California

California
State
Flag Seal
Nickname: Golden State
Motto: "Eureka"
Anthem:"I Love You, California"
Map of the United States with California highlighted
Country	United States
Before statehood	Mexican Cessionunorganized territory
Admitted to the Union	September 9, 1850 (31st)
Capital	Sacramento
Largest city	Los Angeles
Largest metroandurbanareas	Greater Los Angeles
Government
•Governor	Gavin Newsom(D)
•Lieutenant Governor	Eleni Kounalakis(D)
Legislature	State Legislature
•Upper house	State Senate
•Lower house	State Assembly
Judiciary	Supreme Court of California
U.S. senators	Laphonza Butler(D) Alex Padilla(D)
U.S. House delegation	40 Democrats 12 Republicans (list)
Area
• Total	163,696 sq mi (423,970 km2)
• Land	155,959 sq mi (403,932 km2)
• Water	7,737 sq mi (20,047 km2) 4.7%
• Rank	3rd
Dimensions
• Length	770 mi (1,240 km)
• Width	250 mi (400 km)
Elevation	2,900 ft (880 m)
Highest elevation (Mount Whitney)	14,505 ft (4,421.0 m)
Lowest elevation (Badwater Basin)	−279 ft (−85.0 m)
Population (2020)
• Total	39,538,223
• Rank	1st
• Density	253.6/sq mi (97.9/km2)
• Rank	11th
•Median household income	71,228
• Income rank	5th
Demonym	Californian
Language
•Official language	English
•Spoken language	English:58.1% Spanish:28.8% Other: 13.1%
Time zone	UTC−08:00(PST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−07:00(PDT)
USPS abbreviation	CA
ISO 3166 code	US-CA
Traditional abbreviation	Calif., Cal.
Latitude	32°32′ N to 42° N
Longitude	114°8′ W to 124°26′ W
Website	www.ca.gov

California state symbols
Flag of California
Living insignia
Amphibian	California red-legged frog
Bird	California quail
Fish	Fresh water:Golden trout Marine:Garibaldi
Flower	California poppy
Grass	Purple needlegrass
Insect	California dogface butterfly
Mammal	Land:California grizzly bear(State animal) Marine:Gray whale
Reptile	Desert tortoise
Tree	Coast redwood&giant sequoia
Inanimate insignia
Colors	Blue & gold
Dance	West Coast Swing
Folk dance	Square dance
Fossil	Sabre-toothed cat
Gemstone	Benitoite
Mineral	Native gold
Rock	Serpentine
Soil	San Joaquin
Sport	Surfing
Tartan	California state tartan
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2005
Lists of United States state symbols

California,officially theState of California,is astatein the western part of theUnited States,along thePacific Ocean.

It is the third biggest US state byarea(afterAlaskaandTexas) with 163,696 square mi (423,970 km²). It hasmore peoplethan any other state with over 39 million people as of 2020. It also has more people thanCanada.Its largest cities areLos Angeles,San Diego,San Jose,andSan Francisco.The capital isSacramento.The states around its borders areArizonato the southeast,Oregonto the north,Nevadato the east, and theMexicanstate ofBaja Californiato the south.

Geography

California, which has a North/South orientation, has a wide range of climates.

Thegeographyof California varies depending on the region. Southwestern California has small mountain ranges and the cities of San Diego and Los Angeles. Southeastern California has the Mojave Desert andDeath Valley,the lowest place in the United States. The eastern part of the state has the highest point in the United States outside of Alaska:Mount Whitney,in theSierra Nevadamountain range.

The cities of Sacramento,Bakersfield,andFresnoare in theCentral Valley.The valley has theSierra Nevadato the east and the Pacific Coast Ranges to the west. It is California's single most productiveagriculturalregion and one of the most productive in the world. It produces more than half the fruit, vegetables, and nuts grown in the United States.More than seven million acres (28,000 km²) of the valley areirrigatedby an extensive system ofreservoirsandcanals.

The west-central part of the state has some small mountains and the cities of San Francisco, San Jose, andOakland.Northern Californiahas theCascade Range,theKlamath Mountains,and the Modoc Plateau.Far northern California does not have many people, but the San Francisco region and the Sacramento region are often thought of as part of northern California.

Climate

See the main article:Climate of California

Flora and fauna

California is home to many animals such asracoons,the California condor, and themountain lion.California’s official flower is the California poppy. California was once home to theGrizzly bearand thejaguar.California poppyis the official flower of California.

Culture

Hollywood, part ofLos Angeles

Little Armenia district inLos Angeles

The state is a leader in three businesses:farming,movie-making, andhigh technology,mostlysoftwareandwebsites.Aerospaceused to be a large industry there, but it has been downsized in the last 20 years.

California is very diverse. Today it has high numbers ofHispanic and Latino Americans,Asian Americans,andArmenian Americans.

There are manyearthquakesin California. They happen when two tectonic plates (parts of the Earth's crust) shift underground. Californians need to be prepared for earthquakes and often store extra food, water, flashlights, and first aid supplies in case of such an emergency.

California has more people than any other state in the United States. If California was a separate country, it would have the sixth largesteconomyin the world. California is probably the state with the most ethnic groups. It also has many different geographic features – mountains, deserts, and coasts. It is often calledThe Golden State.The state flower is the golden poppy. Thepost officeuses "CA" as a shorthand for California, and theAssociated Pressuses "Calif." or "Cali."

California has a large population ofMexican Americans.Mexican Americans have influenced Californian cuisine and Californian culture. California also has a large Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Indian, and Chinese population. There aren't as many white people in the state but there are still many Russian, Spaniard, German, English, Scottish, Portuguese, Italian, Dutch, Irish, and French people in the state. Other ethnic groups in California are Serbians, Persians, Bulgarians, Navajos, Cherokees, Nicaraguans, Alaskans, andRomani people.

California is popular among celebrities. Celebrities such asKim Kardashian,Dwayne Johnson,Kylie Jenner,andJennifer Anistonare from California.

California Englishis a dialect of the English language spoken within California. California is the home to a highly diverse populace, and this is reflected in many other languages, especially Spanish. As is the case of English is spoken in any state, not all features of California English is used by all speakers in the state, and not all features are restricted in use only to the state. However, there are some linguistic features which can be identified as either originally or predominantly Californian.

California is famous forIn-N-Out Burger,which is the regional chain of fast food restaurants and founded in 1948 by Harry and Esther Snyder.

ProtestantismandCatholicismare the most practiced religions in California. A smaller population are Jews, Muslims, Hindus, and Buddhists.

Marijuanabecame legal in 2016.

Californian cuisine is influenced by Spanish cuisine, Mexican cuisine, and Asian cuisine.Mexican foodis very popular in California.

California is popular for its tourism.HollywoodandDisneylandare popular tourist destinations in California. Most tourists in Los Angeles come from Mexico, China, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, Vietnam, South Korea, France, Germany, Scandinavia, Middle East, and most recently, India, Spain, Italy, and Southeast Asia.

Politics

In 2019,Gavin Newsombecame thegovernorof California. Before him, the governor wasJerry Brown.

On November 4, 1992,Dianne Feinsteinbecame one of California's United Statessenators.On January 3, 2017,Kamala Harrisbecame the other one. In the2020 presidential election,Kamala Harris was elected as the first woman and person of color to beVice President of the United States.

In January 2021,Alex Padillabecame the next U.S. Senator, replacing Harris, and became the firstHispanicU.S. Senator from the state.

California was more conservative during the 1960s and 1980s when its former governor,Ronald Reagan,ran for president as aRepublican.Today, California is more liberal and less conservative.

History

The people in Coastal California wereNative Americans.The original Californians were a diverse population, separated by language into as many as 135 distinct dialects. Tribes included the Karok, Maidu, Cahuilleno, Mojave, Yokuts, Pomo, Paiute, and Modoc. In the past, the area that was called "California" was not just today's California. This area covered theMexicanlands south of it, as well asNevada,Utah,and parts of Arizona andWyoming.The Spanish called the part of the land that later became part of the United StatesAlta California(Upper California) when it was split from what becameBaja California(Lower California). In these early times, the borders of theSea of Cortezand the Pacific coast were not well known, so the old maps wrongly showed California to be an island. The name comes fromLas sergas de Espladián(Adventures of Spladian), a 16th-century book by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo, where there is an island paradise called California.

The firstEuropeanwho visited parts of the coast, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, came fromPortugalin 1542. The first European who saw the entire coast was Sir Francis Drake, in 1579, and he decided that theBritishowned it. But starting in the late 1700s,Spanishreligious leaders of theRoman Catholic Church( "missionaries" ) got large gifts of land in the area north of Baja California, from the Spanish king and queen. These religious people set up small towns and villages, the famous California Missions. When Mexico was no longer controlled by Spain, the Mexican government took over the villages, and they soon became empty.

San Francisco,California

In 1846, as theMexican-American Warwas starting, some Americans in California hoped to create a CaliforniaRepublic.These men flew a "Bear flag" that had a golden bear with astaron it. This Republic ended suddenly, however, when Commodore John D. Sloat of the United StatesNavysailed intoSan Francisco Bay.He said that California was now part of the United States. After the war with Mexico ended, California was split between the two countries. The Mexican portion became the Mexican states of Baja California Norte (north) and Baja California Sur (south). ( "Baja" means "lower" in Spanish.) The western part of the part given to the United States became today's state of California.

In 1848, there were about 4,000 Spanish-speaking people in today's California on the American side. (Today the state has a total of nearly 40,000,000 people.) In 1849, gold was suddenly found and the number of people went up very fast as theGold Rushtook hold.Slaveryalso spread there as people hoping to find gold brought African slaves and either forced them to work ingold minesor hired them out for other work.In 1850, California became a state in the Union (the United States).

During theAmerican Civil War(1861-1865), many people in California, especially in the southern part of California, thought the South was right and slavery should be protected. Some people in Southern California even wanted Southern California to leave the rest of the state and join theConfederate States of America.However, this did not happen. California joined the war to and helped the North (the Union) and sent many troops east to fight theConfederacy.

At first, travel between the far west and the east coast of the United States was dangerous and took a lot of time. Going by land was very difficult, because there were no roads and no trains, and manyNative Americanswere attacking American people heading West in wagons. The only other way was to travel by boat around theCape Horn,at the southern end ofSouth America.This took months, since the trip was thousands of miles long and thePanama Canalhad not yet been built either. But in 1869, the connection got better quickly, because the firstrailroadacross the continent was finished. Meanwhile, more people in California were learning that the land there was very good to grow fruit and other crops.Orangeswere grown in many parts of California. This was the beginning of the huge farming business that California has today.

Economy

The economy of the State of California is the largest in the United States. It has agross state product(GSP) of US$3.0 trillion as of 2020.It has many sectors. The most dominant arefinance,business services,governmentandmanufacturing.If California were a sovereign nation, according to 2019 statistics, it would rank as the world's fifth largest economy, lying betweenGermanyandIndia.Over 10% of theFortune 1000companies were based in California in 2018.

Present day

In 1900, there were only a million people in California and 105,000 in Los Angeles. Today, California has more people than any other U.S. state. Starting in 1965, the variety of people became much greater as many different people from around the world came to the United States and often decided to live in California. California is thought to be a veryliberalstate, but there are still a lot of people who areRepublicansand viewRonald Reaganas a hero. Technology is very advanced and many new cultural trends begin there.Engineeringandcomputersplay a big part in the state's life. For over a hundred years,filmhas been one of the most important businesses in California. By the 1950s,televisionhad also become an important business in California. Many Latinos especially Mexicans and Salvadorans live in the state.

In the twenty-first century, droughts and frequent wildfires attributed to climate change have occurred in the state.From 2011 to 2017, apersistent droughtwas the worst in its recorded history.The 2018 wildfire season was the state's deadliest and most destructive, most notablyCamp Fire.

California has a growing Hispanic and Asian population. White people are the second largest ethnic group in California. Hispanics surpassed the white population in the 2010s.

Although air pollution problems have been reduced, health problems associated with pollution have continued. The brown haze that is known as "smog"has been substantially abated thanks to federal and state restrictions on automobile exhaust.

In 2021, the number of Hispanic and Latino residents in California had surpassed the number of white residents, with about 15.75 million Hispanics compared to 13.4 million white residents.