Cognitive dissonance

"The Fox and the Grapes"byAesop.When the fox fails to reach the grapes, he decides he does not want them after all. Rationalization (making excuses) is often involved in reducing anxiety about conflicting cognitions.

Cognitive dissonanceis a concept insocial psychology.People who holdconflicting(very different)ideas,beliefsorvaluesat the same time often feel cognitive dissonance. In this state, people may feel surprise,dread,guilt,anger,orembarrassment.Reacting to this bad feeling, people have amotivational drive(want) to reduce dissonance.

Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance was developed to predict and explain how people react to this situation.

Cognitive dissonance theory says that people have abiasto search consonance between their expectations and reality. According to Festinger, people do something he called "dissonance reduction". This can happen in one of three ways:

1. lowering the importance of one of the discordant factors,
2. adding consonant elements, or
3. changing one of the dissonant factors.This bias sheds light on otherwise puzzling, irrational, and even destructive behavior.

People in dissonance may change their feelings, thoughts or memories so they are less in conflict. However, often they do not, and instead set out tomanipulatethe social scene around them so that their embarrassment is less. For example, they may try to explain away the dissonance with a wider theory or they may intensify their efforts atpersuasionandpublicityso that others join them in their beliefs.

Case study

Festinger's bookWhen Prophecy Failsis the story of how acultleader reacted when herprophecyofdoomfailed.

Festinger and his associates read an interesting item in their local newspaper: "Prophecy from planet Clarion call to city: flee that flood". The prophecy came fromDorothy Martin(1900–1992), aChicagohousewife who experimented withautomatic writing.She had previously been involved withL. Ron Hubbard'sDianeticsmovement, and her cult incorporated ideas from what was to becomeScientology.

The group of believers had taken steps which showed their commitment to the belief. They had left jobs, college, andspouses,and had given away money and possessions. They prepared for their departure on aflying saucer,which was to rescue the group of true believers. She claimed to have received a message from a fictional planet named Clarion. These messages revealed that the world would end in a greatfloodbeforedawnon December 21, 1954.

After the failure of the prediction, Dorothy Martin left Chicago after being threatened with arrest andinvoluntary commitment.She later founded the Association of Sananda and Sanat Kumara. Under the name 'Sister Thedra', she continued to practicechannelingand to participate incontacteegroups until her death in 1992.The Association is active to this day.

Sequence of events

Festinger and his colleaguesinfiltratedMartin's group and reported the following sequence of events:

• Before December 20. The group shuns publicity. Interviews are given only grudgingly. Access to her house is only for those who can convince the group that they are true believers. The group evolves a belief system—provided by the automatic writing from the planet Clarion—to explain the details of the cataclysm, the reason for its occurrence, and the manner in which the group would be saved from the disaster.
• December 20. The group expects a visitor fromouter spaceto call upon them at midnight and to escort them to a waiting spacecraft. As instructed, the group goes to great lengths to remove all metallic items from their persons. As midnight approaches, zippers, bra straps, and other objects are discarded. The group waits.
• 12:05 A.M., December 21. No visitor. Someone in the group notices that another clock in the room shows 11:55. The group agrees that it is not yet midnight.
• 12:10 A.M. The second clock strikes midnight. Still no visitor. The group sits in stunned silence. The cataclysm itself is no more than seven hours away.
• 4:00 A.M. The group has been sitting in stunned silence. A few attempts at finding explanations have failed. One member begins to cry.
• 4:45 A.M. Another message by automatic writing is sent to Martin. It states, in effect, that the God of Earth has decided to spare the planet from destruction. The cataclysm has been called off: "The little group, sitting all night long, had spread so much light that God had saved the world from destruction".
• Afternoon, December 21. Newspapers are called; interviews are sought. In a reversal of its previous distaste for publicity, the group begins an urgent campaign to spread its message to as broad anaudienceas possible.

The experiences supported the idea that the group did have a bias to seek consonance between their expectations and reality. In fact, events had proved conclusively the falsehood of their ideas, but the group rearranged their explanations to give themselves the least psychological pain.