Mamluk Sultanate

Mamluk Sultanate
سلطنة المماليك (Arabic)
Salṭanat al-Mamālīk (Mamluk Sultanate)
دولة الأتراك‎ (Arabic)
Dawlat al-Atrāk (Turkic State)
دولة الجراكسة (Arabic)
Dawlat al-Jarākisa (Circassian State)
Mamluk Sultanate سلطنة المماليك (Arabic); Salṭanat al-Mamālīk (Mamluk Sultanate); دولة الأتراك‎ (Arabic); Dawlat al-Atrāk (Turkic State); دولة الجراكسة (Arabic); Dawlat al-Jarākisa (Circassian State)
1250–1517
	Flags according to the Catalan Atlas of c. 1375
	Attributed arms of the Mamluk Sultan; (by Mecia de Viladestes map, 1413)
	Extent of the Mamluk Sultanate under Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad
Capital	Cairo
Common languages	Arabic; Mamluk-Kipchak language; Circassian; Oghuz Turkic; Coptic Egyptian; Aramaic;
Religion	Sunni Islam (official religion); Shia Islam (Minority); Alawite (Minority); Christian (Minority); Jews (Minority);
Government	Sultanate under ceremonial Caliphate
Caliph
• 1261	Al-Mustansir (first)
• 1262–1302	Al-Hakim I
• 1406–1414	Abū al-Faḍl Al-Musta'in
• 1508–1516	Al-Mutawakkil III (last)
Sultan
• 1250	Shajar ad-Durr (first)
• 1250–1257	Izz al-Din Aybak
• 1260–1277	Baibars
• 1516–1517	Tuman bay II (last)
History
• Murder of Turanshah	2 May 1250
• Second Ottoman–Mamluk War	22 January 1517
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Abbasid Caliphate
	Ayyubid dynasty
	Kingdom of Jerusalem
	Principality of Antioch
	County of Tripoli
	Makuria
	Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
	Tahirids (Yemen)
Ottoman Empire

The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك, romanized: Salṭanat al-Mamālīk), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that controlled Egypt, The Levant, and Hejaz from 1250 to 1517.^[5]^[6]^[7] The first sultans (kings) of the Mamluk Sultanate were mamluks (slave-soldiers) in the armies of the Ayyubid dynasty. The Mamluk Sultanate was the strongest military power in the central Muslim world. They fended off the Mongols and exterminated the Crusaders in the Holy Land (The Levant).^[8] The Mamluk sultans also controlled south-eastern Asia Minor and western Arabia.^[8] Most of the sultanate's mamluks were Turkic people or Circassians.^[7]^[5] The Arabic language was the state's and the government's most important language. Most of the sultans carried Arabic names and were heavily Arabized.^[7]

References

↑ Rabbat 2001, p. 69.
↑ Fischel 1967, p. 72.
↑ Turan, Fikret; Boeschoten, Hendrik; Stein, Heidi (2007). "The Mamluks and Their Acceptance of Oghuz Turkish as Literary Language: Political Maneuver or Cultural Aspiration?". Turcologica. Harrassowitz.
↑ Stilt, Kristen (2011). Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-960243-8.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Keough, Leyla (2010). "Mamluk State". In Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.; Appiah, Kwame Anthony (eds.). Encyclopedia of Africa (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
↑ Kazhdan, Alexander P.; Talbot, Alice-Mary (2005) [1991]. "Mamlūks". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Mamluk". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). "Mamluks". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.

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[HNK-1] Rabbat 2001, p. 69.

[2] Fischel 1967, p. 72.

[3] Turan, Fikret; Boeschoten, Hendrik; Stein, Heidi (2007). "The Mamluks and Their Acceptance of Oghuz Turkish as Literary Language: Political Maneuver or Cultural Aspiration?". Turcologica. Harrassowitz.

[4] Stilt, Kristen (2011). Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-960243-8.

[:0-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Keough, Leyla (2010). "Mamluk State". In Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.; Appiah, Kwame Anthony (eds.). Encyclopedia of Africa (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

[6] Kazhdan, Alexander P.; Talbot, Alice-Mary (2005) [1991]. "Mamlūks". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.

[:1-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Mamluk". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.

[:2-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). "Mamluks". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.

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