Africa
Area | 30,370,000 km2(11,730,000 sq mi) (2nd) |
---|---|
Population | 1,393,676,444[1][2](2021;2nd) |
Population density | 36.4/km2(94/sq mi) |
GDP (nominal) | $2.45 trillion (2019;5th)[3] |
GDP (PPP) | $7.16 trillion (2019; 5th)[3] |
GDP per capita | $1,930 (2019;6th)[3] |
Demonym | African |
Countries | 54 (and 2 disputed) |
Dependencies | External (1) |
Languages | 1250–3000 native languages |
Time zones | UTC-1toUTC+4 |
Largest cities | Largest urban areas: |
Africais the second largestcontinentin the world. It makes up about a fifth of the world's land.[4]It is surrounded by large areas of water. There are 54 fully recognised and independent countries in Africa, and 14.7% (1.216 billion) of the world's population lives there.[4]It is thought to be the continent where the firsthumansevolved.
History
[change|change source]Thehistoryof Africa begins with the first modernhuman beingsand continues to its present difficult state as a politically developingcontinent.
Africa'sancient historicperiod includes the rise ofEgyptian civilization.It also includes the development of othersocietiesoutside theNile RiverValley,and the interaction between these societies andcivilizationsoutside of Africa. In the late7th century,NorthandEast Africawere heavily influenced by the spread ofIslam.That led to the appearance of newcultures,like theSwahili peopleand theMali Empire,whoseking,Musa KeitaI, became one of the richest and most influential people of the early14th century.This also led to an increase in theslave trade,which had a very bad influence on Africa’s development until the19th century.
Slavery
[change|change source]Slaveryhas long been practiced in Africa, just like the rest of the world.[5][6]But two newslave tradeswould create a much bigger and more violent version of slavery.
Between the7thand20th centuries,theArab slave tradetook 18 million slaves from Africa viatrans-Saharanroutes and theIndian Ocean.Between the15thand20th centuries(a period of 500 years), theAtlantic slave tradetook an estimated 7–12 million slaves tothe Americas.[7][8][9]While some Africans collaborated withEuropeanandAsianslave traders, many were strongly opposed to slavery and avoided, protested, or fought it violently.[10][11]
Africans who had been captured and sent to theFrenchcolonyofSaint Domingueonslave shipsplayed an important role in ending the Atlantic slave trade. They began theHaitian Revolution,which createdHaiti,the first country to permanently ban slavery.[12]After this revolution, Europeanempiresbegan to reduce slave trading andabolitionismbecame more popular. Between 1808 and 1860, theBritish Navycaptured approximately 1,600slave shipsand freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard.[13]
Colonialism
[change|change source]In the late19th century,the European powersoccupiedmuch of the continent, creating manycolonialand dependent territories. They left only two fully independent states:LiberiaandEthiopia(which the Europeans called “Abyssinia").
EgyptandSudanwere never formally made a part of any European colonial empire. However, after the British occupation of 1882, Egypt was effectively under British administration until 1922.
Modern history
[change|change source]Africanindependencemovements had their first success in 1951, whenLibyabecame the first formercolonyto becomeindependent.Modern African history is full ofrevolutionsandwars,as well as the growth of modern Africaneconomiesanddemocratizationacross the continent.
Acivil warin theDemocratic Republic of the Congo(formerlyZaire) began in 1998. Neighbouring African countries have become involved. Since the conflict began, it has killed anestimated5.5 million people.[14]
Political associations such as theAfrican Unionoffer hope for greater co-operation and peace between the continent's many countries.
Climate
[change|change source]From north to south, Africa has most types of climate. In sequence from the north:
- Alpine and mediterranean climate
- Drysandydesert
- Cold deserts
- Fairly drysavannah(grassland)
- Rain forest
- More grassland
- More deserts
- Table Mountain
- Temperature excursions
Running north-east to the south is theEast AfricanGreat Rift Valley.This has mountains,volcanoes,deepriftsandvalleys,rivers andlakes.
In fact, Africa has examples of most of the Earth's climate types.
Rainfall
[change|change source]Much of North Africa is dry and hot: it is dominated by theSahara Desertand does not receive much rain. In Saharan Africa, there are fewriversor other water sources. Underground water sources are very important in the desert. These often form oases. Anoasisis an area of vegetation (plant life) surrounded by desert.
In that part of the world, the wind comes mostly from the east. That does bring rain, but theHimalayasand theTibetan Plateaublock themonsoonrain and prevent it from getting to North Africa. Also, theAtlas Mountainsnear the north coast of Africa prevent rain from coming in from the north. That is another rain shadow.
These two rain shadows are mainly responsible for the Sahara desert.
Conditions and winds are different further south, where huge amounts of rainfall near theequator.The equator runs across the middle of Africa (see red line drawn on map). That means much of Africa is between the two tropics:
Plants and animals
[change|change source]Africa has a lot of wildlife.[15][16]There are many types of animals there. In particular, it is now the only continent that has many native species of largemammals.Some of them occur in very large numbers. There areantelope,buffalo,zebra,cheetah,elephant,lion,giraffe,rhinoceros,apes,hyaena,and a lot more. Over 2,000 types offishlive in Africanlakesandrivers.[17]
Politics
[change|change source]TheAfrican Union(AU) is aninternational organisation.It aims to transform theAfrican Economic Community,a federated commonwealth, into a state under established international conventions. The African Union has a parliamentary government, known as theAfrican Union Government,consisting of legislative, judicial, and executive organs. It is led by the African Union President and Head of State, who is also the President of thePan African Parliament.A person becomes President of the AU by being elected to the PAP and then gaining majority support in the PAP.
Extensive human rights abuses still occur in several parts of Africa, often under the oversight of the state. Most of such violations occur for political reasons, often as a side effect of civil war. Countries where major human rights violations have been reported in recent times includeUganda,[18]Sierra Leone,[19]Liberia,Sudan,[20]Zimbabwe,[21]andCôte d'Ivoire.[22]There are 54 UN member states in Africa.
People
[change|change source]Africa was the homeland for the first people. People who come from Africa are called Africans. People in the north are called North Africans and people in the south are called South Africans. Languages in eastern Africa includeSwahili,OromoandAmharic.Languages in western Africa includeLingala,Igbo,HausaandFulani.The most popular language in Northern Africa isArabic. The most populated country in Africa isNigeria.
Countries
[change|change source]Country | Area (km²) |
Population | Year | Density (per km²) |
Capital | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Africa | ||||||||
Algeria | 2,381,740 | 34,178,188 | 2009 | 14 | Algiers | |||
Canary Islands(Spain) | 7,492 | 2,118,519 | 2010 | 226 | Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife | |||
Ceuta(Spain) | 20 | 71,505 | 2001 | 3,575 | — | |||
Egypt | 1,001,450 | 82,868,000 | 2012 | 83 | Cairo | |||
Libya | 1,759,540 | 6,310,434 | 2009 | 4 | Tripoli | |||
Madeira(Portugal) | 797 | 245,000 | 2001 | 307 | Funchal | |||
Melilla(Spain) | 12 | 66,411 | 2001 | 5,534 | — | |||
Morocco | 446,550 | 34,859,364 | 2009 | 78 | Rabat | |||
Sudan | 1,861,484 | 30,894,000 | 2008 | 17 | Khartoum | |||
Tunisia | 163,610 | 10,486,339 | 2009 | 64 | Tunis | |||
Western Sahara | 266,000 | 405,210 | 2009 | 2 | El Aaiún | |||
Horn of Africa | ||||||||
Djibouti | 23,000 | 942,333 | 2016 | 22 | Djibouti | |||
Eritrea | 121,320 | 5,647,168 | 2016 | 47 | Asmara | |||
Ethiopia | 1,127,127 | 102,403,196 | 2016 | 75 | Addis Ababa | |||
Somalia | 637,657 | 14,317,996 | 2017 | 15 | Mogadishu | |||
East Africa | ||||||||
Burundi | 27,830 | 8,988,091 | 2009 | 323 | Gitega,Bujumbura | |||
Comoros | 2,170 | 752,438 | 2009 | 347 | Moroni | |||
Kenya | 582,650 | 39,002,772 | 2009 | 66 | Nairobi | |||
Madagascar | 587,040 | 20,653,556 | 2009 | 35 | Antananarivo | |||
Malawi | 118,480 | 14,268,711 | 2009 | 120 | Lilongwe | |||
Mauritius | 2,040 | 1,284,264 | 2009 | 630 | Port Louis | |||
Mayotte(France) | 374 | 223,765 | 2009 | 490 | Mamoudzou | |||
Mozambique | 801,590 | 21,669,278 | 2009 | 27 | Maputo | |||
Réunion(France) | 2,512 | 743,981 | 2002 | 296 | Saint-Denis | |||
Rwanda | 26,338 | 10,473,282 | 2009 | 398 | Kigali | |||
Seychelles | 455 | 87,476 | 2009 | 192 | Victoria | |||
South Sudan | 619,745 | 8,260,490 | 2008 | 13 | Juba | |||
Tanzania | 945,087 | 44,929,002 | 2009 | 43 | Dodoma | |||
Uganda | 236,040 | 32,369,558 | 2009 | 137 | Kampala | |||
Zambia | 752,614 | 11,862,740 | 2009 | 16 | Lusaka | |||
Central Africa | ||||||||
Angola | 1,246,700 | 12,799,293 | 2009 | 10 | Luanda | |||
Cameroon | 475,440 | 18,879,301 | 2009 | 40 | Yaoundé | |||
Central African Republic | 622,984 | 4,511,488 | 2009 | 7 | Bangui | |||
Chad | 1,284,000 | 10,329,208 | 2009 | 8 | N'Djamena | |||
Republic of the Congo | 342,000 | 4,012,809 | 2009 | 12 | Brazzaville | |||
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2,345,410 | 69,575,000 | 2012 | 30 | Kinshasa | |||
Equatorial Guinea | 28,051 | 633,441 | 2009 | 23 | Malabo | |||
Gabon | 267,667 | 1,514,993 | 2009 | 6 | Libreville | |||
São Tomé and Príncipe | 1,001 | 212,679 | 2009 | 212 | São Tomé | |||
Southern Africa | ||||||||
Botswana | 600,370 | 1,990,876 | 2009 | 3 | Gaborone | |||
Lesotho | 30,355 | 2,130,819 | 2009 | 70 | Maseru | |||
Namibia | 825,418 | 2,108,665 | 2009 | 3 | Windhoek | |||
South Africa | 1,219,912 | 51,770,560 | 2011 | 42 | Bloemfontein,Cape Town,Pretoria | |||
Swaziland | 17,363 | 1,123,913 | 2009 | 65 | Mbabane | |||
Zimbabwe | 390,580 | 11,392,629 | 2009 | 29 | Harare | |||
West Africa | ||||||||
Benin | 112,620 | 8,791,832 | 2009 | 78 | Porto-Novo | |||
Burkina Faso | 274,200 | 15,746,232 | 2009 | 57 | Ouagadougou | |||
Cape Verde | 4,033 | 429,474 | 2009 | 107 | Praia | |||
Côte d'Ivoire | 322,460 | 20,617,068 | 2009 | 64 | Abidjan,Yamoussoukro | |||
Gambia | 11,300 | 1,782,893 | 2009 | 158 | Banjul | |||
Ghana | 239,460 | 23,832,495 | 2009 | 100 | Accra | |||
Guinea | 245,857 | 10,057,975 | 2009 | 41 | Conakry | |||
Guinea-Bissau | 36,120 | 1,533,964 | 2009 | 43 | Bissau | |||
Liberia | 111,370 | 3,441,790 | 2009 | 31 | Monrovia | |||
Mali | 1,240,000 | 12,666,987 | 2009 | 10 | Bamako | |||
Mauritania | 1,030,700 | 3,129,486 | 2009 | 3 | Nouakchott | |||
Niger | 1,267,000 | 15,306,252 | 2009 | 12 | Niamey | |||
Nigeria | 923,768 | 166,629,000 | 2012 | 180 | Abuja | |||
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha(United Kingdom) | 420 | 7,728 | 2012 | 13 | Jamestown | |||
Senegal | 196,190 | 13,711,597 | 2009 | 70 | Dakar | |||
Sierra Leone | 71,740 | 6,440,053 | 2009 | 90 | Freetown | |||
Togo | 56,785 | 6,019,877 | 2009 | 106 | Lomé | |||
Africa Total | 30,368,609 | 1,001,320,281 | 2009 | 33 |
African diaspora
[change|change source]Countries with significant African descendents outside Africa:
- Haiti:98%
- Saint Kitts and Nevis:96.9%
- Anguilla:91.4%
- Bahamas:86.1%
- Barbados:81.1%
- Jamaica:76.3%
- Dominican Republic:71.1%
- Cayman Islands:60.0%
- Trinidad and Tobago:39.5%
- Cuba:34.9%
- Turks and Caicos:34.0%
- Belize:29.8%
- Venezuela:24.0%
- Panama:22.0%
- Colombia:21.0%
- Brazil:13-19%
- United States:12.9%
- Puerto Rico:6.9%
- Argentina:less than 2%
References
[change|change source]- ↑"World Population Prospects 2022".population.un.org.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division.RetrievedJuly 17,2022.
- ↑"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"(XSLX).population.un.org( "Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)" ).United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division.RetrievedJuly 17,2022.
- ↑3.03.13.2"IMF (WEO April 2019 Edition) GDP nominal and PPP data – international dollar".Archivedfrom the original on 2020-11-22.Retrieved2020-04-23.
- ↑4.04.1Sayre, April Pulley (1999).Africa.Twenty-First Century Books.ISBN978-0-7613-1367-0.
- ↑Historical survey > Slave societiesArchived2014-10-06 at theWayback Machine,Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑Swahili CoastArchived2007-12-06 at theWayback Machine,National Geographic
- ↑Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black HistoryArchived2007-02-23 at theWayback Machine,Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑"Focus on the slave trade".3 September 2001.Archivedfrom the original on 28 July 2011.Retrieved28 November2010– via news.bbc.co.uk.
- ↑Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000).Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa.Cambridge University Press. p. 25.ISBN978-0-521-78430-6.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-04-09.Retrieved2022-02-22.
- ↑Inikori, Joseph (1996)."Measuring the unmeasured hazards of the Atlantic slave trade: documents relating to the British trade".Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire.83(312): 53–92.doi:10.3406/outre.1996.3457.ISSN0300-9513.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-04-09.Retrieved2020-11-17.
- ↑Diouf, Sylviane A. (2003-10-24).Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies.Ohio University Press.ISBN978-0-8214-1517-7.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-04-09.Retrieved2022-02-22.
- ↑Gaffield, Julia."Haiti was the first nation to permanently ban slavery".Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-01-01.Retrieved2020-11-17.
- ↑Sailing against slavery. By Jo LoosemoreArchived2009-01-08 at theWayback MachineBBC
- ↑Rayner, Gordon (27 September 2011)."Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?".The Daily Telegraph.London.Archivedfrom the original on 18 October 2017.Retrieved1 April2018.
- ↑J.Hofman and S.Colbert 2009.The ultimate guide to African mammals.Libeal House, New Jersey.
- ↑J.Dorst and P.Dandelot 1983.A field guide to the larger mammals of Africa.Collins, London.
- ↑N.Myers 1997. The rich diversity of biodiversity issues. (In:Biodiversity II,ed. E.O. Wilsonet al,National Academy Press.
- ↑"Uganda Human Rights".www.historycentral.com.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-08-03.Retrieved2019-01-20.
- ↑"Sierra Leone — Global Issues".www.globalissues.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-03-20.Retrieved2011-03-02.
- ↑Booker, Salih; Colgan, Ann-Louise (24 June 2004)."Genocide in Darfur".Archivedfrom the original on 27 December 2018.Retrieved20 January2019– via www.thenation.com.
- ↑Meldrum, Andrew (4 January 2006)."African leaders break silence over Mugabe's human rights abuses".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 6 May 2021.Retrieved20 January2019– via www.theguardian.com.
- ↑"AllAfrica.com: Côte d'Ivoire: Human Rights Situation Getting Worse, Says UN Report".Archivedfrom the original on 2011-02-28.Retrieved2011-03-02.
Other websites
[change|change source]- African & Middle Eastern Reading Roomfrom the United StatesLibrary of Congress
- Africa South of the SaharafromStanford University
- The Index on AfricafromThe Norwegian Council for Africa
- AlukaDigital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa
- Africa Interactive Mapfrom theUnited States Army Africa
- History
- African Kingdoms
- The Story of AfricafromBBC World Service
- Africa Policy Information Center (APIC)
- Hungarian military forces in AfricaArchived2013-11-03 at theWayback Machine
- News media
- allAfrica.comcurrent news, events and statistics
- Focus on Africamagazine fromBBC World Service