Britannia

Britannia(/brɪˈtæniə/) is thenational personificationofBritainas a woman with atridentandshieldand wearing ahelmet.^[1]The image of Britannia was first used inclassical antiquity.The wordBritanniainLatincould mean theBritish Isles,the island ofGreat Britain,or theRoman provinceofBritainin the time of theRoman Empire.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Images of Britannia show her sitting or lying down with aspearand shield. This image was first used on Romancoinsin the 2ndcenturyAD.^[3]After the Romans, the image of Britannia was first used again for coins of thepound sterlingmade forCharles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland.^[3]These were the first to show Britannia with aUnion Flagon her shield.^[3]After many victories of Britain'sRoyal Navy,coins with Britannia showNeptune's trident from 1797. Her image wears a helmet on coins after 1825.^[3]

Britannia was the common Latin name for Great Britain starting in the 1st century BC.^[5]^[6]Britanniareplacedthe nameAlbionas the common name for the island used by the Romans.^[5]^[6]After the Romans overcame theancient Britonsin war in 43 AD, Britannia could mean just the southern two thirds of the island which was under Roman control. (Caledonia,north of theRiver Forthin modernScotland,was only sometimes overcome by theRoman army.)^[7]Britannia was also agoddess.Latin text on agritstonebase for astatuefromEboracum(York) gives the goddess the name "Holy Britannia" (Latin:Sancta Britannia).^[8]^[9]^{: 140–141}This stone was in existence in 1740, but it is now lost.^[8]A soldier in theRoman army dedicatedanother altar to the goddess Britannia nearCastlehill Forton theAntonine Wall.The altar is now inGlasgow.^[10]^[9]^{: 140–141}

Related pages

References

↑Delahunty, Andrew; Dignen, Sheila (2010),"Britannia",A Dictionary of Reference and Allusion(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acref/9780199567454.001.0001,ISBN 978-0-19-956745-4,retrieved2021-02-15
↑Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert (2015),"Britannia",A Dictionary of British History(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acref/9780191758027.001.0001,ISBN 978-0-19-175802-7,retrieved2021-02-15
↑^3.0^3.1^3.2^3.3^3.4Hargreaves, A. S. (2015),"Britannia",in Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John (eds.),The Oxford Companion to British History(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001,ISBN 978-0-19-967783-2,retrieved2021-02-15
↑"Britannia".Collins Dictionary.Retrieved14 February2021.
↑^5.0^5.1Warmington, Eric Herbert (2012),"Albion",in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony J.; Eidinow, Esther (eds.),The Oxford Classical Dictionary(4th ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001,ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8,retrieved2021-02-15
↑^6.0^6.1Millett, Martin J. (2012),"Britain, Roman",in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.),The Oxford Classical Dictionary(4th ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001,ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8,retrieved2021-02-15
↑Richmond, Ian Archibald; Millett, Martin J. Millett (2012),"Caledonia",in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.),The Oxford Classical Dictionary(4th ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001,ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8,retrieved2021-02-14
↑^8.0^8.1"RIB 643. Dedication to Holy Britannia".Roman Inscriptions of Britain.Retrieved2021-05-12.
↑^9.0^9.1Tomlin, R. S. O. (2018)."6 The Antonine Wall".Britannia Romana: Roman Inscriptions and Roman Britain(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 119–154.doi:10.2307/j.ctvh1dvdr.10.ISBN 978-1-78570-700-1.JSTOR j.ctvh1dvdr.10.
↑"RIB 2195. Altar dedicated to the Goddesses of the Parade-ground and Britannia".Roman Inscriptions of Britain.Retrieved2021-05-12.

[1] Delahunty, Andrew; Dignen, Sheila (2010),"Britannia",A Dictionary of Reference and Allusion(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acref/9780199567454.001.0001,ISBN 978-0-19-956745-4,retrieved2021-02-15

[2] Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert (2015),"Britannia",A Dictionary of British History(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acref/9780191758027.001.0001,ISBN 978-0-19-175802-7,retrieved2021-02-15

[:1-3] 3.0^3.1^3.2^3.3^3.4Hargreaves, A. S. (2015),"Britannia",in Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John (eds.),The Oxford Companion to British History(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001,ISBN 978-0-19-967783-2,retrieved2021-02-15

[4] "Britannia".Collins Dictionary.Retrieved14 February2021.

[:2-5] 5.0^5.1Warmington, Eric Herbert (2012),"Albion",in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony J.; Eidinow, Esther (eds.),The Oxford Classical Dictionary(4th ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001,ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8,retrieved2021-02-15

[:3-6] 6.0^6.1Millett, Martin J. (2012),"Britain, Roman",in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.),The Oxford Classical Dictionary(4th ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001,ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8,retrieved2021-02-15

[:0-7] Richmond, Ian Archibald; Millett, Martin J. Millett (2012),"Caledonia",in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.),The Oxford Classical Dictionary(4th ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001,ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8,retrieved2021-02-14

[:5-8] 8.0^8.1"RIB 643. Dedication to Holy Britannia".Roman Inscriptions of Britain.Retrieved2021-05-12.

[:4-9] 9.0^9.1Tomlin, R. S. O. (2018)."6 The Antonine Wall".Britannia Romana: Roman Inscriptions and Roman Britain(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 119–154.doi:10.2307/j.ctvh1dvdr.10.ISBN 978-1-78570-700-1.JSTOR j.ctvh1dvdr.10.

[10] "RIB 2195. Altar dedicated to the Goddesses of the Parade-ground and Britannia".Roman Inscriptions of Britain.Retrieved2021-05-12.

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