Conservation of energy

This article refers to the law of conservation of energy in physics. For energy resources sustainably, see:Energy conservation.

Inphysics,theconservation of energyis that energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form to another, such as when electrical energy is changed into heat energy. Formally, it says that the total amount ofenergyin an isolated system remains constant, although it may change forms, e.g.frictionturnskinetic energyintothermal energy.Inthermodynamics,thefirst law of thermodynamicsis a statement of the conservation of energy for thermodynamic systems.

From a mathematical point of view, the energy conservation law is a consequence of the shift symmetry oftime;energy conservation is a result of the empirical fact that thelaws of physicsdo not change with time itself. Philosophically, this can be stated as "nothing depends on time per se (time itself)".

Historical information

Ancientphilosophersas far back asThales of Miletushad the idea that there is some underlying substance of which everything is made. But that is not the same as our concept of "mass-energy" today (for example, Thales thought the underlying substance was water). In 1638,Galileopublished his analysis of several situations. This included the famous "interrupted pendulum". This can be described (in modernized language) as conservatively converting potential energy to kinetic energy and back again. However, Galileo did not explain the process in modern terms and had not understood the modern concept either. TheGermanGottfried Wilhelm Leibnizduring 1676-1689 attempted a mathematical formulation of the kind of energy which is connected withmotion(kinetic energy). Leibniz noticed that in many mechanical systems (of severalmasses,m_ieach withvelocityv_i),

$\sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}$

was conserved so long as the masses did not interact. He called this quantity thevis vivaorliving forceof the system. The principle represents an accurate statement of the approximate conservation ofkinetic energyin situations where there is no friction.

Joule's apparatus for measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat. A descending weight attached to a string causes a paddle in water to rotate

Meanwhile, in 1843James Prescott Jouleindependently discovered the mechanical equivalent in a series of experiments. In the most famous, now called the "Joule apparatus", a descending weight attached to a string caused a paddle immersed in water to rotate. He showed that the gravitationalpotential energylost by the weight in descending was approximately equal to the thermal energy (heat) gained by the water byfrictionwith the paddle.

Over the period 1840-1843, similar work was carried out by engineerLudwig A. Coldingthough it was little-known outside his nativeDenmark.

Proof

It is easy to see that

$E=KE+PE$

which is also

$E={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}+V$

$E={\frac {1}{2}}mx'^{2}+V(x)$

Assuming that$x'(t)$and that$x(t)$,then

${\frac {dE}{dt}}={\frac {\partial E}{\partial x'}}{\frac {dx'}{dt}}+{\frac {\partial E}{\partial x}}{\frac {dx}{dt}}$

${\frac {dE}{dt}}=(mx')(x'')-Fx'$

(Since$V'(x)=-F$)

${\frac {dE}{dt}}=Fx'-Fx'=0$

Therefore, energy does not vary with time.

Related pages

• Conservation law
• Energy
• Thermodynamics

Sources

Modern accounts

• Goldstein, Martin, and Inge F., 1993.The Refrigerator and the Universe.Harvard Univ. Press. A gentle introduction.
• Kroemer, Herbert; Kittel, Charles (1980).Thermal Physics (2nd ed.).W. H. Freeman Company.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)ISBN0-7167-1088-9
• Nolan, Peter J. (1996).Fundamentals of College Physics, 2nd ed.William C. Brown Publishers.
• Oxtoby & Nachtrieb (1996).Principles of Modern Chemistry, 3rd ed.Saunders College Publishing.
• Papineau, D. (2002).Thinking about Consciousness.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2004).Physics for Scientists and Engineers (6th ed.).Brooks/Cole.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)ISBN0-534-40842-7
• Stenger, Victor J. (2000).Timeless Reality.Prometheus Books. Especially chpt. 12. Nontechnical.
• Tipler, Paul (2004).Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics (5th ed.).W. H. Freeman.ISBN 0-534-40842-7
• Lanczos, Cornelius (1970).The Variational Principles of Mechanics.Toronto: University of Toronto Press.ISBN0-8020-1743-6

Classic accounts

• Colding, L.A. (1864). "On the history of the principle of the conservation of energy".London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science.27(179): 56–64.doi:10.1080/14786446408643620.
• Mach, E. (1872).History and Root of the Principles of the Conservation of Energy.Open Court Pub. Co., IL.
• Poincaré, H. (1905).Science and Hypothesis.Walter Scott Publishing Co. Ltd; Dover reprint, 1952.,ISBN0-486-60221-4Chapter 8, "Energy and Thermo-dynamics"

Other websites

• MISN-0-158The First Law of ThermodynamicsArchived2005-10-23 at theWayback Machine(PDF file) by Jerzy Borysowicz forProject PHYSNET.