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Felis catus
Various types of domestic cat
Domesticated
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Felis
Species:
F. catus[1]
Binomial name
Felis catus[1]
Synonyms
  • F. catus domesticusErxleben, 1777[2]
  • F. angorensisGmelin,1788
  • F. vulgarisFischer, 1829

Cats,also calleddomestic cats(Felis catus), are small,carnivorous(meat eating)mammals,of thefamilyFelidae.[3][4][5]Cats have beendomesticated(tamed) for nearly 10,000 years.[6]

Domestic cats may be called 'house cats' when kept as indoorpets.[7]They are one of the most popularpetsin the world.Humanskeep them for hunting mice and rats, and as friends. There are also farm cats, which keepmice and ratsaway; andferal cats,which are domestic cats that live away from humans.[8]In 2021, there were about 220 million pet cats and 480 million feral cats in the world.[9][10][11]

There are about 92 breeds of cat.[12]Domestic cats are found in shorthair, longhair, and hairless breeds. Cats which are not specific breeds can be referred to as 'domestic shorthair' (DSH) or 'domestic longhair' (DLH).

The word 'cat' is also used for otherfelines,likelions,tigers,leopards,jaguars,pumas,andcheetahs.

History of cats[change|change source]

Past range ofFelis silvestris.

In the past, mostly inEgypt,people kept cats because the cats hunted and atemiceandrats.The oldest evidence of cats kept as pets is from theMediterraneanisland ofCyprus,around 7500 BC.Ancient Egyptiansworshipped cats as gods, and oftenmummifiedthem so they could be with their owners "for all of eternity".

Today, people often keep cats as pets. There are also domestic cats which live without being cared for by people. These cats are called "feral cats" or "stray cats".

The cats started becoming pets when the ancient Egyptians were around.

Cat anatomy[change|change source]

Cats haveanatomysimilar to the other members of thegenusFelis.The genus has extra lumbar (lower back) and thoracic (chest)vertebrae.This helps explain why cats are very flexible. Unlike human arms, cat's front paws are attached to the shoulder by free-floatingclaviclebones. These allow cats to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their heads.[13]

The catskull,unlike mostmammals,has very large eye sockets and a powerful jaw.[14]: 35 Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spacedcanine teeth:this is anadaptationto their preferred prey of smallrodents.[15]Cats, like dogs, walk directly on their toes, with the bones of their feet making up the lower part of the visible leg.[16]

Cats walk very precisely. Unlike most mammals, when cats walk, they use a "pacing" gait (walking style); that is, they move the two legs on one side of the body before the legs on the other side. This trait is shared withcamelsandgiraffes.As a walk speeds up into atrot,a cat's gait will change to be a "diagonal"gait, similar to that of most other mammals: the diagonally opposite hind and forelegs will move at the same time.[17]Most cats have fiveclawson their front paws, and four on their rear paws.[18]On the inside of the front paws there is something which looks like a sixth "finger". This special feature on the inside of thewristsis the carpal pad. The carpal pad is also found on other cats and on dogs.

Behaviour[change|change source]

The cat in the middle is angry at the cat on the bottom. It is displaying a warning.
The stripes on this standard tabby cat help it hide in long grass and bushes. It's a kind ofcamouflage.

Cats are activecarnivores,meaning that in the wild they hunt live animals. They mostly hunt smallmammals(likemice). They will also sometimes huntbirds.Cats eat a wide variety of animals, includinginsectssuch as flies and grasshoppers.[19]Their main method of hunting isstalk and pounce.

The basic cat coat colouring,tabby(see top photo), makes it easy for the cat to hide ingrassandwoodland.The cat moves towards the animal it wants to hunt, keeping its body flat and near the ground so that it cannot be seen easily. When it is close enough, it runs towards the animal it is hunting and tries to jump on it. Cats, especially kittens, practice theseinstinctivebehaviours in play with each other or on small toys.

Cats can catch fish. They try to flip the fish out of the water and over the cat's shoulders using their front paw. Dutch research showed this to be aninnate(inherited) behaviour pattern which developed early and without the mother teaching it.[20]

Cats are quiet and well-behaved animals, making them popular pets. Young kittens are playful. They can easily entertain themselves with a variety of store-bought or homemade toys. House cats have also been known to teach themselves to use lever-type doorknobs and toilet handles.[21]

Cats areindependentanimals. They can look after themselves and do not need as much attention as dogs do.

Communication[change|change source]

Cats use many different sounds forcommunication,includingmeowing,purring,trilling, hissing, growling, squeaking,chirping,clickingand grunting.[22]Feral cats are usually silent.[23]: 208 

A domestic cat purring
Problems playing this file? Seemedia help.

Body postureis also used to communicate. The position of their ears and tail are especially important in communication. A raised tail is usually friendly, and flattened ears are angry.[24]Cats will often touch noses when they meet each other.[25]

Mating[change|change source]

Cats only mate when the female cat is "in heat". Heat periods happen about every two weeks and last four to six days.[26]Several male cats may be attracted to a female cat in heat. The males will fight over her, and the winner wins the right to mate. At first, the female will reject the male, but eventually the female will allow the male to mate. The female will utter a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her. This is because a male cat'spenishas a band of about 120-150 backwards-pointing spines, which are about onemillimeterlong.[27]When the penis is withdrawn, the spines rake the walls of the female'svagina,which is a trigger forovulation.[28]After mating, the female will wash hervulvathoroughly. If a male attempts to breed with her at this point, the female will attack him. After about 20 to 30 minutes, once the female is finished grooming, the cycle will repeat.[26]

Because ovulation is not always triggered, females may not getpregnantby the first cat which mates with them.[29]A female cat may mate with more than one cat when she is in heat, and different kittens in a litter may have different fathers.[26]The cycle ceases when the female cat is pregnant.

Thegestationperiod for cats is about two months, with an average length of 66 days.[30]The size of alitteris usually three to five kittens. Kittens areweanedat between six and seven weeks, and cats normally reach sexual maturity at 5–10 months (females) and to 5–7 months (males).[26]Females can have two to three litters per year, so might have up to 150 kittens in their breeding life of about ten years.[26]

Birth and after[change|change source]

Pregnant females ( "queens" ) deliver their litters by themselves, guided byinstinct.The queen finds the safest place she can. Then she will clean it thoroughly, with her tongue, if necessary. Here she will quietly give birth. She licks the newborn kits clean. In the wild, leaving a scent is risking a dangerous encounter with other animals. The kits are bornblindand with closed eyes. Theysuckleon her teats, and sleep a good deal. After two weeks or so, their eyes open. At that stage they have blue eyes, but not the best sight. A bit later, the best developed kit will totter out of the nest. The others follow. They will soon recognize you as a living thing: that is a great moment. At first, they go back to the nest to feed and sleep. After some more days they leave the nest for good, but still they may sleep together in a 'kitten heap'.[31]

Kitten with string

Kittens play endlessly. It is how they do their learning. They will play their favourite games, such as 'hide and pounce', with almost anyone or anything. Soft balls on strings are a standard toy; so is a scratching post.

With cats there is a limit to how far you can train them. They are at least as intelligent as dogs, but they are not pack animals. They like to do their own thing, and owners do best by fitting in.[32]

Grooming[change|change source]

Cats are very clean animals. They groom themselves by licking theirfur.The cat's tongue can act as a hairbrush and can clean and untangle a cat's fur. Still, owners may buy grooming products to help the cat care for itself. After licking their fur, cats sometimes get hairballs. A hairball is a small amount of fur that isvomitedup by animals when it becomes too big. Owners brush their cats to try to prevent a lot of hairballs. Cats have four toes on their back feet, while their front feet have five. There are 12 hairs on the right and left side of the cat's face.

Food[change|change source]

Many house cats eat food which their owners give them. This food ismanufactured,and designed to contain the propernutrientsfor cats. There are many different types of cat food. These come in many different flavors and costs are often very small.

There is moist canned food and also dry cat food which comes in different sized cans or bags and formulas. There are all kinds of formulae. It seems obvious that the food should be mostly meat, as that is most of a cat's natural diet. But remember, when they catchmice,they also eat the bones. So there is need for formulas to have more than just meat.

Cats should not be fed a daily diet of dog food. It could make the cat blind, as it has notaurine,which is a nutrient for the eyes that cats cannot make for themselves.

Cats cannot taste sweet foods (withsugar) because of amutation(change) in their ancestors which removed the ability to taste sweet things.

Health[change|change source]

A very young kitten. Its eyes are just open, but it cannot yet see properly.

In 2023, pet cats lived for, on average, 13 years.[33][34]This has increased from seven years in the 1980s.[35]: 33 [36]The oldest cat ever lived to 38.[37]

Cats that roam outside will getfleasat some time. Cat fleas will not live on people, but fleas will not hesitate to bite anyone nearby. Vets have a good product which they put just behind the cat's upper neck, where it can't be licked off.

Cats kept indoors most of the time are kept from danger from the outside. That is obvious, but its own nature is be free to wander.

House cats can become overweight through lack of exercise and over-feeding. When they getspayedor neutered ( "fixed" ), they tend to exercise less. If a male cat is not neutered, it develops a disgusting smell. Neutering can make cats live longer.[38]

Kittens are sometimes born with unusual traits. Some are serious problems, many of which are similar to humangenetic disorders.Others are harmless, likepolydactyly.Most cats have only four to five toes on each paw. Polydactyl cats have six, seven, or sometimes even more. These cats can also be calledHemingway catsbecause authorErnest Hemingwayowned cats like these.

References[change|change source]

  1. ↑Linnaeus, C. (1758)."Felis Catus".Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonyms, locis(in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 42.
  2. ↑Erxleben, J. C. P. (1777)."Felis Catus domesticus".Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm synonymia et historia animalivm. Classis I. Mammalia.Lipsiae: Weygandt. pp. 520–521.
  3. ↑Linnaeus, C. (1758)."Felis Catus".Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis(in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 42.
  4. ↑Wozencraft, W. C. (2005)."SpeciesFelis catus".In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.).Mammal Species of the World(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 534–535.ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0.OCLC62265494.
  5. ↑The secret life of cats. 2023.National Geographicreissue. [can be recommended]
  6. ↑"Oldest known pet cat? 9500-year-old burial found on Cyprus".National Geographic News. 2004-04-08.Retrieved2007-03-06.
  7. ↑Clutton-Brock, J. (1999) [1987]."Cats".A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals(Second ed.). Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press.pp. 133–140.ISBN978-0-521-63495-3.OCLC39786571.
  8. ↑Liberg, O.; Sandell, M.; Pontier, D. & Natoli, E. (2000)."Density, spatial organisation and reproductive tactics in the domestic cat and other felids".In Turner, D. C. & Bateson, P. (eds.).The domestic cat: the biology of its behaviour(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147.ISBN9780521636483.
  9. ↑"Statistics on cats".carocat.eu.2021.Archivedfrom the original on 25 February 2021.Retrieved15 February2021.
  10. ↑Rostami, A. (2020). "30". In Bowman, D. D. (ed.).Toxocara and Toxocariasis.Elsevier Science. p. 616.ISBN9780128209585.
  11. ↑Flatt Osborn, Jen (23 September 2023)."How Many Cats Are in the World? A Statistical Overview".WorldAnimalFoundation.org.Retrieved26 October2023.
  12. ↑Driscoll, C. A.; Clutton-Brock, J.; Kitchener, A. C. & O'Brien, S. J. (2009)."The taming of the cat".Scientific American.300(6): 68–75.Bibcode:2009SciAm.300f..68D.doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0609-68(inactive 2024-01-23).PMC5790555.PMID19485091.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  13. ↑Gillis, Rick, ed. (22 July 2002)."Cat skeleton".Zoolab: a website for animal biology.La Crosse, WI: University of Wisconsin. Archived fromthe originalon 6 December 2006.Retrieved7 September2012.
  14. ↑Case, Linda P. (2003).The cat: its behavior, nutrition, and health.Ames, IA: Iowa State University Pr.ISBN0-8138-0331-4.
  15. ↑Smith, Patricia; Tchernov, Eitan (1992).Structure, function and evolution of teeth.Freund Publishing House Ltd. p. 217.ISBN965-222-270-4.
  16. ↑Lacquaniti, F.; Grasso, R.; Zago, M. (1999). "Motor patterns in walking".News Physiol. Sci.14(4): 168–174.doi:10.1152/physiologyonline.1999.14.4.168.PMID11390844.S2CID9570415.
  17. ↑Christensen, Wendy (2004).Outwitting cats.Globe Pequot. p. 23.ISBN1-59228-240-7.
  18. ↑Danforth, C.H. (1947)."Heredity of polydactyly in the cat"(PDF).Journal of Heredity.38(4): 107–112.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105701.PMID20242531.
  19. ↑Pond G. & Dineen J.The family library of cats.London: Octopus, p47.
  20. ↑Morris D. 1986.Catwatching: the essential guide to cat behaviour.London: Cape, p72/3.
  21. ↑Nick Sayer (19 April 2006)."Gizmo Flushes"– via YouTube.
  22. ↑"Meows mean more to cat lovers".Channel3000. Archived fromthe originalon 2003-08-04.Retrieved2006-06-14.
  23. ↑Jensen, P. (2009).The Ethology of Domestic Animals."Modular Text" series. Wallingford, England: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International.ISBN9781845935368.
  24. ↑Cafazzo, S.; Natoli, E. (2009). "The Social Function of Tail Up in the Domestic Cat (Felis silvestris catus) ".Behavioural Processes.80(1): 60–66.doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2008.09.008.PMID18930121.S2CID19883549.
  25. ↑Crowell-Davis, S. L.; Curtis, T. M.; Knowles, R. J. (2004)."Social Organization in the Cat: A Modern Understanding"(PDF).Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery.6(1): 19–28.doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2003.09.013.PMID15123163.S2CID25719922.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 July 2011.
  26. ↑26.026.126.226.326.4"Prolific cats: the estrous cycle"(PDF).Veterinary Learning Systems. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 6 December 2019.Retrieved19 June2009.
  27. ↑Aronson L.R.; Cooper M.L (1967)."Penile spines of the domestic cat: their endocrine-behavior relations"(PDF).Anat. Rec.157(1): 71–8.doi:10.1002/ar.1091570111.ISSN0003-276X.PMID6030760.S2CID13070242.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2017-06-20.Retrieved2009-10-01.
  28. ↑Trigger: in the sense ofan event which starts other events.
  29. ↑Wildt, D. E.; Seager, S. W. J.; Chakraborty, P. K. (October 1980)."Effect of copulatory stimuli on incidence of ovulation and on serum luteinizing hormone in the cat*".Endocrinology.107(4): 1212–1217.doi:10.1210/endo-107-4-1212.ISSN0013-7227.PMID7190893.
  30. ↑Tsutsui T. and Stabenfeldt G.H (1993). "Biology of ovarian cycles, pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the domestic cat".J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl.47:29–35.ISSN0449-3087.PMID8229938.
  31. ↑How to look after your cat:there are two books with this title, as follows. 1. by Colin and Jacqui Hawkins, Walker Books, 1996. 2. by Alan Edwards, Southwater, 2006.
  32. ↑Gallico, Paul.The silent miaow: a cat's eye view of Homo sapiens.Heinemann, London.
  33. ↑O'Neill, Dan G; Church, David B; McGreevy, Paul D; Thomson, Peter C; Brodbelt, David C (2014)."Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England".Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery.17(2): 125–133.doi:10.1177/1098612X14536176.PMID24925771.
  34. ↑Montoya, M.; Morrison, J. A.; Arrignon, F.; Spofford, N.; C., H.; Hours, M.-A.; Biourge, V. (2023)."Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data".Frontiers in Veterinary Science.10:1082102.doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102.PMC9989186.PMID36896289.
  35. ↑Kraft, W. (1998). "Geriatrics in canine and feline internal medicine".European Journal of Medical Research.3(1–2): 31–41.PMID9512965.
  36. ↑Nassar, R.; Mosier, J. E.; Williams, L. W. (1984)."Study of the feline and canine populations in the greater Las Vegas area".American Journal of Veterinary Research.45(2): 282–287.PMID6711951.
  37. ↑Glenday, C. (2010).Guinness World Records(reprint ed.).Bantam Books.p. 320.ISBN9780553593372.
  38. ↑Kraft, W. (1998). "Geriatrics in canine and feline internal medicine".European Journal of Medical Research.3(1–2): 31–41.PMID9512965.

[1]

  1. ↑Rochlitz, Irene (2005-09)."A review of the housing requirements of domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) kept in the home".Applied Animal Behaviour Science.93(1–2): 97–109.doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.002.{{cite journal}}:Check date values in:|date=(help)
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