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This article is about the modern country named Germany. For other meanings of Germany, seeGerman.
"Federal Republic of Germany" redirects here. For the country from 1949 to 1990, seeWest Germany.

51°N9°E/ 51°N 9°E/51; 9

Federal Republic of Germany
Bundesrepublik Deutschland(German)
Anthem:"Deutschlandlied"[a]
(English:"Song of Germany")
Location ofGermany(dark green)

– on theEuropean continent(light green & dark grey)
– in theEuropean Union(light green)

Capital
and largest city
Berlin[b]
52°31′N13°23′E/ 52.517°N 13.383°E/52.517; 13.383
Official languageGerman[c]
Demonym(s)German
GovernmentFederalparliamentary republic
Frank-Walter Steinmeier
Olaf Scholz
Legislature
•Upper house
Bundesrat
•Lower house
Bundestag
Formation
18 January 1871
9 November 1918
23 March 1933
23 May 1949
3 October 1990
Area
• Total
357,022 km2(137,847 sq mi) (63rd)
• Water (%)
1.27 (as of 2015)[4]
Population
• 2020 estimate
Neutral increase83,190,556[5](18th)
• Density
232/km2(600.9/sq mi) (58th)
GDP(PPP)2021 estimate
• Total
Increase$4.743 trillion[6](5th)
• Per capita
Increase$56,956[6](15th)
GDP(nominal)2021 estimate
• Total
Increase$4.319 trillion[6](4th)
• Per capita
Increase$51,860[6](15th)
Gini(2019)Positive decrease29.7[7]
low
HDI(2019)Increase0.947[8]
very high·6th
CurrencyEuro(€) (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2(CEST)
Driving sideright
ISO 3166 codeDE
Internet TLD.de


Germany(German:Deutschland,pronounced[ˈdɔʏtʃlant](audio speaker iconlisten)), officially theFederal Republic of Germany(Bundesrepublik Deutschland),[9]is a country in the western region ofCentral Europe.The country's full name is sometimes shortened to theFRG(or theBRD,in German).

To the north of Germany are theNorthandBaltic Seas,and the kingdom ofDenmark.To the east of Germany are the countries ofPolandand theCzech Republic.To the south of Germany are the countries ofAustriaandSwitzerland.To the west of Germany are the countries ofFrance,Luxembourg,Belgium,and theNetherlands.The total area of Germany is 357,021 square kilometres (137,847 square miles). Most of Germany has warm summers and cold winters. In March 2021, Germany had a population of 83.1 million people, the second-largest in Europe afterRussia.[10]After theUnited States,Germany is the second most popular country formigrationin the world.[11]

Before it was called Germany, it was called Germania. In the years A.D. 900 – 1806, Germany was part of theHoly Roman Empire.From 1949 to 1990, Germany was made up of two countries called the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). During this time, the capital city ofBerlinwas divided into a west and an east part. On 13 August 1961,East Germanystarted building theBerlin Wallbetween the two parts of Berlin. West Germany was one of the countries that started theEuropean Union.[12]

History

[change|change source]
Nazi Germany

Germany gained importance as theHoly Roman Empireof the German Nation, which was the firstReich(this word meansempire). It was started byCharlemagnewho became the firstHoly Roman Emperorin 800 AD, and it lasted until 1806, the time of theNapoleonic Wars.[13]After, Germannation-stateswere made sovereign inCentral Europe.

During the mid-1800s,Prussiawas led byChancellorOtto von Bismarck,who is sometimes known as the "Father of Germany". He led a process to bring the German people together under one country. In 1866, Prussia won a war againstAustriaand their allies. During this time, Prussia founded theNorth German Confederation.The treaty ofunification of Germanywas made inVersaillesafter Germany won theFranco-Prussian Warin 1871.[14]This began the Second Reich. The biggest state in the new German Empire was Prussia. The rulers were calledKaisersor "German Emperors", but they did not call themselves "EmperorsofGermany ". There were many smaller states in the Empire, but notAustria.

Germany stayed an empire for 50 years. It joined the other European empires in theScramble for Africaand fought wars to make large parts of Africa andOceaniaitscolonies.[15]Itkilled many Nama and Herero peoplewho did not want to be ruled by Germany.[15][16]Today, those colonies have become seven states:Togo,Cameroon,Namibia,Rwanda,Burundi,Tanzania,andPapua New Guinea.[15]

Germany was inWorld War Iwith their allyAustria-Hungary,and again declared war on France.[14]The war became slow in the west and becametrench warfare.Many men were killed on both sides without winning or losing. In theEastern Frontthe soldiers fought with theRussian Empireand won there after the Russians gave up. The war ended in 1918 because the Germans could not win in the west and gave up. Germany's emperor also had to give up his power, and most of Germany's African colonies were taken by other European empires.[14][17]France tookAlsacefrom Germany and Poland got theDanzigcorridor. After a revolution, the Second Reich ended, and thedemocraticWeimar Republicbegan.

After the war, there were a lot of problems with money in Germany because of thePeace Treaty of Versailles,which made Germany pay for the costs of World War I and the worldwideGreat Depression.[18]

The Third Reich wasNazi Germany;it lasted 12 years, from 1933 to 1945.[19]It started afterAdolf Hitlerbecame thehead of government.On 23 March 1933, theReichstag(parliament) passed the Enabling Act, which let Hitler's government command the country without help from the Reichstag and the presidency. This gave him total control of the country and the government.[20]Hitler, in effect, became adictator.

Hitler wanted to unify all Germans in one state and did this bytaking overplaces where Germans lived, such asAustriaandCzechoslovakia;Hitler also wanted the land in Poland that Germany had owned before 1918, but Poland refused to give it to him. He then invaded Poland. This startedWorld War IIon 1 September 1939. In the beginning of the war, Germany was winning and even successfully invaded France. It managed to take over much of Europe. However, Germany attacked theSoviet Unionin 1941 and after theBattle of Kursk,the German Eastern Front began a slow retreat until war's end. On 8 May 1945, Germany gave up after Berlin was captured, Hitler had killed himself a week earlier. Because of the war, Germany lost a lot of German land east ofthe Oder-Neiße line,and for 45 years, Germany was split into West Germany andEast Germany.Other events happened during the war in Nazi Germany, includingthe Holocaust,the massgenocideof Jews and other peoples, for which some Nazis were punished in theNuremberg Trials.

AfterWorld War IIGermany wasoccupied by the alliesand in 1949 it was divided into 2 states:West GermanyandEast Germany,who were stuck in theCold War.The capital city ofBerlinwas divided between the two by theBerlin Wall.

In 1989 there was a process ofreformsin East Germany, which lead to the opening of theBerlin Walland to the end of socialist rule in Germany. These events are known as theWendeor theFriedliche Revolution(Peaceful Revolution) in Germany. After that, East GermanyjoinedWest Germany in 1990.[21]The new Germany is a part of theEuropean Union.[22]

Timeline

[change|change source]

Politics

[change|change source]
See the main article:Politics of Germany
ChancellorOlaf Scholz
Political system of Germany
TheReichstag Buildingin Berlin is the site of the German parliament.

Germany is aconstitutionalfederaldemocracy.[23]Its political rules come from the 'constitution' calledBasic Law(Grundgesetz), written by West Germany in 1949. It has aparliamentary system,and the parliament elects the head of government, theFederal Chancellor(Bundeskanzler). The current Chancellor,Olaf Scholz,is a man who used to live inWest Germany.

The people of Germany vote for the parliament, called theBundestag(Federal Assembly), every four years.[24]Government members of the 16States of Germany(Bundesländer) work in theBundesrat(Federal Council). TheBundesratcan help make some laws.[25]

Main office holders
Office Name Party Since
President Frank-Walter Steinmeier SPD 19 March 2017
Chancellor Olaf Scholz SPD 8 December 2021
Other government parties Green,FDP

Thehead of stateis theBundespräsident(Federal President). This person has no real powers but can orderelectionsfor the Bundestag. The current president isFrank-Walter Steinmeier(SPD).

Thejudiciary branch(the part of German politics that deals with courts) has aBundesverfassungsgericht(Federal Constitutional Court). It can stop anyactby the law-makers or other leaders if they feel they go against Germany's constitution.

The opposition parties are theCDU,CSU,Die Linkeand theAfD.

Geography

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Topographic map

Germany is one of the largest countries in Europe. It stretches from theNorth SeaandBaltic Seain the north to the high mountains of theAlpsin the south. The highest point is theZugspitzeon the Austrianborder,at 2,962 metres (9,718 ft).[25]

Germany's northern part is very low and flat (lowest point:Neuendorf-Sachsenbandeat −3.54 m or −11.6 ft). In the middle, there are low mountain ranges covered in large forests. Between these and the Alps, there is another plain created byglaciersduring theice ages.

Germany also contains parts of Europe's longest rivers, such as theRhine(which makes up a part of Germany's western border, whileOder Riveris on its eastern border), theDanubeand theElbe.[25]

States

[change|change source]
See the main article:States of Germany
Map of Germany

In Germany there are sixteen states (Bundesländer):

State Capital Area (km²) Population[26]
Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart 35,752 11,103,043
Bavaria Munich 70,549 13,140,183
Berlin Berlin 892 3,664,088
Brandenburg Potsdam 29,477 2,531,071
Bremen Bremen 404 680,130
Hamburg Hamburg 755 1,852,478
Hesse Wiesbaden 21,115 6,293,154
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Schwerin 23,174 1,610,774
Lower Saxony Hanover 47,618 8,003,421
North Rhine-Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,043 17,925,570
Rhineland-Palatinate Mainz 19,847 4,098,391
Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 983,991
Saxony Dresden 18,416 4,056,941
Saxony-Anhalt Magdeburg 20,445 2,180,684
Schleswig-Holstein Kiel 15,763 2,910,875
Thuringia Erfurt 16,172 2,120,237
States of Germany

In these states there are 301Kreise(districts) and 114 independent cities, which do not belong to any district.

Climate

[change|change source]

Germany has a mostlycontinental climate,but the northern German coast has anoceanic climate.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Germany was 41.2 °C (106.2 °F), on 25 July 2019 inDuisburgandTönisvorst.[27]

The lowest temperature ever recorded in Germany was −45.9 °C (−50.6 °F), on 24 December 2001 in Funtensee.[28]

Economy

[change|change source]
Frankfurtis one of the largest financial centers in Europe.

Germany has one of the world's largesttechnologicallypowerfuleconomies.Bringing West and East Germany together and making their economy work is still taking a long time and costing a lot of money.[29]Germany is the largest economy inEuropeand the fourth-largest in the world by nominalgross domestic product(GDP).[30]In September 2011, theinflation ratein Germany was 2.5%. Theunemployment rateof Germany was 5.5% as of October 2011.[31]

Germany is one of theG8countries. The main industry area is theRuhr area.[32]

The country has companies likeBMW,Mercedes-Benz,Audi,Porsche,Siemens,Bosch,SAP,BASFand more. Germany's most exported products are cars.[33]

Nearly all German companies are small- or medium-sized.[30]

People

[change|change source]
Neuschwanstein Castle

Most of the people in Germany are ethnicallyGermans,but the country also has manyethnic minorities.There are at least seven million people from other countries living in Germany. Some havepolitical asylum,and some areguest workers(Gastarbeiter). Many people from poor or dangerous countries go to Germany for safety. Many others move to Germany without permission.

About 50,000 ethnic Danish people live in Schleswig-Holstein, in the north. About 60,000Sorbs(aSlavicpeople) live in Germany too, inSaxonyandBrandenburg.About 12,000 people in Germany speakFrisian;this language is the closest language to English that is still spoken today. In northern Germany, people outside towns speakLow Saxon.

Most of the people who have come to Germany are fromTurkey.Germany has about 1.9 millionTurkishimmigrants and they own many businesses there.Turkish peopleintroduced theDoner kebaband became a popular fast food in Germany. Other small groups of people in Germany areCroats(0.2 million),Italians(0.6 million), Greeks (0.4 million), Russians, andPoles(0.3 million). There are also some ethnic Germans who lived in the old Soviet Union (1.7 million), Poland (0.7 million), andRomania(0.3 million). These people have Germanpassports,so they are not counted as foreigners. A lot of these people do not speak German at home.[25]

Christianity is the biggest religion;Protestantsare 38% of the people (mostly in the north) andCatholicsare 34% of the people (mostly in the south).[25]There are also manyMuslims,while the other people (26.3%) are either not religious, or belong to smaller religious groups.[25]In the eastern regions, the former territory of theGDR(known as theDDRin German), only one fifth of the population is religious.

Germany has one of the world's highest levels of schooling, technology, and businesses. The number of young people who attend universities is now three times more than it was after the end of World War II, and thetradeandtechnical schoolsof Germany are some of the best in the world. German income is, on average, $25,000 a year, making Germany a highly middle class society. A largesocial welfaresystem gives people money when they are ill, unemployed, or similarly disadvantaged. Millions of Germans travel outside of their country each year.

The four recognized minorities in Germany are Danes 50,000 (concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein state), Frisians 60,000-70,000 (based in Eastern and Northern Frisia), Sorbs 60,000 (primarily in Saxony and Brandenburg) andRomaniandSinti.[34]

Immigration

[change|change source]

Germany is a very densely populated country, and especially in cities the housing situation is difficult and rents are high. Already in 2014 there were 39,000homeless peoplein Germany and 339,000 people without an apartment.[35]Here is a link to a German video report[36]from a German news magazine. The video is about refugees, who have been living in a sports gym in Berlin for over a year with no privacy. In the video people discuss amongst others why there are problems to find living space in containers. The containers are similar to those inZaatari refugee camp.

Religion

[change|change source]
TheCologne Cathedralat theRhineriver is aUNESCO World Heritage Site.
Inside the Frauenkirche (Church of Our Lady) inDresden

Germany's constitution says that all people can believe in any religion they want to, and that no one is allowed to discriminate against somebody because of the person's religion.

In ancient times, Germany was largelypagan.Roman Catholicismwas the biggest religion in Germany up to the 15th century, but a major religious change called theReformationchanged this. In 1517,Martin Luthersaid that the Catholic Church used religion to make money. Luther startedProtestantism,which is as big as the Catholic religion in Germany today. Before World War II, about two-thirds of the German people were Protestant and one-thirds were Roman Catholic. In the north and northeast of Germany, there were a lot more Protestants than Catholics. Today, about two-thirds of German people (more than 55 million people) call themselves Christian, but most of them do not practice it. About half of them are Protestants and about half are Roman Catholics.[37]Most German Protestants are members of theEvangelical Church in Germany.The previous Pope,Benedict XVI,was born in Germany.

Before World War II, about one percent of the country's people wereGerman Jews.Today, Germany has the fastest-growing group ofJewishpeople in the world. Many of them are in Berlin. Ten thousand Jews have moved to Germany since the fall of theBerlin Wall;many came from countries that were in the Soviet Union. Schools teaching about the things that happened when the Nazis were in power, as well as teaching against the ideas of the Nazis, has helped to make Germany verytoleranttowards other people and cultures, and now many people move there from countries that may not be so tolerant.

About three millionMuslimslive in Germany, 3.7% of the total population.[37][38]The country also has a largeatheistand agnostic population, and there are also large about 0.6 millionHinduismfollower and some small group of Jain, Buddhist and Zoroastrian communities. The 20th century has also seen aneopaganrevival.

Culture

[change|change source]
Ludwig van Beethoven(1770–1827), composer
Blaues Pferd I(Blue Horse I), 1911 byFranz Marc(1880–1916)

Germany has a long history of poets, thinkers, and artists. There are 240 supported theaters, hundreds of orchestras, thousands of museums and over 25,000librariesin Germany. Millions of tourists visit these attractions every year. Some of the greatest classical musicians includingJohann Sebastian Bach,Ludwig van Beethovenand possiblyWolfgang Amadeus Mozartwere German. Some of the most revered scientists today likeAlbert Einsteinare German.Artistslike Marc Engelhard are active in the 21st century.[39][40][41]


Germany has created a high level of gender equality, disability rights, and accepts homosexuality.Gay marriagehas been legal in Germany since 2017.

Food

[change|change source]

Doner kebabis often considered a popular German-Turkish fast food. But more traditional foods of German cuisine aresausagebased such asBratwurstandCurrywurst.German food varies from region to region. For example, in the southern regions, such asBavariaandBaden-Württemberg,they share their type of food withSwitzerlandandAustria.Everywhere in Germany, meat is eaten as a sausage. Even though wine use is increasing, the national alcoholic drink is beer. The number of Germans who drinkbeeris one of the highest in the world. German restaurants are often rated the second-best, withFrancerated first place.

Sports

[change|change source]
Signal Iduna Parkis the biggestfootballstadium in Germany.

Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Germany. Thenational teamhas won theFIFA World Cup4 times, and appears in the finals a lot. The top football league in Germany isBundesliga.Also, theGerman Football Association(Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest in the world. A lot of big football teams are from Germany, likeFC Bayern Munich,Borussia Dortmund,RB Leipzigand many others. Some of the world's bestfootballerscome from Germany too. These would includeMesut Özil,Manuel Neuer,Serdar Tasci,Michael Ballack,Bastian Schweinsteiger,Franz Beckenbauer,and so on. Plus, many tournaments have taken place in Germany. The most recent was the2006 FIFA World Cup,and the2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.TheAudi Cuptakes place in Germany every year inMunich.

Germany is also known for its motor sports. Successful German racing drivers includeMichael SchumacherandSebastian Vettel.

Successfultennisplayers have also come from Germany, includingSteffi GrafandBoris Becker.More recently,Sabine Lisickireached the Women's Singles final at Wimbledon in 2013.

Lastly, Germany is one of the best countries in theOlympic Games.Germany is the third in the list of the most Olympic Games medals in history (mixed withWestandEast Germanymedals). The country finished first place in the2006 Winter Olympics,second place in the2010 Winter Olympics.Germany also got fifth place in the2008 Summer Olympics.

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Notes

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  1. ↑From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Deutschlandlied" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.[1]
  2. ↑Berlin is the sole constitutional capital andde jureseat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany,Bonn,has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries.[2]
  3. ↑Danish,Low German,Sorbian,Romany,andFrisianare recognised by theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[3]
  4. ↑TheFederal Republic of Germanywas proclaimed on theBritish, American and French occupation zoneson 23 May 1949 while theGerman Democratic Republicwas formed from theSoviet occupation zoneon 7 October 1949.

References

[change|change source]
  1. ↑Bundespräsidialamt."Repräsentation und Integration"(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 7 March 2016.Retrieved8 March2016.
  2. ↑"The German Federal Government".deutschland.de.23 January 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 30 April 2020.
  3. ↑Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018)."The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany".Library of Congress.Archivedfrom the original on 25 May 2020.
  4. ↑"Surface water and surface water change".Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Archivedfrom the original on 24 March 2021.Retrieved11 October2020.
  5. ↑"Bevölkerung nach Geschlecht und Staatsangehörigkeit".Destatis.Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2019.Retrieved15 July2018.
  6. ↑6.06.16.26.3"World Economic Outlook database: April 2021".International Monetary Fund.April 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 12 April 2021.Retrieved12 April2021.
  7. ↑"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income".Eurostat.Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2020.Retrieved15 December2020.
  8. ↑"Human Development Report 2020".United Nations Development Programme.15 December 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 15 December 2020.Retrieved15 December2020.
  9. ↑Grundgesetz, Preamble and Article 20 (1)Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist ein demokratischer und sozialer Bundesstaat.
  10. ↑"The 10 Most Populated Countries In Europe".WorldAtlas.Archivedfrom the original on 30 March 2019.Retrieved17 July2019.
  11. ↑"Germany Top Migration Land After U.S. in New OECD Ranking".Bloomberg. 20 May 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 3 September 2014.Retrieved29 August2014.
  12. ↑"History of the European Union".European Union.Retrieved20 March2012.[permanent dead link]
  13. ↑"The foundation of the first German emipre".Archived fromthe originalon 13 July 2011.Retrieved20 March2012.
  14. ↑14.014.114.2"A timeline of German – The second German empire"(in German). Archived fromthe originalon 1 May 2006.Retrieved20 March2012.
  15. ↑15.015.115.2"Facing the Past to Liberate the Future: Colonial Africa in the German Mind".Humanity in Action.January 2005.Archivedfrom the original on 4 March 2021.Retrieved7 February2021.
  16. ↑Gross, Daniel A. (28 October 2015)."A Brutal Genocide in Colonial Africa Finally Gets its Deserved Recognition".SmithsonianMagazine.Archivedfrom the original on 11 February 2021.Retrieved7 February2021.
  17. ↑Schilling, Britta (12 June 2019)."German Colonialism in Africa".The English Historical Review.134(567): 390–403.doi:10.1093/ehr/cez006.ISSN0013-8266.Archivedfrom the original on 8 December 2020.Retrieved7 February2021.
  18. ↑"A timeline of German – The ThirdReich"(in German). Archived fromthe originalon 1 May 2006.Retrieved20 March2012.
  19. ↑"History of Nazi Germany".123HELPME.Archivedfrom the original on 13 May 2012.Retrieved20 March2012.
  20. ↑"Adolf Hitler by britannica.com".Archivedfrom the original on 20 March 2012.Retrieved20 March2012.
  21. ↑"This Day in History – History.com – What Happened Today in History".history.com.2012.Archivedfrom the original on 9 March 2012.Retrieved20 March2012.
  22. ↑"List of Countries - European Union (EU)".statcan.gc.ca.2012. Archived fromthe originalon 19 May 2011.Retrieved20 March2012.
  23. ↑"Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland"(in German and English). The German Bundestag. Archived fromthe originalon 24 May 2006.Retrieved20 March2012.Artikel 20(1) Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist ein demokratischer und sozialer Bundesstaat.
  24. ↑"German Bundestag: Elections".bundestag.de.2012. Archived fromthe originalon 5 June 2010.Retrieved20 March2012.
  25. ↑25.025.125.225.325.425.5Thom, Bruce G.; Australia, Random House (2008).Geographica's World Reference.Random House Australia. p. 446.ISBN978-0-09-184119-5.
  26. ↑Statistisches Bundesamt (31 December 2020)."Population by nationaly and federal states".destatis.de.Archivedfrom the original on 12 July 2021.Retrieved12 July2021.
  27. ↑"Wetter und Klima - Deutscher Wetterdienst - Presse - DWD-Stationen Duisburg-Baerl und Tönisvorst jetzt Spitzenreiter mit 41,2 Grad Celsius".
  28. ↑"Wetterextreme".
  29. ↑Thom, Bruce G.; Australia, Random House (2008).Geographica's Worl Reference.Random House Australia. p. 451.ISBN978-0-09-184119-5.
  30. ↑30.030.1"Germany Economy | Economy Watch".economywatch.com.2012.Archivedfrom the original on 26 November 2016.Retrieved20 March2012.
  31. ↑"Germany".state.gov.2012.Archivedfrom the original on 29 August 2017.Retrieved20 March2012.
  32. ↑"Companies in Germany".mapsofworld.com.2012. Archived fromthe originalon 16 October 2006.Retrieved20 March2012.
  33. ↑Sauerbrey, Anna (30 December 2019)."Does Germany's Vaunted Car Industry Have Long to Live?".The New York Times.Retrieved19 September2024.
  34. ↑[1]
  35. ↑"Zahl der Wohungslosen"(in German). BAG Wohungslosenhilfe e.V. Archived fromthe originalon 7 December 2013.Retrieved26 November2016.
  36. ↑"Video:" Flüchtlinge müssen länger in Sporthallen bleiben "".Spiegel Online. Archived fromthe originalon 28 November 2016.Retrieved26 November2016.
  37. ↑37.037.1"CIA Factbook: Germany".Archivedfrom the original on 11 February 2016.Retrieved1 September2009.
  38. ↑"Ilaam.net".Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2009.Retrieved18 May2009.
  39. ↑"Marc Engelhard Overview I".2022.
  40. ↑"Marc Engelhard Overview II".2022.
  41. ↑"Marc Engelhard Overview III".2022.

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