2015.
- ↑Lextrait, Vincent (July 2010)."YouTube runs on Python".Archived fromthe originalon May 30, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 5,2010.
- ↑"Youtube.com Site Info".Alexa Internet.Archived fromthe originalon August 7, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 9,2016.
- ↑"Whois Record for YouTube.com".whois.domaintools.com.RetrievedMarch 7,2016.
- ↑"YouTube aims to show music videos".BBC. August 16, 2006.
- ↑"How you can Use and Activate YouTube Kids at Kids.YouTube.com".January 26, 2023.RetrievedJanuary 28,2023.
- ↑ANI (December 6, 2021)."T-Series becomes 1st YouTube channel to surpass 200 mn subscribers globally".Business Standard India.RetrievedApril 12,2022.
- ↑Neufeld, Dorothy (January 27, 2021)."The 50 Most Visited Websites in the World".Visual Capitalist.Archivedfrom the original on December 10, 2021.RetrievedDecember 6,2021.
- ↑Fildes, Jonathan (October 5, 2009)."Flash moves on to smart phones".BBC News.BBC.RetrievedNovember 30,2009.
- ↑"YouTube HTML5 Video Player".RetrievedApril 12,2011– via YouTube.
- ↑"Ide konten youtube tanpa wajah".Bubblevy.com.RetrievedJanuary 26,2024.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑"Upload videos longer than 15 minutes".RetrievedJuly 15,2017– via YouTube.
- ↑Fisher, Ken (March 29, 2006)."YouTube caps video lengths to reduce infringement".Ars Technica.Condé.RetrievedMarch 25,2017.
- ↑"Supported YouTube file formats".RetrievedDecember 4,2008– via YouTube.
- ↑"Censorship fears rise as Iran blocks access to top websites".The Guardian.November 4, 2006.RetrievedDecember 17,2006.
- ↑"Turkey pulls plug on YouTube over Atatürk 'insults'".The Guardian.March 7, 2007.RetrievedMarch 7,2007.
- ↑"Turkey bans YouTube".March 8, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon March 12, 2007.RetrievedMarch 10,2007.
- ↑"Turkey revokes YouTube ban".The Age.March 9, 2007.RetrievedMarch 9,2007.
- ↑"YouTube seems blocked in Thailand 2bangkok.com".March 10, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon March 12, 2007.RetrievedMarch 10,2007.
- ↑"YouTube Blocked Again"(in Thai). April 4, 2007.RetrievedApril 4,2007.
- ↑"For some users, YouTube disappears".April 4, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon September 27, 2007.RetrievedApril 4,2007.
- ↑"YouTube to help block web access to pages insulting King".April 2007. Archived fromthe originalon July 29, 2021.RetrievedJuly 29,2021.
- ↑"Whose Tube?".The Economist.April 14, 2004. p. 71. Archived fromthe originalon October 17, 2007.RetrievedApril 16,2007.
- ↑ Cashmore, Pete (April 18, 2004)."Mashable.com Banned in Thailand".Mashable.
- ↑"hackers querem recrutar população para causa pirata".Archived fromthe originalon July 23, 2012.RetrievedJune 7,2007.
- ↑http://www.radiofandango.com.br/archive/valor.php?noticia=3720
- ↑"Justiça determina liberação do YouTube".Terra(in Portuguese). Archived fromthe originalon February 20, 2012.
- ↑"Morocco blocks access to YouTube".globalvoicesonline.org.May 26, 2007.RetrievedMay 27,2007.
- ↑"YouTube again accessible via Maroc Telecom".Reports Without Borders. Archived fromthe originalon June 1, 2007.RetrievedMay 30,2007.
- ↑"Youku Transcends YouTube as China Becomes Center of Internet".Bloomberg.com.October 17, 2010.RetrievedSeptember 22,2015.
- ↑Sommerville, Quentin (March 24, 2009)."China 'blocks YouTube video site'".BBC News.RetrievedMarch 24,2009.
- ↑"YouTube tao trung quốc phong tỏa?"(in Chinese). Now News. October 19, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon October 6, 2013.RetrievedApril 8,2013.
- ↑"China Blocks YouTube".PC World.October 18, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon February 12, 2017.RetrievedApril 8,2013.
- ↑"YouTube blocked in China"ArchivedJuly 13, 2012, at theWayback Machine,CNN, March 25, 2009
- ↑YouTube Terms of Use.Retrieved May 5, 2007
- ↑36.0036.0136.0236.0336.0436.0536.0636.0736.0836.0936.1036.1136.12Sayer, Peter (June 19, 2007)."Google launches YouTube France News".PC Advisor.International Data Group.Archivedfrom the original on November 1, 2023.RetrievedNovember 1,2023.
- ↑"YouTube homepage (See the localisation section below)".RetrievedFebruary 9,2015.
- ↑"Presentan hoy YouTube México"[YouTube México launched today].El Universal(in Spanish). October 11, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon May 16, 2009.RetrievedSeptember 9,2010.
- ↑"Trung văn thượng tuyến – YouTube hương cảng trung văn bản đăng tràng!".Stanley5. October 17, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon October 11, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 2,2012.
- ↑"YouTube phồn thể trung văn bản thượng tuyến".IThome.October 18, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon May 18, 2022.
- ↑41.041.1Nicole, Kristen (October 22, 2007)."YouTube Launches in Australia & New Zealand".Mashable.Archivedfrom the original on April 3, 2019.RetrievedAugust 3,2009.
- ↑Nicole, Kristen (November 6, 2007)."YouTube Canada Now Live".Mashable.Archivedfrom the original on April 3, 2019.RetrievedAugust 3,2009.
- ↑Ostrow, Adam (November 8, 2007)."YouTube Germany Launches".Mashable.Archivedfrom the original on April 3, 2019.RetrievedAugust 3,2009.
- ↑"YouTube перевелся на русский"(in Russian). Kommersant Moscow. November 14, 2007.Archivedfrom the original on December 2, 2013.RetrievedMarch 22,2012.
- ↑Williams, Martyn (January 23, 2008)."YouTube Launches Korean Site".PC World.Archived fromthe originalon April 28, 2012.RetrievedMarch 22,2012.
- ↑Joshi, Sandeep (May 8, 2008)."YouTube now has an Indian incarnation".The Hindu.Chennai, India. Archived fromthe originalon May 10, 2008.RetrievedAugust 3,2009.
- ↑Bokuvka, Petr (October 12, 2008)."Czech version of YouTube launched. And it's crap. It sucks".The Czech Daily Word.Wordpress.com.Archivedfrom the original on April 3, 2019.RetrievedAugust 3,2009.
- ↑Launch video unavailable when YouTube opens up in SwedenArchivedSeptember 10, 2018, at theWayback MachineOctober 23, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
- ↑"YouTube launches in Argentina".September 9, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon September 12, 2010.RetrievedSeptember 9,2010.
- ↑50.050.150.250.350.450.550.6"YouTube Launches Local Version For Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen".ArabCrunch. Archived fromthe originalon March 14, 2011.RetrievedMarch 13,2011.
- ↑Jidenma, Nmachi (September 1, 2011)."Google launches YouTube in Kenya".The Next Web.Archivedfrom the original on March 31, 2019.RetrievedMarch 22,2012.
- ↑Noda, Tam (October 13, 2011)."YouTube launches 'The Philippines'".The Philippine Star.RetrievedOctober 13,2011.[permanent dead link]
- ↑"YouTube Launches Singapore Site".Archived fromthe originalon October 21, 2011.RetrievedSeptember 23,2015.
- ↑YouTube launches localized website for ColombiaArchivedSeptember 10, 2018, at theWayback MachineDecember 1, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
- ↑Google Launches YouTube UgandaArchivedJanuary 4, 2012, at theWayback MachineDecember 2, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ↑Google to Launch YouTube Nigeria TodayArchivedJanuary 8, 2012, at theWayback MachineDecember 7, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ↑Google launches YouTube ChileMarch 19, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.ArchivedMarch 25, 2012, at theWayback Machine
- ↑Google Launches Hungarian YouTubeMarch 12, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.ArchivedJanuary 17, 2013, at theWayback Machine
- ↑YouTube Launches Local Domain For MalaysiaArchivedOctober 10, 2017, at theWayback MachineMarch 22, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ↑YouTube Peru Launched, Expansion continuesArchivedOctober 10, 2017, at theWayback MachineMarch 27, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
- ↑Bindu Suresh Rai (April 2, 2012)."UAE version of YouTube launched".Emirates 247. Archived fromthe originalon February 25, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 14,2014.
- ↑"YouTube Launches Indonesian Version"ArchivedJanuary 17, 2013, at theWayback Machine,June 15, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
- ↑"Google launches YouTube in Ghana"ArchivedJune 24, 2012, at theWayback Machine,June 22, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
- ↑"YouTube launches local portal in Senegal"ArchivedFebruary 17, 2022, at theWayback Machine,
^[3] itag 120 is for live streaming and has metadata referring to "Elemental Technologies Live". July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012. - ↑"YouTube's Turkish version goes into service"ArchivedSeptember 5, 2015, at theWayback Machine,October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
- ↑Tarasova, Maryna (December 13, 2012)."YouTube приходить в Україну! (YouTube comes in Ukraine!)"(in Ukrainian). Ukraine: Google Ukraine Blog.Archivedfrom the original on August 4, 2016.RetrievedFebruary 17,2022.
- ↑"YouTube lanceres i Danmark".Denmark: iProspect. Archived fromthe originalon May 7, 2013.RetrievedApril 17,2013.
- ↑Sormunen, Vilja (February 6, 2013)."YouTube Launches in the Nordics".Nordic: KLOK. Archived fromthe originalon July 28, 2013.RetrievedFebruary 11,2013.
- ↑"YouTube Launched in Norway".Norway:TONO.Archived fromthe originalon April 20, 2013.RetrievedApril 17,2013.
- ↑"YouTube goes Swiss".Swiss:swissinfo.Archivedfrom the original on December 3, 2013.RetrievedApril 17,2013.
- ↑"YouTube.at since Thursday online".Wiener Zeitung.Austria.Archivedfrom the original on May 2, 2013.RetrievedApril 17,2013.
- ↑"Youtube România se lansează într-o săptămână".Romania: ZF.ro.Archivedfrom the original on December 2, 2013.RetrievedMay 14,2013.
- ↑"Google lança versão lusa do YouTube".Portugal: Luso Noticias. Archived fromthe originalon December 3, 2013.RetrievedMay 14,2013.
- ↑tš (May 21, 2013)."Slováci už môžu oficiálne zarábať na tvorbe videí pre YouTube"(in Slovak). Vat Pravda.Archivedfrom the original on April 3, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 14,2014.
- ↑75.075.175.275.375.4Rego, Nick (September 16, 2013)."YouTube expands monetization and partnership in GCC".tbreak Media. Archived fromthe originalon February 13, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 14,2014.
- ↑Ивелина Атанасова (March 18, 2014)."YouTube рекламата става достъпна и за България"(in Bulgarian). New Trend. Archived fromthe originalon April 7, 2014.RetrievedApril 5,2014.
- ↑"Oglašavanje na video platformi YouTube od sad dostupno i u Hrvatskoj"(in Croatian). Lider. March 19, 2014. Archived fromthe originalon January 11, 2015.RetrievedApril 5,2014.
- ↑Oden, Siiri (March 19, 2014)."Youtube reklaamid – uued võimalused nüüd ka Eestis!"(in Estonian). Meedium. Archived fromthe originalon April 7, 2014.RetrievedApril 5,2014.
- ↑Marta (March 18, 2014)."Tagad reklāmas iespējas Youtube kanālā iespējams izmantot arī Latvijā"(in Latvian). Marketing. Archived fromthe originalon March 21, 2014.RetrievedApril 5,2014.
- ↑STA (March 18, 2014)."Na Youtube prihajajo tudi slovenski video oglasi".Dnevnik(in Slovenian).Archivedfrom the original on April 7, 2014.RetrievedApril 5,2014.
- ↑Pornwasin, Asina (April 3, 2014)."YouTube introduces homepage especially".The Nation.Archived fromthe originalon July 25, 2014.RetrievedApril 4,2014.
- ↑82.082.182.282.3Hall, Stephen (October 12, 2015)."YouTube continues global expansion w/ versions of its site in 7 new locales".9to5 Google.Archivedfrom the original on April 3, 2019.RetrievedMarch 18,2016.
- ↑83.083.1"YouTube launches Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka-specific homepages".The Himalayan Times.January 13, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on March 31, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 31,2016.
- ↑"YouTube launches country-specific homepage for Pakistan".The Express Tribune.January 12, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on January 28, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 31,2016.
- ↑"YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malta".maltachamber.org.mt.Archived fromthe originalon March 7, 2023.RetrievedFebruary 15,2023.
- ↑86.086.1Alexander, Julia (May 10, 2018)."The Yellow $: a comprehensive history of demonetization and YouTube's war with creators".Polygon.RetrievedNovember 3,2019.
- ↑Wong, Julia Carrie; Levin, Sam (January 25, 2019)."YouTube vows to recommend fewer conspiracy theory videos".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.RetrievedNovember 3,2019.
- ↑Orphanides, K. G. (March 23, 2018)."Children's YouTube is still churning out blood, suicide and cannibalism".Wired UK.ISSN1357-0978.RetrievedNovember 3,2019.
- ↑Orphanides, K. G. (February 20, 2019)."On YouTube, a network of paedophiles is hiding in plain sight".Wired UK.ISSN1357-0978.RetrievedNovember 3,2019.
- ↑90.090.1"After Child Video Scandal, YouTube Says Ad-Friendly Videos Can Be Demonetized For Inappropriate Comments".Tubefilter.February 22, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 22,2019.
- ↑Robertson, Adi (September 1, 2016)."Why is YouTube being accused of censoring vloggers?".The Verge.RetrievedMarch 19,2017.
- ↑"Additional Changes to the YouTube Partner Program (YPP) to Better Protect Creators".RetrievedJanuary 16,2018– via YouTube.
- ↑Levin, Sam (January 18, 2018)."YouTube's small creators pay price of policy changes after Logan Paul scandal".The Guardian.RetrievedJanuary 19,2018.
Further reading
change- "The highest paid YouTubers".Bynext. August 23, 2020.