Genome
Thegenomeof anorganismis the whole of itshereditaryinformationencodedin itsDNA(or, for someviruses,RNA). This includes both thegenesand the non-coding sequences of the DNA. Professor Hans Winkler coined the term in 1920.[1]
Winkler's definition, in translation, runs:
- "I propose the expressiongenomefor thehaploidchromosomeset, which, together with the pertinentprotoplasm,specifies the material foundations of thespecies.... "[2]p165
However, no single haploid chromosome set defines even the DNA of a species. Because of the huge variety ofallelescarried by apopulation,every individual is genetically different. Even a diploid individual carries genetic variety. For that reasonDobzhanskypreferred "set of chromosomes",[3]and the definition now must be broader than Winklers' definition. The genome of a haploid chromosome set is merely asampleof the total genetic variety of a species.
The term 'genome' can be applied specifically to mean the complete set ofnuclear DNA(the 'nuclear genome') but can also be used oforganellesthat contain their own DNA, as with themitochondrialgenome or thechloroplastgenome.
Genome sizes
[change|change source]| Organism | Genome size (base pairs) | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Virus,BacteriophageMS2 | 3569 | First sequenced RNA-genome[4] |
| Virus, SV40 | 5224[5] | |
| Virus, Phage Φ-X174 | 5386 | First sequenced DNA-genome[6] |
| Virus,Phage λ | 5×104 | |
| Bacterium,CandidatusCarsonella ruddii | 1.6×105 | Smallest non-viral genome, Feb 2007 |
| Bacterium,Escherichia coli | 4×106 | Best-researched bacterium.[7] |
| Bacterium,Solibactoer usitatus | 1×107 | Largest known bacterial genome |
| Protist,Amoebadubia | 6.7×1011 | Largest known genome, but disputed.[8] |
| Plant,Arabidopsisthaliana | 1.57×108 | First plant genome sequenced, Dec 2000.[9] |
| Plant,Genlisea margaretae | 6.34×107 | Smallest recordedflowering plantgenome, 2006.[9] |
| Plant,Fritillariaassyrica | 1.3×1011 | |
| Plant,Populus trichocarpa | 4.8×108 | First tree genome, Sept 2006 |
| Yeast,Saccharomycescerevisiae | 2×107 | |
| Fungus,Aspergillusnidulans | 3×107 | |
| Nematode,Caenorhabditis elegans | 9.8×107 | First multicellular animal genome, December 1998.[10] |
| Insect,Drosophila melanogasteraka fruit fly | 1.3×108 | |
| Insect,Bombyx moriaka silk moth | 5.30×108 | |
| Insect,Apis melliferaaka honey bee | 1.77×109 | |
| Fish,Tetraodon nigroviridis,type of Puffer fish | 3.85×108 | Smallest vertebrate genome known |
| Mammal,Homo sapiens | 3×109 | |
| Fish,Protopterus aethiopicusaka marbled lungfish | 1.3×1011 | Largest vertebrate genome known |
Note:The DNA from a single human cell has a length of ~1.8 m (but at a width of ~2.4 nanometers).
Related pages
[change|change source]- Bioinformatics
- Gene
- Sequence analysis
- Human genome
- ENCODE:the complete analysis of the human genome
References
[change|change source]- ↑Hans Winkler, Professor ofBotanyat the University ofHamburg,Germany,as a combination of the wordsgeneandchromosome.Joshua Lederberg and Alexa T. McCray (2001). "'Ome Sweet 'Omics -- A genealogical treasury of words ".The Scientist.15(7).
- An online copy is available here:[1]Archived2006-09-29 at theWayback Machine
- ↑Winkler H. 1920.Verbreitung und Ursache der Parthenogenesis im Pflanzen- und Tierreiche.Fischer, Jena.
- ↑Dobzhansky T. 1937.Genetics and the origin of species.Columbia N.Y.
- ↑Fiers W.; et al. (1976). "Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene".Nature.260(5551): 500–507.Bibcode:1976Natur.260..500F.doi:10.1038/260500a0.PMID1264203.S2CID4289674.
- ↑Fiers W.; et al. (1978). "Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA".Nature.273(5658): 113–120.Bibcode:1978Natur.273..113F.doi:10.1038/273113a0.PMID205802.S2CID1634424.
- ↑Sanger F.; et al. (1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA".Nature.265(5596): 687–695.Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S.doi:10.1038/265687a0.PMID870828.S2CID4206886.
- ↑Frederick R. Blattner; et al. (1997)."The complete genome sequence ofEscherichia coliK-12 ".Science.277(5331): 1453–1462.doi:10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.PMID9278503.
- ↑ScienceShot: biggest genome everArchived2010-10-11 at theWayback Machine,comments: "The measurement forAmoeba dubiaand other protozoa, which were reported to have very large genomes, were made in the 1960s using a rough biochemical approach which is now considered to be an unreliable method for accurate genome size determinations ".
- ↑9.09.1Greilhuber J.et al.2006. Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size.Plant Biology.8:770-777.
- ↑TheC. eleganssequencing consortium (1998)."Genome sequence of the nematodeC. elegans:a platform for investigating biology ".Science.282(5396): 2012–2018.Bibcode:1998Sci...282.2012..doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2012.PMID9851916.
no
- Benfey P. and Protopapas A.D. 2004.Essentials of genomics.Prentice Hall.
- Brown T.A. 2002.Genomes 2.Bios Scientific Publishers.
- Gibson G. and Muse S.V. 2004.A primer of genome science.2nd ed. Sinauer Assoc.
- Gregory T.R. (ed) 2005.The evolution of the genome.Elsevier.
- Reece R.J. 2004.Analysis of genes and genomes.Wiley.
- Saccone C. and Pesole G. 2003.Handbook of comparative genomics.Wiley.
- Werner E. 2003. In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes.Drug Discov Today.8(24):1121-7.PubMed
- Witzany G. 2007. Natural genome editing competences of viruses.Acta Biotheoretica.[2]
Other websites
[change|change source]- DNA Interactive: the history of DNA science
- DNA from the beginning
- All about the human genome project from Genome.gov
- Animal genome size database
- Plant genome size databaseArchived2005-09-01 at theWayback Machine
- GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database
- The Genome News Network
- NCBI Entrez Genome Project database
- NCBI Genome Primer
- BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published
- Software that maps an Artificial Genome sequence to a Network and to a Lineage tree
- IMGThe integrated microbial genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI.