William Shockley

William Shockley
Born	William Bradford ShockleyJr. (1910-02-13)February 13, 1910 London,England,UK
Died	August 12, 1989(1989-08-12)(aged 79) Stanford,California,US
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Caltech(BS,1932) MIT(PhD,1936)
Known for	Point-contact transistorandGJT Diffused-base transistor Heterojunction bipolar transistor Thyristor BARITT diode Shockley diode Junctiontheory BJTtheory FETtheory Deathnium Deep-level trap Deformation potential theory Empty lattice approximation Gradual channel approximation Lucky electron model Hot electron theory Channel length modulation Process variation Ion implantation Low-level injection Through-silicon via Transmission line measurement Shockley diode equation Shockley–Read–Hall recombination Shockley partials Shockley–Ramo theorem Shockley states Shockley–James paradox Shockley–Queisser limit Haynes–Shockley experiment Read–Shockley equation Van Roosbroeck– Shockley equation
Awards	Nobel Prize in Physics(1956) Comstock Prize in Physics(1953) Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize(1953) Wilhelm Exner Medal (1963) IEEE Medal of Honor(1980)
Scientific career
Institutions	Bell Labs Shockley Semiconductor Stanford University Columbia University
Doctoral advisor	John C. Slater

William Bradford Shockley Jr.(February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor. He was the manager of a research group atBell Labs.He won the 1956Nobel Prize in Physics.

Early life

Shockley was born to American parents inLondonon February 13, 1910, and was raised in his family's hometown ofPalo Alto,California. Shockley washomeschooledup to the age of eight because Shockley's history of violenttantrums.Shockley learned some physics at a young age from a neighbor who was a Stanford physics professor.

Controversial views

While a professor ofelectrical engineeringatStanford University,Shockley became a supporter ofeugenics.He is known as acontroversialNobel winner.

Shockley was a candidate for theRepublicannomination in the1982United States Senateelection inCalifornia.He ran because he was against the "dysgenic threat"that he believedAfrican-Americansand other groups created.

In the last twenty years of his life, Shockley, who had no degree ingenetics,became widely known for his extreme views onraceand humanintelligence.He was a strong supporter ofeugenics.He said that a higher rate of reproduction among less intelligent people was having adysgeniceffect, and argued that a drop in average intelligence would lead to a decline incivilization.He also claimed thatblack peoplewere not as smart aswhite people.

Death

Shockley died ofprostate canceron August 12, 1989 at the age of 79.He did not have a good relationship with his family when he died. His children learned of his death by reading his obituary in the newspaper.