Female genital mutilation

Road sign nearKapchorwa,Uganda,2004
Definition	Defined in 1997 by theWHO,UNICEFandUNFPAas the "partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons."
Areas	Estimated in 2013 to be most common in 27 countries inAfrica,as well as inYemenandIraqi Kurdistan
Numbers	133 million in those countries as of 2014
Age	Days after birth to puberty

Female genital mutilation(FGM) is cutting off part or all of thefemalegenitalsthat are outside of the body. FGM is also calledfemale genital cuttingandfemalecircumcision.It is done for traditional reasons, as part of aritual,not for medical reasons.

FGM is most common in 27Africancountries, as well asYemenand IraqiKurdistan.However, it also happens in other countries inAsia,theMiddle Eastand around the world.Usually, FGM is not done by adoctoror in ahospital.It is often done with arazorblade or other sharp instruments, in many cases withoutanesthesia.

Differentethnic groupsdo different kinds of FGM. They also do FGM at different ages. Some groups do FGM wheninfantsare only a few days old. Others do it when girls reachpuberty,or are older. In about half the countries where FGM happens, most girls have FGM before they are five years old.

FGM can cause serious health problems, likeinfections,chronicpain,trouble gettingpregnantandgiving birth,bleedingso bad that it can kill.FGM does not make a person's health better in any way.

FGM isillegalin most of the countries where it happens.However, these laws are often ignored.Since the 1970s, many countries have tried to stop FGM. In 2012, theUnited Nations General Assemblysaid that FGM is ahuman rightsproblem, andvotedto try harder to stop it.TheWorld Health Organizationand the "Maputo Protocol" to theAfrican Charter on Human and Peoples' Rightsalso say that FGM must be stopped.

Types of female genital mutilation

There are many different types of female genital mutilation. The World Health Organization (WHO) has created four basiccategoriesof FGM, called Types 1-IV.

Type I

In Type I FGM, part or all of theclitorisis cut off. The clitoris is the femaleorganthat makes sex feel good for women. Without it, a woman usually cannot have anorgasm.

The different types of FGM

Type II

There are a few forms of Type II FGM. All of them involve cutting off part or all of theinner labia,the two flaps of skin on the sides of the opening to thevagina.The forms of Type II FGM are:

• Type IIa: The inner labia are cut off.
• Type IIb: The inner labia and part of the clitoris are cut off.
• Type IIc: The inner labia and part of the clitoris are cut off. So is theouter labia,the folds of skin that protect the genitals.

Type III

Type III FGM is usually calledinfibulation.It is the most severe form of FGM. The genitals outside a woman's body are cut off and thewoundissewnshut withthreadandthorns.The different types of infibulation are:

• Type IIIa: The inner labia are cut off and sewn closed.
• Type IIIb: The outer labia are cut away and sewn closed.

When the labia are sewn shut, one small hole is left open so the girl canurinateandmenstruate.The hole is kept open by putting something like a twig into the wound.To help the wound close, the girl's legs are tied together, often fromhiptoankle,for up to six weeks.

After the woman getsmarried,her vagina is cut open so she can havesex.Amidwifemight cut open the vagina with a knife, or the woman's husband might tear it open with hispenis.If the woman gets pregnant, the vagina is opened more for childbirth, and then often sewn back up afterward (this is called re-infibulation).

Type IV

Type IV FGM is anything else that is done to hurt the genitals, like scraping, burning, scarring, or cutting the genitals without cutting them off. This procedure will be heartbreaking for women, when they get to know about this in later life.

Prevalence

In many countries where FGM is common, almost every woman and girl in the country has had FGM. In other countries, millions of women and girls have had FGM over many years.

In 25 countries in Africa and the Middle East, over 125 million women and girls have had FGM. This includes:

• 27.2 million girls and women inEgypt
• 23.8 million inEthiopia
• 19.9 milllion inNigeria
• 12.1 million inSudan
• 9.3 million inKenyaandBurkina Faso;and
• Millions of other girls and women in other countries.

In some of these same 25 countries, FGM is very common. It is most common in these countries:

• Somalia:98% of girls and women in the country have had FGM
• Guinea:96%
• Djibouti:93%
• Egypt: 91%
• Eritrea:89%
• Mali:89%
• Sierra Leone:88%
• Sudan: 88%

However, in other countries, FGM is not as common. For example, of the 25 countries where FGM happens most often, it is least common in these countries:

• Uganda:1% of girls and women in the country have had FGM
• Cameroon:1%
• Niger:2%
• Togo:4%
• Ghana:4%
• Iraq:8%

Complications

FGM can hurt women's physical andmental healththroughout their lives.

The type ofcomplicationsthat a girl or woman might have from FGM depend on many things, like:

• The type of FGM
• Whether the FGM was done by someone with medical training
• Whetherantibioticmedicineswere used
• Whethersterile(clean and safe) tools were used

Short-term complications

"Short-term complications" are health problems caused by FGM soon after the FGM happened. Common short-term complications include:

• Swelling
• Dangerousbleeding
• Pain
• Trouble urinating normally
• Infection and trouble healing

More serious short-term complications can causesymptomsthat can kill a woman. They include:

• Sepsis
• Tetanus
• Gangrene
• Necrotizing fasciitis( "flesh-eatingdisease")
• Bleeding to death

Nobody knows how many girls and women die from FGM.

Late complications

Late complications happen later on after FGM is done. For example:

• Scars,which can block urine and blood from getting out of the body
• Cysts,which can become infected
• Damage to thebladderandurethra
• Infibulated girls can havetroubleorpain when urinating.They can also have infections andpain during sex.

Painful periodsare common because it is very difficult for the monthly menstrual blood to get out of the tiny hole left by infibulation. Blood can fill the vagina and uterus, and stay there without moving. If the vagina gets completely blocked, the vagina and uterus can fill up completely with menstrual blood.Because women with this problem do not menstruate, and blood builds up in their abdomen (making it swell), it can be confused with pregnancy.

Pregnancy and childbirth

FGM may increase a woman'sriskof having problems during pregnancy and childbirth.For example, women who had infibulations are more likely to:

• Have third-degreelacerations(very bad skin tears around the vagina) when they try to give birth
• Have damage to theiranal sphinctersfrom giving birth, affecting bowel control; and
• Need emergencycaesarean sections

FGM also raises the risk that a woman's baby willdie soon after it is born.In 2008, the WHOestimatedthat 10–20 babies out of every 1,000 die because their mothers had FGM. All types of FGM were found to raise babies' risk of death, which was:

• 15 percent higher for Type I FGM;
• 32 percent higher for Type II; and
• 55 percent for Type III.

Effects on mental health & sexual function

There is not much information about the effects of FGM on women's and girls' mental health. However, a few small studies have found that women with FGM often haveanxiety,depression,andpost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Studies on how FGM affects women's ability to have sex have also been small.In total, in 2013, there had been 15 studies involving 12,671 women from seven countries. When all the information from these studies was put together,researchersfound that:

• Women with FGM were twice as likely than other women to say they never felt like having sex
• Women with FGM were 52% more likely than other women to havedyspareunia(pain during sex)
• One-third of women with FGM had less sexual feelings than before their FGM.