Philippines

Republic of the Philippines Republika ng Pilipinas(Filipino)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa" "For God, People, Nature, and Country"
Anthem:Lupang Hinirang Chosen Land
Great Seal Dakilang Sagisag ng Pilipinas(Filipino) Great Seal of the Philippines
Capital	Manilaa 14°35′N120°58′E
Largest city	Quezon City 14°38′N121°02′E
Official languages	Filipino English
Recognized regional languages	19 languages Aklanon Bikol Cebuano Chavacano Hiligaynon Ibanag Ilocano Ivatan Kapampangan Kinaray-a Maguindanao Maranao Pangasinan Sambal Surigaonon Tagalog Taūsug Waray Yakan
National language	Filipino
Other recognized languages	Official and nationalsign languageb Filipino Sign Language Auxiliary languagesc Spanish Arabic
Ethnic groups (2015)	32.9%Visayan 29.5%Tagalog 10.1%Moro 10%Ilocano 5.8%Bicolano 2.8%Kapampangan 1.6%Igorot 1.5%Pangasinense 1.5%Chinese 3.3%others
Demonym(s)	Filipino (masculine or neutral) Filipina (feminine) Pinoy (colloquial masculine or neutral) Pinay (colloquial feminine) Philippine
Government	Unitarypresidentialconstitutionalrepublic
•President	Bongbong Marcos
•Vice President	Sara Duterte
•Senate President	Juan Miguel Zubiri
•House Speaker	Lord Allan Velasco
•Chief Justice	Alexander Gesmundo
Legislature	Congress
•Upper house	Senate
•Lower house	House of Representatives
Formation of the republic f
•Independence from Spain declared	June 12, 1898
•Treaty of Paris (1898)/ Spanish cessiond	December 10, 1898
•Malolos Constitution/First Philippine Republicf	January 21, 1899
•Tydings–McDuffie Act	March 24, 1934
•Commonwealth of the Philippines	May 14, 1935
•Treaty of Manila / Independence from United Statese	July 4, 1946
•Current constitution	February 2, 1987
Area
• Total	300,000km2(120,000 sq mi) (72nd)
• Water (%)	0.61(inland waters)
•Land	300,000
Population
• 2015 census	100,981,437(13th)
• Density	336/km2(870.2/sq mi) (47th)
GDP(PPP)	2020 estimate
• Total	$933.913 billion(27th)
• Per capita	$8,573(115th)
GDP(nominal)	2020 estimate
• Total	$367.362 billion(31st)
• Per capita	$3,484(119th)
Gini(2015)	40.1 medium·44th
HDI(2017)	0.699 medium·113th
Currency	Peso(₱) (PHP)
Time zone	UTC+8(PST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+8(not observed)
Date format	mm-dd-yyyy dd-mm-yyyy (AD)
Mains electricity	220V - 60Hz
Driving side	right
Calling code	+63
ISO 3166 code	PH
Internet TLD	.ph
Website National Government Portal Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
^WhileManilais designated as the nation's capital, theseat of governmentis theNational Capital Region,commonly known as "Metro Manila",of which the city of Manila is a part.Many national government institutions aside fromMalacañangPalace and some agencies/institutions are located within the NCR. ^Since March 10, 1945

ThePhilippinesis anisland countryinSoutheast Asiain thePacific Ocean.It has 7,641 islands. The capital city of the Philippines isManila.

Spain(1521–1898), and theUnited States(1898–1946), colonized (controlled) the country andPalau,which is on the eastern side of thePhilippine Sea.The Philippines andEast Timorare the only nations in East Asia where most people areChristians.The Philippines got independence when the United States left in 1946.

Regions and States

Local Government.The parts of Philippines are "local government units" (LGUs). Theprovinceis the top unit. There are 81 provinces in the country (2015). In the provinces there arecitiesandmunicipalities(towns). In these municipalities there are smallerbarangays(villages). Thebarangayis the smallest local government unit.

All provinces are in 17regionsfor administration (organisation). Most government offices have regional offices for the provinces. The regions do not have a separate local government, except for the Muslim Mindanao and Cordillera regions, which have their own power (autonomous government).

Regions

Region	Designation	Regional center
Ilocos Region	Region I	San Fernando,La Union
Cagayan Valley	Region II	Tuguegarao,Cagayan
Central Luzon	Region III	San Fernando,Pampanga
CALABARZON¹	Region IV-A	Calamba City(de jure) Lucena City(de facto)
MIMAROPA¹	Region IV-B	Calapan,Oriental Mindoro
Bicol Region	Region V	Legazpi, Albay
Western Visayas	Region VI	Iloilo City
Central Visayas	Region VII	Cebu City
Eastern Visayas	Region VIII	Tacloban
Zamboanga Peninsula	Region IX	Pagadian,Zamboanga del Sur
Northern Mindanao	Region X	Cagayan de Oro
Davao Region	Region XI	Davao City
SOCCSKSARGEN¹	Region XII	Koronadal,South Cotabato
Caraga	Region XIII	Butuan
Bangsamoro	BARMM	Cotabato City
Cordillera Administrative Region	CAR	Baguio
National Capital Region	NCR	Manila

¹Names are capitalized because they areacronyms,containing the names of the constituent provinces or cities.

Geography

The Philippines has 7,107 islands. Together there are about 300,000 square kilometers of land. The islands are in three groups:Luzon,Visayas,andMindanao.Luzon is the largest island and Mindanao is the second largest. The Visayas are the group of islands in the central part of the Philippines. The busy port of Manila, on Luzon, is the country'scapitaland it is the second-largestcityafterQuezon City.Cebu CityandDavao Cityare the largest cities in Visayas and Mindanao, respectively.

Theclimateis hot, humid (there is a lot of water in the air), andtropical.The average temperature all year is around 26.5 °Celsius. Filipinos usually say there are threeseasons:Tag-initorTag-araw(the hot season or summer from March to May),Tag-ulan(the rainy season from June to November), andTag-lamig(the cold season from December to February).

The Philippines is in thePacific Ring of Fire(zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions). Most of the mountainous islands had a lot of tropicalrainforestsa long time ago. They started asvolcanoes.The highest place isMount Apoon Mindanao at 2,954 m. Many volcanoes in the country, for exampleMount Mayon,are active. The country also has about 19typhoonsper year.

Taal Volcano is an island in Taal Lake. It is in an ancientcalderain Batangas Province. It is about 2 hours by bus going south from Manila. The jump-off point in Talisay is suitable for day trips and overnighters.

History

Human beings came to the Philippines 30,000 years ago. They came from Asia. Scientists think they came on aland bridgeduring theice age.The sea level was very low then. By the 900s c.e. there were villages in the Philippines. Chinese sailors from China and Muslim sailors fromBorneocame to trade with the villagers.

In 1521,Ferdinand Magellanclaimed the Philippines forSpain.That means he said they belonged to Spain, but the Filipinos did not agree or sign a treaty. Because the king of Spain at the time wasKing Philip II,the islands are called the Philippines. The Spanish built farms in the Philippines, but many Filipinos did not want Spain to rule them. For example,Jose Rizalwrote about why the Spanish rule was bad. The Spanish governmentkilled him.

Rebels began to fight the Spanish government. They were still fighting when theSpanish-American Warbegan in 1898.During the Spanish-American War, American CommodoreGeorge Deweystarted to capture Manila on May 5. But he did not finish right away. Because messages were slow in 1898, Dewey captured Manila one day after the truce began. The United States paid Spain US $20 million and took the Philippines.

In 1899, the Filipinos began aninsurgencyagainst the Americans. The Filipinos did not want the United States to rule them. They wanted to rule themselves, so they fought the Americans. They started fighting on February 4, 1899, two days before the treaty between the United States and Spain. The Americans and Filipinos fought each other. Emilio Aguinaldo led the Filipinos. There werecruelacts. For example, American soldiers would kill Filipinos even if they werenot fighters.About 20,000 Filipino fighters and about 200,000 Filipino non-fighters died. About 4200 Americans died. In 1902, the United States won. There was a little more fighting later.

The United States government decided that the Philippines should be an independent country but not right away. In 1907, the Philippines had elections for its first assembly. In 1916, theUnited States government promisedto make the Philippines an independent country. In 1935, the Philippines became a United Statescommonwealth.This meant the Filipinos had more control over the Philippines than before but were not an independent country.

DuringWorld War II,the Japanese navy came to the Philippines. The American army was not ready to stop the Japanese. They left. The Japanese captured the country. The Japanese soldiers took away the Filipinos' food. The people starved. The Filipinos usedguerrilla warfareto fight the Japanese. Later in the war, the Americans came back. The Americans and Filipinos fought the Japanese together. The American generalDouglas MacArthurhelped lead.

After World War II, the United States and the Philippines agreed that the Philippines should be an independent country. The Philippines became independent in 1946. It became the Republic of the Philippines.

The United States military did not leave all of the Philippines. The United States and Philippines signed a treaty in 1947. That treaty said the United States could build amilitary basein the Philippines.Subic BayandClark Air Force Basewere the largest American military bases outside the United States. They were important during theCold War.Many Filipinos did not like the bases.

During theCold Warthe United States did not likeCommunism.It would support almost any government that was not Communist, even if it was very bad in other ways. The Marcos family became leaders of the Philippines for many years. The Filipinos electedFerdinand Marcosin 1965. Later, he declaredmartial lawand dismissed the assembly. That meant that the Filipinos had almost no freedom and could not vote for new leaders. Communist groups and Muslim groups tried to take control, but the United States helped Marcos stop them.

In 1986, the Filipinos stopped Marcos. They wrote a new constitution for the country. In the early 1990s, Subic Bay and Clark Air Force Bases were closed. There was still corruption but not as much as with Marcos.

Problems

There are many environmental problems in the Philippines. One of them isoverfishingin many areas, which lead to pitiful catches. Another problem is that only ten percent of sewage is treated and cleaned, while the other 90% is dumped back to nature and the ocean, which leads topollution.Deforestationis a serious problem, and after decades of cutting down forests, illegal logging and forest fires, there is only 3% left of original forest cover. Forest losses have also affected the Philippines with serioussoil erosion,which is threatening the Philippinesbiodiversity.

Economy

The Philippines is a developing country. In 1998 the Philippine economy—a mixture ofagriculture,light industry, and support services—deteriorated because of the effects of theAsian financial crisisand poor weather conditions. The economy's growth fell to 0.6% in 1998 from 5% in 1997, but recovered to about 3% in 1999 and 4% in 2000. As of 2012, it is estimated at 6.6%.

The Government has promised to continue its economic reforms to help the Philippines match the pace of development in the newly industrialized countries ofSoutheast Asia.The strategies are improvinginfrastructure,fixing thetaxsystem to help the government income, supporting deregulation (to remove government control) andprivatizationof the economy, and increasing trade within the region. Future prospects depend heavily on the economic performance of the three major trading partners,China,theUnited StatesandJapan.

People

The arena match at WSM

Around 109,6 million people live in the Philippines as of 2020. Most people in the Philippines are ofAustronesianstock. The ethnicChinese,who have helped run businesses since the9th century,also live in the country. Its now 105 million people there. TheNegritoslive in the mountains of Luzon and Visayas. Luzon has a lot ofmestizopeople, aSpanishterm for someone of mixed Hispanic and native blood.

The people of the Philippines are known asFilipinos.Filipinos are divided into many groups, the three largest are the Tagalogs, Cebuanos, and the Ilocanos. When the Philippines was a colony, the term "Filipino" used to mean the Spanish and Spanish-mixedminority. But now everyone who is a citizen/national of the Philippines is called "Filipino". Even then, it is still has the most diverseethnic groupsin Asia, the other beingIndonesia.People also callFilipinos"Pinoy"for short.

Languages

The man speaking Filipino

FilipinoandEnglishare the official languages. Filipino is based largely on Tagalog, a native language spoken in Metro Manila and neighboring provinces. The Filipino language, is a cousin of theMalay language.Other local languages and dialects areCebuanoandIlocanoand many others. English is used in government, schools and business. Other languages areChinesewhich is spoken by the ethnic Chinese population and the Chinese–Filipinos. Most of theMuslimslive deep in southernMindanaoand the smaller islands off of the southern Philippine mainland nearMalaysia'snortheastern tip. They also speakArabicas a second language but to a small extent.Spanish,once the official language of the Philippines in the 1970s is also spoken by a notable minority of Filipinos.

Culture

Before the Spanish arrived, the Filipinos did not think of themselves as one culture. Most of the Philippines were Buddhist, Muslim and Hindu. The Spaniards came in 1565, and brought with themSpanish culture.They soon spread to the islands making forts and schools, preaching Christianity, and converting most of the native people to theCatholicreligion. When the United States colonized the islands in 1898, theAmericansbrought with them their own culture, which has the strongest influence up to now. This makes the Philippines the most Westernized country in eastern Asia. The Spanish culture in the Philippines is not directly from Spain but fromMexico,as the Philippines were ruled bySpainviaMexico.It was governed fromMexico Citywhich explains much of theSpanishinfluence in the Philippines.Also, theSpanishthat was spoken in the Philippines was MexicanSpanish,not EuropeanSpanish.A lot of the foods in the Philippines can also be found inMexico.Filipinos, as a tradition, usually eat with their hands, like that ofMalaytradition. And most of Filipino cuisine is also ofMalayinfluence for the most part.

Each year major festivities calledbarrio fiestasare held. They commemorate the Patron saints of the towns, villages and regional districts. The festivities includes church services, street parades, fireworks displays, feasts, dance/music contests, and cockfights.Circumcisionof males is a tradition and a big cultural event calledTuli,nearly 91.7% are circumcised.

Religion

Most of the people in the Philippines areChristians.About 92% of the people are Christians. Most people in the Philippines belong to theRoman Catholicfaith (70%). A sizable percentage of the people areProtestants(many diverse Christian denominations) (17%),Iglesia ni Cristo(2%),Muslims(5-10%),Buddhists(2%). There are also someHindusand some other minor religions with fewer adherents (6.6%).

Gallery

Largest cities of the Philippines

• 
  Manila,Philippine capital.
• 
  Cebu City,Philippines oldest city.
• 
  Davao City,Mindanao's largest city.

Related pages

• List of rivers of the Philippines
• Philippines at the Olympics
• Philippines national football team

References

• Open Directory ProjectArchived2004-08-19 at theWayback Machine

Other websites

• Government PortalArchived2012-01-01 at theWayback Machine
• Office of the PresidentArchived2007-06-09 at theWayback Machine
• Senate of the Philippines
• House of RepresentativesArchived2020-06-04 at theWayback Machine
• Supreme Court of the PhilippinesArchived2008-05-12 at theWayback Machine