Orchestra
Anorchestrais a group ofmusiciansplayinginstrumentstogether. They make music. A large orchestra is sometimes called a "symphonyorchestra "and a small orchestra is called a" chamber orchestra ". A symphony orchestra may have about 100 players, while a chamber orchestra may have 30 or 40 players. The number of players will depend on what music they are playing and the size of the place where they are playing. The word" orchestra "originally meant thesemi-circularspace in front of a stage in aGreektheatre which is where the singers and instruments used to play. Gradually the word came to mean the musicians themselves.
The conductor
[change|change source]The orchestra is directed by aconductor.He/she helps the players to play together, to get the right balance so that everything can be heard clearly, and to encourage the orchestra to play with the same kind of feeling. Some small chamber orchestras may play without a conductor. This was usual until the19th centurywhen the orchestras got very big and needed a conductor who made decisions and stood in front so that all the players could see him.
The instruments
[change|change source]he instruments of the orchestra are divided into districts: thestrings,woodwind,brassandpercussion.Each section (group of instruments) will have a player who is the "Boss". The principals will make decisions about seating arrangements, and about technical ways of playing the music: for example the principal of the string sections will make sure all the players move theirbowsup and down in the same direction. The violins are divided into first and second violins. The first violins usually have the tune while the seconds, most of the time, are part of theaccompaniment.The principal of the first violin is theleader(or concertmaster) of the orchestra. In aprofessionalorchestra they will be the most highly paid member of the orchestra.
The string family
[change|change source]Thestringsare the biggest section, although there are only five kinds of instruments:violin,viola,cello,double bass,andharp.This is because they are playing most of the time and usually form the basis of the music. If they are not playing the tune they will probably beaccompanying.The first and second violins play different notes: the firsts usually have the tune. The strings sit at the front of the stage in a fan-shape in front of the conductor. The first violins are on the conductor's left, then come the second violins, then the violas and then the cellos. The double basses are behind the cellos. Some conductors prefer to have the second violins on their right and the cellos between the first violins and violas (see image of the Dohnanyi Orchestra).
The woodwind family
[change|change source]Thewoodwindsit in one or two rows (depending on the size of the orchestra) behind the strings. There are five main woodwind instruments:flute,oboe,clarinet,saxophone,andbassoon.Each of these instruments also come in different versions:
The flute has a small version called thepiccolowhich plays anoctavehigher. It is the highest instrument in the orchestra. Occasionally there is an alto flute which is longer and plays a fifth (half an octave) lower than the flute. Most woodwind instruments need areed,but the flute does not have a reed.
The bassoon has a larger version: the contrabassoon or double bassoon which sounds an octave lower. It is one of the lowest instruments in the orchestra.
The clarinet has a larger version as well; the bass clarinet. It reaches the same depth as a bassoon. Usually only one is found in a modern orchestra. There is also an alto clarinet but because it plays the same part an alto saxophone plays, it is typically regarded as an unnecessary instrument.
A formal orchestra will always consist of two of the four main instruments. The variations of the instruments are used where the piece asks for it. Usually, the newer pieces written after 1850 will have more instruments.
Sometimes a player willdoubleon these extra instruments, for example: one of the flute players may also play the piccolo in the same piece. It depends on the piece of music. Obviously a player cannot play the flute and piccolo at the same time. If the two instruments do play at the same time an extra player will be needed for the piccolo.
The brass family
[change|change source]Thebrasssection has four sections:trumpet,trombone,French horn,andtuba.Some of these come in several sizes. The article ontransposing instrumentsexplains more about it. The trumpet may have several slightly different sizes. The lowest kind is a bass trumpet. The trombone may be an alto, tenor, bass or contrabass trombone. The French horn, like the other brass instruments, has changed over the years. Modern horns have at least three valves and are usuallyin F.They often sit in a different place to the other brass. The tuba comes in different sizes and the player or conductor must decide which to use for the piece they are playing. There are large ones called contrabass tubas. A small tuba is commonly also seen and is called a euphonium or a baritone horn.
The percussion family
[change|change source]Thepercussionsection has the largest variety of instruments. such as: the tambourine, the triangle, the fabulous loud gong, the crashing cymbals and the ringing bell. Thetimpani(or "kettle drums" ) can be tuned to particular notes. They are the most common percussion instrument. Composers such asHaydnandMozartnearly always used them, even with their small orchestras. This is the most commonly used percussion instruments and is used in almost all pieces.
The rest of the percussion section can include tuned percussion instruments like thexylophone.Non-tuned percussion can be other kinds ofdrumlike bass drum, snare drum, and a variety of others: simple to name the most common ones. The principal percussion player will have to decide which player will play which instrument(s). The percussionists have to work well together as a team so all parts can be covered.
The history of the orchestra
[change|change source]It is difficult to say when the orchestra was invented because instruments have played together for many centuries. If we say that an orchestra is a group of string instruments with several players playing the same part, and that there may be wind instruments (i.e. woodwind and brass) or percussion playing as well, then the17th centuryis the time that orchestras started. InParisin1626KingLouis XIIIhad an orchestra of 24 violins (called "24 Violons du Roi" ). Later in the century theEnglishkingCharles IIwanted to be like the French king and so he, too, had a string orchestra. Gradually the other instruments were added. At this time there was usually someone playing theharpsichord(thecontinuopart). It was often the composer himself, who would have conducted from the keyboard at important moments like the beginning and end of the piece.
Clarinets came into the orchestra at the end of the18th century,and trombones at the beginning of the19th century.Orchestras were still quite small, though. Thesaxophonewas invented in the middle of the 19th century, but although they started to use it in orchestras, it soon became an instrument that was used in wind bands and later jazz bands. TheoperacomposerRichard Wagnermade the orchestra much bigger because he kept asking for extra instruments. He asked for a bass clarinet in his operaLohengrin,and for his cycle of four operas calledThe Ring of the Nibelunghe asked for an exact number of players: 16 first violins, 16 second violins, 12 violas, 12 cellos, 8 double basses, 3 flutes and piccolo, 3 oboes andcor anglais,3 clarinets and bass clarinet, 3 bassoons, 3 trumpets and bass trumpet, 3 tenor trombones and a double bass trombone, 8 horns with 4 of them playing a specially designed tuba, a bass tuba, percussion, and 6 harps.
Not all pieces written after that need quite such a large orchestra, but concert halls had become bigger and composers had got used to a bigger variety of sounds. Later composers sometimes added all sorts of unusual instruments: wind machine, sandpaper block, bottles, typewriter,anvils,iron chains, cuckoo, Swannee whistle etc. None of these are normal orchestral instruments. Sometimes apianois used in the percussion section, e.g.Igor Stravinskyused one inPetrouchka.Sometimes voices are also used.
The orchestra today
[change|change source]
Today orchestras can usually be heard inconcert halls.They also play inopera housesfor opera andballet,or in a largestadiumfor huge open-air concerts. Orchestras may record in studios for makingCDsor recording music formovies.Many of them can be heard easily and cheaply every summer inLondonat theBBC Proms.
Some of the greatest orchestras today include: theNew York Philharmonic Orchestra,theBoston Symphony Orchestra,theChicago Symphony Orchestra,theCleveland Orchestra,theLos Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra,theLondon Symphony Orchestra,theLondon Philharmonic Orchestra,theBBC Symphony Orchestra,theRoyal Concertgebouw Orchestra,theVienna Philharmonic Orchestra,theBerlin Philharmonic Orchestra,theLeipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra,theSingapore Symphony Orchestra,theSt Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra,theIsrael Philharmonic Orchestra,and theNHK Symphony Orchestra(Tokyo). Opera houses usually have their own orchestra, e.g. the orchestras of theMetropolitan Opera House,La Scala,or theRoyal Opera House.
In many countries there are opportunities for school-age children who play instruments well to play in youth orchestras in their areas. In Britain some of the very best are selected to play in theNational Youth Orchestra of Great Britain.Other world-famous youth orchestras include theOrquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar,Gustav Mahler Youth Orchestra,theEuropean Union Youth Orchestraand theWest-Eastern Divan Orchestra.
References
[change|change source]- The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1980; ed. Stanley Sadie;ISBN1-56159-174-2
- Orchestration by Walter Piston, London 1965.