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Mughal Empire

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Mughal Empire
Hindustan[1][2]
مغلیہ سلطنت (Urdu)
دولتِ مغل (Persian)
1526–1858
Mughal
The empire at its greatest extent inc. 1700underAurangzeb
Capital
Official languages
Religion
Sunni Islam(Official)
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor[a]
• 1526–1530 (first)
Babur
• 1837–1857 (last)
Bahadur Shah II
Vakil-i-Mutlaq
• 1526–1540 (first)
Mir Khalifa
• 1795–1818 (last)
Daulat Rao Sindhia
Grand Vizier
• 1526–1540 (first)
Mir Khalifa
• 1775–1797 (last)
Asaf-ud-Daula
Establishment
• Founding
1526
• Fall
1858
Area
1690[7][8]4,000,000 km2(1,500,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1595
125,000,000[9]
• 1700
158,000,000[10]

TheMughal Empire(Urdu:مغلیہ سلطنت,Persian:دولتِ مغل)[b]was aMuslimempire,inSouth Asiawhich existed from 1526 to 1858.[12]When it was biggest it ruled most of thesubcontinent,including what is nowPakistan,India,Afghanistan,andBangladesh.[13]Between 1526 and 1707, It contributed to 24% of the world's GDP[14]It was the world's largest economy and was known for its architecture.[15][16]

The Mughal emperors wereTurk-Mongolsin origin.[17]Though they later settled inSouth Asiaand adapted to the local culture.[12][18][19]Baburof theTimurid dynastyfounded the Mughal Empire (andMughal dynasty) in 1526 and ruled until 1530. He was followed byHumayun(1530-1540) and (1555-1556),Akbar(1556-1605),Jahangir(1605-1627),Shah Jahan(1628-1658), andAurangzeb(1658-1707) and several other minor rulers untilBahadur Shah Zafar II(1837-1857). After the death ofAurangzeb,the Mughal Empire became weak. It continued until 1857-58. By that time, South Asia had become under theBritish Raj.

The Mughal Empire was established by Muslim rulers who came from the present-dayUzbekistanafter defeating theDelhi sultanate.The Mughal rule in South Asia saw the region into a united Indian state.[20]which was administered under a single ruler. This hadn't happened since theDelhi Sultanate,GuptasandMauryans.During the Mughal period, art and architecture became important.[21]

Empire expansion[change|change source]

The Mughal Empire reached across much of the Indian subcontinent during period of Aurangzeb. By the death of Akbar, the third Mughal ruler, the Mughal Empire extended from Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal and southward to what is now Gujarat state and the northern Deccan region of India.[22]

Notes[change|change source]

  1. ↑The title (Mirza) descends to all the sons of the family, without exception. In the royal family it is placed after the name instead of before it, thus, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza. Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. The title of Khan is creative, but not hereditary.[6]
  2. ↑Also calledHindustanhistorically[1][11]

References[change|change source]

  1. ↑1.01.1Vanina, Eugenia(2012).Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man.Primus Books. p. 47.ISBN978-93-80607-19-1.Archivedfrom the original on 22 September 2023.Retrieved19 October2015.
  2. ↑Hardy, P. (1979). "Modern European and Muslim Explanations of Conversion to Islam in South Asia: A Preliminary Survey of the Literature". In Levtzion, Nehemia (ed.).Conversion to Islam.Holmes & Meier. p. 69.ISBN978-0-8419-0343-2.Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2023.Retrieved19 March2023.
  3. ↑Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994)."Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals".Asian Perspectives.33(2): 294.ISSN0066-8435.JSTOR42928323.Archivedfrom the original on 1 May 2022.Retrieved11 June2021.
  4. ↑Conan 2007,p. 235.
  5. ↑"Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)".BBC.7 September 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 13 August 2018.Retrieved13 June2019.
  6. ↑Morier 1812,p. 601.
  7. ↑Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006)."East–West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States".Journal of World-Systems Research.12(2): 219–229.doi:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369.ISSN1076-156X.
  8. ↑Rein Taagepera(September 1997)."Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia".International Studies Quarterly.41(3): 475–504.doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053.JSTOR2600793.Archivedfrom the original on 19 November 2018.Retrieved6 July2019.
  9. ↑Dyson, Tim (2018).A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day.Oxford University Press. pp. 70–71.ISBN978-0-19-256430-6.We have seen that there is considerable uncertainty about the size of India's population c.1595. Serious assessments vary from 116 to 145 million (with an average of 125 million). However, the true figure could even be outside of this range. Accordingly, while it seems likely that the population grew over the course of the seventeenth century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a good idea of its size in 1707.
  10. ↑Cite error: The named referenceboroczwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  11. ↑Hardy, P. (1979). "Modern European and Muslim Explanations of Conversion to Islam in South Asia: A Preliminary Survey of the Literature". In Levtzion, Nehemia (ed.).Conversion to Islam.Holmes & Meier. p. 69.ISBN978-0-8419-0343-2.Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2023.Retrieved19 March2023.
  12. ↑12.012.1Richards, John F. (1995),The Mughal Empire,Cambridge University Press, p. 2,ISBN978-0-521-56603-2,archivedfrom the original on 22 September 2023,retrieved9 August2017Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the dynasty and the empire itself became indisputably Indian. The interests and futures of all concerned were in India, not in ancestral homelands in the Middle East or Central Asia. Furthermore, the Mughal Empire emerged from the Indian historical experience. It was the end product of a millennium of Muslim conquest, colonization, and state-building in the Indian subcontinent."
  13. ↑Stein, Burton(2010),A History of India,John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159–,ISBN978-1-4443-2351-1,archivedfrom the original on 22 September 2023,retrieved15 July2019Quote: "The realm so defined and governed was a vast territory of some 750,000 square miles [1,900,000 km2], ranging from the frontier with Central Asia in northern Afghanistan to the northern uplands of the Deccan plateau, and from the Indus basin on the west to the Assamese highlands in the east. "
  14. ↑Jeffrey G. Williamson& David Clingingsmith,India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th CenturiesArchived29 March 2017 at theWayback Machine,Global Economic History Network,London School of Economics
  15. ↑Cite error: The named referenceMaddison2003was used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  16. ↑Cite error: The named referencevosswas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  17. ↑Richards, John F. (1995),The Mughal Empire,Cambridge University Press, p. 6,ISBN978-0-521-56603-2
  18. ↑Vanina, Eugenia(2012).Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man.Primus Books. p. 47.ISBN978-93-80607-19-1– viaGoogle Books.
  19. ↑Chandra, Satish (1959).Parties And Politics At The Mughal Court.
  20. ↑Britanica, Encyclopaedia (2022),The Mughal Empire,Encyclopaedia of britanica, p. 2,ISBN978-0-521-56603-2,archived from the original on 22 September 2023,retrieved9 August2017{{citation}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)Quote: "A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals, who were Muslims, to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state."
  21. ↑Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),India Before Europe,Cambridge University Press, pp. 186–,ISBN978-0-521-80904-7,archivedfrom the original on 22 September 2023,retrieved15 July2019Quote: "All these factors resulted in greater patronage of the arts, including textiles, paintings, architecture, jewelry, and weapons to meet the ceremonial requirements of kings and princes."
  22. ↑Thackeray, Frank W. (2012). John E. Findling (ed.).Events that formed the modern world: from the European Renaissance through the War on Terror.Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 248.ISBN9781598849011.
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