Egypt

For the ancient civilization, seeAncient Egypt.

Egyptian Republic الجمهورية المصرية(Arabic) Jumhūrīyat Miṣr
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem:"Bilady, Bilady, Bilady" "بلادي، بلادي، بلادي" (English:"My country, my country, my country")
Location of the Egyptian Republic
Capital and largest city	Cairo 30°2′N31°13′E
Official languages	Coptic Arabic
Recognised national languages	Egyptian Arabic
Other languages	English French German
Religion	Islam50% (mostlySunni) Christianity50% (Coptic)
Demonym(s)	Egyptian
Government	Unitarysemi-presidential republic
•President	Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
•Prime Minister	Moustafa Madbouly
•House Speaker	Ali Abdel Aal
Legislature	Parliament
•Upper house	National senate
•Lower house	House of the Representatives
Establishment
• Unification ofUpper and Lower Egypt	c.3150 BC
• Muhammad Ali dynasty inaugurated	9 July 1805
•Independencefrom United Kingdom	28 February 1922
•Revolution Day	23 July 1952
• Republic declared	18 June 1953
•Current constitution	18 January 2014
Area
• Total	1,010,408km2(390,121 sq mi) (29th)
• Water (%)	0.632
Population
• 2024 estimate	100,075,480(13th)
•2024census	114,484,252 (14th)
• Density	100/km2(259.0/sq mi) (83rd)
GDP(PPP)	2019 estimate
• Total	$1.391 trillion(19th)
• Per capita	$14,023(94th)
GDP(nominal)	2019 estimate
• Total	$1.7 trillion(27th)
• Per capita	$16,037.73(126th)
Gini(2015)	31.8 medium·51st
HDI(2024)	0.728 high·105th
Currency	Egyptian pound(E£) (EGP)
Time zone	UTC+2(EET)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+20
ISO 3166 code	EG
Internet TLD	.eg مصر.
Website Egypt
^Literary Arabicis the sole official language.Egyptian Arabicis thespoken language.Otherdialects and minority languagesare spoken regionally. ^"Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation".Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. ^SeeDaylight saving time in Egypt.

Egypt,officially theEgyptian Republicis acountrylocated mostly in northeastAfricabut partly in theMiddle East.Egypt's capital city isCairo.Egypt is famous for itsancientmonuments,such as thePyramidsand theSphinx.

History

Ancient Egypthas one of the longest histories of any country in the world as it used to be ruled bypharaohs.As a province of theRoman Empire,it became Christian and someCoptsremained despite over a thousand years of Muslim rule. TheFatimid Caliphateruled Egypt in the tenth through twelfth centuries.Mamlukesruled it until 1798 whenNapoleondefeated them.Muhammad Ali Pashasoon took over and started adynastyofKhedivesunder theOttoman Empire.The Empire fell apart afterWorld War I.Egypt became an independent country in 1922 and the khedive became a king. Egypt is a member of theUnited Nationsand theArab League.It became arepublicafter the Army'srevolutionof 1952.

Geography

Egypt is a large country, but a large portion of it isdesert.Most people (95% of Egypt's total people) live in areas around the coast of theMediterranean Seaand along theNileRiver. This includes the cities ofCairo,Alexandria,Aswan,andPort Said.Not many people live in the desert. Today, Egypt has about 90 million people.

Egypt is divided into 29 areas, calledGovernorates of Egypt.

Politics

Egypt is a country that has had many different rulers and many political systems. AfterWorld War II,Egypt was still ruled by a king,Farouk of Egypt(11 February 1920 – 18 March 1965). He was the last ruler of theMuhammad Alidynasty.

Farouk was overthrown on 23 July 1952 by a militarycoup.The coup was led by Muhammad Naguib, andGamal Abdel Nasser.From then on, Egypt had military rulers or rulers who had the backing of the army and many citizens.

Nasser became president, from 1956 to 1970. Later rulers wereAnwar Sadat,andHosni Mubarak.

Abdel Fattah el-Sisibecame president in 2014.

Revolutionof 2011

See the main article:2011 Egyptian revolution

In January 2011, thousands ofprotestersgathered inCairo.They wantedHosni Mubarakto leave office. He had been thePresidentfor almost 30 years. On February 11, 2011,Vice PresidentOmar Suleimanmade an announcement. He said that Mubarak agreed to leave office.In 2012, Egypt had a democratic election for the post of President. The winner was theMuslim Brotherhoodcandidate,Mohamed Morsi.

The events which followed are still controversial, but one aspect stands out. Morsi issued a declaration that in effect gave him unlimited powers. He had the power to legislate (make laws) without legal overview by the courts. This caused widespread protests. On 3 July 2013, he was unseated by a military coup council (acoup d'état). After an election in June 2014,Abdel Fattah el-Sisibecame President of Egypt. Islamist movements, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, rejected the change of regime as a military coup, and not democratic.

Demographics

Religion

Today, the people of Egypt are mostlySunni Muslims.There are many Christians in Egypt today. Many of these belong to theCoptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria.

Languages

The official language in Egypt isArabic.The majority speak Egyptian Arabic but many speak other dialects. Some Egyptians still speakCopticandEnglish.They also speak French and German in Egypt. These are taught in Egypt as additional languages.

Famous people

Many famous people are from Egypt. Some of these includeOmar Sharif,who was an international actor,Boutros Boutros-Ghali,who was the first person fromAfricato lead theUnited Nations,and fourNobel Prizewinners:Anwar Sadat,who won theNobel Peace Prizein 1978,Naguib Mahfouz,who won theNobel Prize in Literaturein 1988,Ahmed Zewail,who won theNobel Prize in Chemistryin 1999, andMohamed ElBaradei,who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005.Mohamed Salahis a famous footballer who plays for Liverpool in England. A famous Egyptian singer is called Amr Diab.

Governorates

Egypt is divided into 27governorates.The governorates are divided into regions. The regions have towns and villages. Each governorate has a capital. Sometimes capital has the same name as the governorate.

Governorate Capital Location Alexandria Alexandria Northern Aswan Aswan Upper Asyut Asyut Upper Beheira Damanhur Lower Beni Suef Beni Suef Upper Cairo Cairo Middle Dakahlia Mansura Lower Damietta Damietta Lower Faiyum Faiyum Upper Gharbia Tanta Lower Giza Giza Upper Ismailia Ismailia Canal Kafr el-Sheikh Kafr el-Sheikh Lower Luxor Luxor Upper

Governorate Capital Location Matruh Mersa Matruh Western Minya Minya Upper Monufia Shibin el-Kom Lower New Valley Kharga Western North Sinai Arish Sinai Port Said Port Said Canal Qalyubia Banha Lower Qena Qena Upper Red Sea Hurghada Eastern Sharqia Zagazig Upper Sohag Sohag Upper South Sinai el-Tor Sinai Suez Suez Canal

Culture

Egypt is a country with an immense cultural mix. Life in the countryside differs from life in large cities. There are differences between the families which are Muslim, and the smaller number which areCoptic Christians.There are noticeable differences in the standards of education.

Tourism

Pyramid of Menkaure

Tourism is one of the most important national incomes in Egypt. In 2008, about 12 million tourists visited Egypt providing nearly $12 billion of national income to Egypt. Tourism affects the economy of the country as a whole.

Giza Necropolisis one of Egypt's iconic sites. It is a popular destination for tourists to visit. It includes theGreat Pyramid of Giza,one of theSeven Wonders of the World.

Transport

There are methods of transport in Egypt. TheSuez Canalcarries ships of many countries.

Cairo Metro, Sadat Station

Cairo Metrois one of the most important projects in Egypt. It consists of 3 lines. Metro is the most preferable transport in Egypt due to persistent major traffic jams in the streets of Cairo.Metro line 4 is being developed to reach the New Cairo District.

Egypt establishedEgyptAirin 1932. The airline is based inCairo International Airportand is owned by the Egyptian government

Egyptian Armed Forces

The Egyptian Armed Forces are the defense forces of the Republic of Egypt. They consist of the Egyptian Air Force, Egyptian Navy, Egyptian Army, and the Egyptian Air Defense Forces. It is ranked 8th in the world. It is the strongest military force in the Arab world and Africa.

Other websites

• Media related toEgyptat Wikimedia Commons
• Egypttravel guide from Wikivoyage