1260s

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century–13th century–14th century
Decades:	1230s1240s1250s–1260s–1270s1280s1290s
Years:	1260126112621263126412651266126712681269
Categories:	Births–Deaths–Architecture Establishments–Disestablishments

The1260sis adecade.It started on 1 January 1260 and ended on 31 December 1269. It is distinct from the decade known as the127th decadewhichbegan on January 1, 1261. and ended on December 31, 1270.

Kublai Khanbecame the supreme leader (a title for their leader) of theMongol Empireand moved his capital toBeijing.He was at war with the southernChineseSong Dynasty.The Mongol Empire lost some of itsbattles.The first time it lost a battle with Kublai Khan as the leader was inPalestinewhen fighting theMamluksofEgypt.The Empire also lost in theCaucasus.The Mamluks were led by their new sultanBaibars.The Mamluks were soon were more in control in theMiddle Eastbecause they took control of a number ofcrusader statesand also stopped the Mongol attacks from happening as much. TheEmpire of Nicaeatook control ofConstantinopleand also theLatin Empireso it again became theByzantine Empire.

In Europe there was problems inpolitics.Arguments about who was the owner of what land let to many wars in thecontinent.InEnglandthere was theSecond Barons' War.This was acivil warbetween thearistocracywho did not like how the King namedHenry IIIbehaved. This was because the King wantedabsolute monarchy.KingOtakar II of Bohemiabecame the most important prince in Europe. He got more land by fighting wars and also when his family died some of their land became his.IcelandandGreenlandknew of andrecognisedtheoverlordshipofNorwaybut when theNorseinvadedScotlandtheScottishwere able to stop them and they made peace. InSpaintheReconquistawas still happening and several important cities were captured again from theMoors.The way thepopewas elected was made better. The parliaments ofIrelandand England met for the first time.

Several importantculturalachievementswere made in the decade.Roger Baconpublishedimportantscientificwork namedOpus Majus.Also,Thomas AquinaspublishedSumma contra Gentiles.Important pices ofarchitectureandsculptureswere made incathedralsin Europe. These include theCathedral of ChartresandNicola Pisano'spulpitsfor theDuomo di SienaandPisa'sBaptistery.Inreligion,theSukhothai kingdominThailandadoptedBuddhismas itsofficialreligion. In Europeanti-Semitismbecame worse because severalauthoritiesmadelawswhich said thatJewishpeople must wearyellow badgesso people knew who they were. Many Jewish people were killed in England and theTalmudwas attacked andcensoredby the Catholic Church.

War and politics

Europe

War and peace

North and West Europe

• 1260 – TheBalticSamogatiansandCuronianswon theBattle of Durbeagainst theTeutonic Knights.
• 1263 – October – KingAlexander III of Scotlandwon theBattle of Largsagainst theVikingarmada(group of ships to fight a war) that was sent by KingHaakon IV of Norway.
• 1263 – Thechieftainsof the eastern part of Iceland become the last to people to say that they that is was theirdutyto beloyalto the Norwegian king. This made theIcelandic Commonwealthstop and also stopped theIcelandic civil war.
• 1266 – The war betweenScotlandandNorwayended because KingAlexander III of Scotlandand KingMagnus VI of Norwayagreed to theTreaty of Perth.

Central and South Europe

• 1260 –September 4– Thearmed forcesof KingManfred of Sicilywith theGhibellineswon a battle agains theGuelphsatMonte Aperto.
• 1260 – War started in theValais(which is now inSwitzerland) as theBishopry of Siondefendsagainst aninvasionby theCounty of Savoy.
• 1263 –Genoatakes the city ofChaniaonCretefrom theVenetians.
• 1264 – TheThuringian War of Successionstops.
• 1266 –February 26– In theBattle of Beneventoan army led byCharles(CountofAnjou) won a battle against an armed force fromGermanyandSicilywhose leader was KingManfred of Sicily.Manfred is killed in the battle andPope Clement IVmakes Charles king ofSicilyandNaples.

Iberian Peninsula (the land that is mostly Spain and Portugal)

• 1263 – KingJames I of Aragonwins a battle against theMoorsand takes back control ofCrevillenteduring theReconquista.
• 1264 – InSpain,KingJames I of Aragontakes back control the cities ofOrihuelaandElxinAlicantefrom theMoors.This ends more than 500 years ofIslamicrule.
• 1265 – KingAlfonso X of Castiletakes control the city ofAlicante,Spainfrom theMoorsduring theReconquista.
• 1267 – KingAfonso III of Portugaland KingAlfonso X of Castilesignatreatyto agree that theGuadianaRiver is the southernborderbetweenPortugalandSpain.This is the same as the border now.

Southeast Europe

• 1260 – KingOtakar II of Bohemiatakes control ofStyriaafter winning theBattle of Kressenbrunn.KingBela IV of Hungarywas in control.
• 1261 –Bela IVofHungarystops theTatarscoming to fight to take control of Hungry.
• 1268 – KingStephen V of Hungarystarts a war withBulgaria.

England: The Second Barons' War

• 1261 – KingHenry III of Englandgets apapal bullwhich lets him leave theProvisions of Oxford.This is part of the reason for civil war happening between themonarchand thearistocracyofEngland.
• 1264 – Before May –Second Barons' Waris anEnglish civil warand it begins in this year.
• 1264 –May 12toMay 14– TheBattle of Lewesis fought betweenSimon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicesterand KingHenry III of EnglandinSussex.At the end of the battle de Montfort's forces capture both King Henry and his brother (who is the future KingEdward I) This made de Montfort the "uncrownedking of England"because he was now in control of England but people did not make him a real King.
• 1265 –January 20– InWestminsterthe firstEnglishparliamentholds its first meeting in thePalace of Westminster.The Palace of Westminster is now known as the Houses of Parliament.
• 1265 – Before August – Future King Edward I escapes from be heldhostageby Simon de Montfort.
• 1265 –August 4– TheBattle of Eveshamis fought inWorcestershire.Thearmyof Edward won against the rebellious barons. the rebellious barons were led by Simon de Montfort. The army killed de Montford and several of the people that helped him. Sometimes the event is though of as the death ofchivalryinEngland.
• 1266 – October – The war gets better because persons that supported Simon de Montfortofferto make peace with the king. This is named theDictum of Kenilworth.
• 1267 – The Second Barons' War stops. Therebelsand KingHenry III of Englandagree to peace as was asked for in the Dictum of Kenilworth.

Political places

• 1260 – TheDuchy of Saxonyis divided intoSaxony-LauenbergandSaxony-Wittenberg.This is the end of the first Saxonstate.
• 1261 – The persons ofGreenlandaccept the overlordship of theKing of Norway.
• 1262 –Strasbourgbecomes anImperial Free Cityof theHoly Roman Empire.
• 1262 – TheIcelandic Commonwealthenters into atreatyjoining them withNorwayand accept the Norwegian KingHaakon IVas the person in control.
• 1264 – The state ofHessebecomesindependentfromThuringia.It is then free state of theHoly Roman Empire.
• 1265 – TheIsle of Manis controlled byScotlandfor ten years.
• 1267 – EmperorBaldwin II of Constantinoplegives thePrincipality of Achaeato KingCharles I of Sicilyas a gift in theTreaty of Viterbo.He hopes his gift will make Charles help him return theLatin Empireto how it was before.
• 1268 – The county ofWernigerodebecomes avassal stateof themargraveofBrandenburg.

Births

• 1264 –Pope Clement V(d.1314)
• 1265 –May 14–Dante Alighierian Italianpoet(d.1321)

Deaths

• 1263 –November 14–Alexander NevskytheGrand PrinceofNovgorodandVladimir
• 1264 –October 2–Pope Urban IV
• 1265 –February 8–Hulagu KhantheMongolkhan(b.1217)
• 1265 –August 4–Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
• 1266 –Berkethekhanof theGolden Hordeof theMongol Empire
• 1266 –Birger JarltheSwedishregent and person who startedStockholm
• 1268 –October 29–ConradinthedukeofSwabiaandKing of JerusalemandSicily(b.1252)