Farming

Farming inAncient Egypt

Farming in Wiltshire

Flax

Farmingis growingcropsand keeping animals forfoodandraw materials.Farming is amajorpart ofagriculture.

History

Farming started thousands of years ago, but no one knows for sure how old it is.The development of farming gave rise to theNeolithic Revolutionas people gave upnomadichuntingand becamesettlersin cities.

Farming anddomesticationprobably started in theFertile Crescent(theNileValley, theLevantandMesopotamia).The area called Fertile Crescent is now in the countries ofIraq,Syria,Turkey,Jordan,Lebanon,Israel,andEgypt.Wheatandbarleyare some of the first crops people grew.

Cotton wasdomesticatedin Peru by 4200 BC.

Livestock including horses, cattle, sheep, and goats were taken to theAmericas,from theOld World.The first of those horses, came with the Spanishconquistadors(or soldiers andexplorers) in the 1490s. Moving those cattle, sheep, goats and horses, were part of theColumbian Exchange.

People probably started agriculture by planting a few crops, but still gathered many foods from the wild. People may have started farming because the weather and soil began to change. Farming can feed many more people thanhunter-gathererscan feed on the same amount of land.

This allowed thehuman population to growto such large numbers as there are today.

Types

• Arable farming means growingcrops.This would includewheator vegetables.
• Growingfruitmeans havingorchardsdevoted to fruit. They cannot be switched easily with growing field crops. Therefore, they are not classed as arable land in the statistics.

Many people still live bysubsistence farming,on a small farm. They can only grow enough food to feed the farmer, his family, and his animals. Theyieldis the amount of food grown on a given amount of land, and it is often low. This is because subsistence farmers are generally lesseducated,and they have lessmoneyto buy equipment.Droughtand other problems sometimes causefamines.Where yields are low,deforestationcan provide new land to grow more food. This provides morenutritionfor the farmer's family, but can be bad for the country and the surroundingenvironmentover many years.

In some countries, farms are often fewer and larger. During the 20th century they have become more productive because farmers are able to grow bettervarietiesof plants, use more fertilizer, use more water, and more easily control weeds and pests. Many farms also use machines, so fewer people can farm more land. There are fewer farmers in rich countries, but the farmers are able to grow more.

This kind ofintensive agriculturecomes with its own set of problems. Farmers use a lot of chemical fertilizers,pesticides(chemicals that kill bugs), andherbicides(chemicals that kill weeds). These chemicals canpollutethesoilor the water. They can also create bugs and weeds that are more resistant to the chemicals, causing outbreaks of these pests. The soil can be damaged byerosion(blowing or washing away), salt builddup, or loss of structure.Irrigation(adding water from rivers) can pollute water and lower the water table. These problems have all got solutions, and modern young farmers usually have a good technical education.

Farmers select plants with better yield, taste, andnutritionalvalue. They also choose plants that can surviveplant diseaseanddrought,and are easier to harvest. Centuries ofartificial selectionand breeding have changed crop plants. The crops produce better yield.Fertilizers,chemicalpest control,andirrigationall help.

Some plants are improved withgenetic engineering.One example is modifying the plant to resist herbicides.

Livestock

Farms may also keep animals. That is calledanimal husbandry.If they are used to make meat for people to eat, that islivestockproduction. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, are kept for their produce. "Produce" here means their eggs and milk, which are sold by the farm, usually inmarkets.Large animals need grassland of some kind for grazing. What they need depends on the animals.Goatseat a much wider range of plants than cows. In some parts of the world, that makes goats a more sensible choice for a farmer than cows.

Food

Sinai palm dates farming

It is important for there to be enough food for everyone. The food must also be safe and good. People say it is not always safe, because it contains some chemicals. Other people say intensive agriculture is damaging the environment. For this reason, there are several types of agriculture.

• Traditional agriculture is mostly done in poor countries.
• Intensive agriculture is mostly done in countries with more money. It uses pesticides, machinery, chemical fertilizers.
• Organic farming is using only natural products such as compost and green manure.
• Integrated farming is using local resources, and trying to use the waste from one process as a resource in another process.

Agriculturalpolicymeans the goals and methods of agricultural production. Common goals of policy include the quality, amount, and safety of food.

Problems

There are some serious problems that people face trying to grow food today. These include:

• Pollution
• Erosion
• Diseases
• Pests
• Weeds
• Drought
• Rainfall
• Climate:Earth warming is an important example
• Contamination

There are also difficulties with the distribution of food:

• Warfare:seeNigerian Civil War(Biafran War) for an example. SeeRussia–Ukrainian warfor another example.
• Distribution:Difficulties with moving product from grower to consumer. It is expected that this difficulty will increase in future. The reasons for this are complex, but one important factor may be the absence of a dominant international naval power. TheBritish Navyprovided protection againstpiratesin the 19th and early 20th century, and theUS Navyprotected shipping afterWWII.The US is still a dominant naval power, but its power will soon be based on its small number of huge aircraft carriers. They will not deal with small boats full of armed pirates, which is the usual waypiracyis done. So we can expect grain ships (etc) will have to carry any protection they may need, or they will have to go the long way around. That means avoiding the shortcuts into theMediterranean.Other kinds of warfare, such as we see inUkraine,add to the problem of shipping food products safely.

Crops

In produced weight, these crops are the most important (global production in metric tonnes):

The figure for sugarcane is rather deceptive. It omitssugar beet,but includes the weight of the woody stalk. Most of the plants which produce food are in the grass familyPoaceae.

Crop	2000	2013	2020
Sugarcane	1,256,380	1,877,110	1,870,246
Rice	599,355	745,710	1,264,410
Maize	592,479	1,016,740	1,171,332
Wheat	585,691	713,183	760,931
Potato	327,600	368,096	359,124

Related pages

• Aquaculture
• Bee keeping
• Animal husbandry
• Fertilizers
• Crop rotation
• Urban farming
• Breeding
• Fencing
• Ranching
• Plantation
• Crop protection
• Cultured meat
• Genetically modified food

Agriculture by country

• Agriculture in Azerbaijan
• Agriculture in Pakistan