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State of Eritrea
ሃገረ ኤርትራHagere Ertra
دولة إرترياDawlat Iritriyā
Emblem of Eritrea
Emblem
Anthem:ኤርትራ ኤርትራ ኤርትራ(Tigrinya)
"Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea"
Location of Eritrea
Capital
and largest city
Asmara
Official languagesTigrinya[1]
Arabic[1]
English[1][2]
Ethnic groups
(2012[3])
55%Tigrinya
30%Tigre
4%Saho
2%Kunama
2%Rashaida
2%Bilen
5% othera
Demonym(s)Eritrean
GovernmentUnitarysingle-partypresidentialrepublicunder antotalitariandictatorship
Isaias Afewerki
Independence
• FromItaly
November 1941
1951
May 24, 1991
May 24, 1993
Area
• Total
117,600 km2(45,400 sq mi) (101st)
• Water (%)
0.14%
Population
• 2012 estimate
6,086,495 (107th)
• 2008 census
5,291,370
• Density
51.8/km2(134.2/sq mi) (154th)
GDP(PPP)2012 estimate
• Total
$4.397 billion[4]
• Per capita
$777[4]
GDP(nominal)2012 estimate
• Total
$3.108 billion[4]
• Per capita
$549[4]
HDI(2011)Steady0.349
low·177th
CurrencyNakfa(ERN)
Time zoneUTC+3(EAT)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3(not observed)
Driving sideright
Calling code291
ISO 3166 codeER
Internet TLD.er
  1. Afar,Beni-Amer,Nara.
  2. Working languages only.[5]
Amapof Eritrea

Eritreais a country on theeasterncoast ofAfrica.Its official name isThe State of Eritrea.

Part of a series on the
Habesha Community
ሐበሻ | Habesha
Ethiopia/Eritrea|Arms of the flag of Eritrea/Lion of Judah
National origin groups
Ethnic groups
Homeland Regions
Historical Kingdoms
Diaspora Communities
Religions
Religions
Christianity in Ethiopia and Eritreaand in the Habesha Community
Languages
Major Languages
Native Languages
Foreign & Diaspora Languages
Related national groups
History
Lists


Geography

[change|change source]
Eritrean highlands.

Eritrea is located on thecoastof theRed Sea.It is north of theBab-el-Mandeband theHorn of Africa.Eritrea has borders with the countries ofSudan,Ethiopia,andDjibouti.The landareaof Eritrea is 101,000 km², and it is one of the smallest countries in Africa.[51]

History

[change|change source]

Eritrea became anindependentcountry on May 24, 1993.[51]It is one of the newest countries in the world.

Many different countries have ruled the land that is now called Eritrea. Between 1885 and 1941 it was acolonyofItaly.Between 1941 and 1952, theUnited Nationsput it under the protection of theUnited Kingdom.After 1952, Eritrea became a part ofEthiopia.[51]This was the reason for a longcivil warbetween the Eritreans and the government of Ethiopia.

Eventually, in 1993, Eritrea became an independent country after avoteby its people.[51]

Eritreans

[change|change source]

Eritreansare the native inhabitants of Eritrea, as well as the global diaspora of Eritreans displaced by theEritrean War of Independenceand seeking refuge from human rights violations by the Eritrean government. Eritreans constituteseveral component ethnic groups,many of which are closely related to ethnic groups inEthiopiaand other parts of theHorn of Africa.

The Eritrean national identity began to develop during theScramble for Africa,whenItalyclaimed Eritrea as one of its colonies. This marked the establishment of Eritrea's present-day borders.[52]Following Italy's defeat inWorld War IIand the subsequentBritishadministration of Eritrea, the former colony wasfederated with Ethiopiain 1952. Tensions increased through the 1950s between Eritreans wishing for independence and the Ethiopian government, culminating in the Eritrean War of Independence.

Component Ethnicities

[change|change source]
Eritreans
Total population
Eritrea: 3.6–6.7 million[53][54]
Eritrean diaspora: ≥600,000
Regions with significant populations
Eritrea3.6–6.7 million[53][54]
Ethiopia179,276[55]
Sudan159,748(Eritrean-born)[56]
Germany84,000(Eritrean citizens)[57]
Uganda49,913[58]
Sweden49,636[59]
United States47,449[60][61][62]
Switzerland42,978[63]
Canada36,290[64]
EnglandandWales24,812[65]
Israel20,500[66]
Norway19,957[67]
United Arab Emirates17,916(Eritrean-born)[56]
Italy13,592(Eritrean-born)[56]
Australia9,383[68]
Denmark8,060[69]
Kuwait4,725(Eritrean-born)[56]
South Sudan3,318(Eritrean-born)[56]
Egypt2,368(Eritrean-born)[56]
Netherlands2,150(Eritrean-born)[56]
Kenya2,127(Eritrean-born)[56]
Libya1,983(Eritrean-born)[56]
Qatar1,854(Eritrean-born)[56]
Finland1,642[70]
South Africa1,604(Eritrean-born)[56]
Bahrain1,550(Eritrean-born)[56]
Greece1,055[71]
Yemen1,009(Eritrean-born)[56]
Lithuania55(Eritrean-citizens)[72]
Languages
Tigrinya,Tigre,Kunama,Bilen,Nara,Saho,Afar,Beja,and otherLanguages of Eritrea
Religion
Christian(Eritrean Orthodox,P'ent'ay,Catholic,Protestant),Muslim,Animism[73][74]
Related ethnic groups
Ethiopians,Djiboutians,Somalis,otherHorn Africans,and otherAfro-AsiaticandNilo-Saharanpopulations.

Tigrinya

[change|change source]
See the main article:Tigrinya people

The majority of theTigrinyainhabit the highlands of Eritrea; however, migration to other parts of the country has occurred. Their language is calledTigrinya.They are the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting about 60% of the population.[75]The predominantly Tigrinya populated urban centers in Eritrea are the capitalAsmara,Mendefera,Dekemhare,Adi Keyh,Adi QualaandSenafe,while there is a significant population of Tigrinya in other cities includingKeren,andMassawa.

They are 96% Christians, (of which 90% are of theEritrean Orthodoxfaith, 5%Roman CatholicandEastern Catholic(whose mass is held inGe'ezas opposed to Latin), and 5% belonging to variousProtestantand other Christian denominations, the majority of which belong to the (Lutheran) Evangelical Church of Eritrea).

Tigre

[change|change source]
See the main article:Tigre people

The Tigre reside in the western lowlands in Eritrea. Many also migrated to Sudan at the time of the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict and lived there since. They are a nomadic and pastoralist people, related to theTigrinyaand to theBeja people.They are a predominantly Muslim nomadic people who inhabit the northern, western, and coastal lowlands of Eritrea, where they constitute 30% of local residents.[75]Some also inhabit areas in eastern Sudan. 95% of the Tigre people adhere to the Islamic religionSunni Islam,but there are a small number of Christians among them as well (often referred to as the Mensaï in Eritrea). Their language is calledTigre.

Jeberti

[change|change source]

TheJeberti peoplein Eritrea trace descent from early Muslim adherents. The termJebertiis also locally sometimes used to generically refer to all Islamic inhabitants of thehighlands.[76]The Jeberti in Eritrea speakArabicandTigrinya.[77]They account for about 4% of the Tigrinya speakers in the nation.

Afar

[change|change source]
See the main article:Afar people

According to the CIA, the Afar constitute under 5% of the nation's population.[75]They live in theDebubawi Keyih Bahri Regionof Eritrea, as well as theAfar Regionin Ethiopia, andDjibouti.They speak theAfar languageas a mother tongue, and are predominantly Muslim. Afars in Eritrea number about 397,000 individuals, the smallest population out of the countries they reside in. In Djibouti, there are about 780,000 group members, and in Ethiopia, they number approximately 1,300,000.

Saho

[change|change source]
See the main article:Saho people

The Saho represent 4% of Eritrea's population.[75]They principally reside in theDebubawi Keyih Bahri Regionand theNorthern Red Sea Regionof Eritrea. Their language is calledSaho.They are predominantly Muslim, although a few Christians known as theIroblive in theDebub Regionof Eritrea and theTigray regionof Ethiopia.

Bilen

[change|change source]
See the main article:Bilen people

The Bilen in Eritrea represent around 2% of the country's population.[75]They are primarily concentrated in the north-central areas, in and around the city ofKeren,and south towardsAsmara,the nation's capital. Many of them entered Eritrea from Kush (central Sudan) in the 8th century and settled at Merara, after which they went to Lalibela and Lasta. The Bilen then returned to Axum in Ethiopia'sTigray Province,and battled with the natives; in the resulting aftermath, the Bilen returned to their main base at Merara. The Bilen include adherents of bothIslamandChristianity.They speak theBilenas a mother tongue. Christian adherents are mainly urban and have intermingled with the Tigrinya who live in the area. Muslim adherents are mainly rural and have interbred with the adjacent Tigre.

Beja

[change|change source]
See the main article:Beja people

The Beja in Eritrea, orHedareb,constitute under 5% of local residents.[75]They mainly live along the north-western border with Sudan. Group members are predominantly Muslim and communicate inHedarebas a first or second language. The Beja also include theBeni-Amer people,who have retained their nativeBeja languagealongside Hedareb.

Kunama

[change|change source]
See the main article:Kunama people

According to the CIA, the Kunama constitute around 2% of Eritrea's population.[75]They mainly live in the country'sGash Barka Region,as well as in adjacent parts of Ethiopia'sTigray Region.Many of them reside in the contested border village ofBadme.Their language is calledKunama.Although some Kunama still practice traditional beliefs, most are converts to either Christianity (Roman Catholic and Protestant) or Islam.

Nara

[change|change source]
See the main article:Nara people

The Nara represent under 5% of the nation's population.[75]They principally reside along the south-western border with Sudan and Ethiopia. They are generally Muslim, with a few Christians and some practising their indigenous beliefs. Their language is calledNara.

Rashaida Arabs in Eritrean

[change|change source]
See the main article:Rashaida people

The Rashaida are one of Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups. They represent around 2% of the population of Eritrea.[75]The Rashaida reside in the northern coastal lowlands of Eritrea and the northern eastern coasts of Sudan. They are predominantly Muslim and are the only ethnic group in Eritrea to haveArabicas their communal language, specifically theHejazi dialect.The Rashaida first came to Eritrea in the 19th century from the Arabian Coast.[78]

Italians in Eritrea

[change|change source]
See the main article:Italian Eritreans

A few monolingualItalian Eritreansremain. As of 2008, they were estimated at 900 people, down from around 38,000 residents at the end of World War II. They contributed with the development of the Eritrean language with a local "Pidgin".[79]

Eritrean diaspora

[change|change source]

Government

[change|change source]

Eritrea is known for being the most oppressive country in Africa, sometimes considered to be the "North Korea of Africa".[80]The nation has been accused of many human rights violations, severely limited freedoms, and many arbitrary (made-up) arrests.

Administrative divisions

[change|change source]

Eritrea is divided into six administrative regions. These areas are then divided into 58 districts.

A map of Eritrea regions. 1.Northern Red Sea, 2.Anseba, 3.Gash-Barka, 4.Central(to right), 5.Southern, 6.Southern Red Sea
Regions of Eritrea
Region Area (km2) Population Capital
Central 1,300 1,053,254 Asmara
Anseba 23,200 893,587 Keren
Gash-Barka 33,200 1,103,742 Barentu
Southern 8,000 1,476,765 Mendefera
Northern Red Sea 27,800 897,454 Massawa
Southern Red Sea 27,600 398,073 Assab

Culture

[change|change source]

Thepopulationof Eritrea is about 3.6 million.[51]About 0.5 million people live in Asmara. People from Eritrea are calledEritreans.Most of them speakTigrinyaorTigreas their firstlanguage.The people usually use Tigrinya orArabicfor official business.

Eritrea has nine ethnic groups. These are the Afar people, the Bilen people, the Hedareb people, the Kunama, the Nara, the Rashaida, the Saho, the Tigre, and Tigray-Tigrinya.

Thecurrencyof Eritrea is called theNakfa.Eritrea is a very poor country. Almost half of Eritrea'seconomycomes from Eritreans who live abroad. They send money home to their families. Most of the rest comes fromfarming.

Footballandcyclingare the most popular sports in Eritrea. In recent years, Eritrean athletes have also seen increasing success in the international arena.

[change|change source]

References

[change|change source]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toEritrea.
  1. ↑1.01.11.2Hailemariam, Chefena; Kroon, Sjaak; Walters, Joel (1999)."Multilingualism and Nation Building: Language and Education in Eritrea"(PDF).Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development.20(6): 474–493.doi:10.1080/01434639908666385.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 23, 2015.RetrievedApril 4,2012.
  2. ↑EritreaArchived2020-05-15 at theWayback Machine.CIA – The World Factbook. cia.gov. Retrieved on June 25, 2012.
  3. ↑CIA – Eritrea – Ethnic groupsArchived2019-01-06 at theWayback Machine.Cia.gov. Retrieved on June 25, 2012.
  4. ↑4.04.14.24.3"Eritrea".International Monetary Fund.RetrievedApril 18,2012.
  5. ↑"ERITREA AT A GLANCE".October 1, 2009. Archived fromthe originalon March 3, 2012.RetrievedApril 4,2012.
  6. ↑6.06.16.2Terrazas, Aaron Matteo (June 2007)."Beyond Regional Circularity: The Emergence of an Ethiopian Diaspora".Migration Policy Institute.Retrieved2011-11-25.
  7. ↑7.07.17.2United States Census Bureau 2009–2013, Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009–2013, USCB, 30 November 2016, <https:// census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html>.
  8. ↑"The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS"(PDF).Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2014. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2017-04-17.Retrieved2017-08-26.
  9. ↑Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, 30 November 2016, <https:// border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdfArchived2017-04-17 at theWayback Machine>.
  10. ↑Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, 30 November 2016,Archived17 April 2017 at theWayback Machine
  11. ↑Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2013-02-05)."2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations — Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2011 Census".12.statcan.gc.ca.Retrieved26 August2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑Statistics Canada, 2011 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98–314-XCB2011032
  13. ↑Anon, 2016. 2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2011 Census. [online] Www12.statcan.gc.ca. Available at: <http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/tbt-tt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=103001&PRID=10&PTYPE=101955&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2011&THEME=90&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=> [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016].
  14. ↑Immigrant languages in Canada. 2016. Immigrant languages in Canada. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/98-314-x2011003_2-eng.cfm.[Accessed 13 December 2016].
  15. ↑15.015.115.2"Population by country of origin".Statistics Denmark.
  16. ↑16.016.116.2"Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland".Das Statistik Portal.
  17. ↑Roughly half of the Eritrean diaspora
  18. ↑Amharas are estimated to be the largest ethnic group of estimated 20.000 Ethiopian Germans|https:// giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/gtz2009-en-ethiopian-diaspora.pdfArchived2018-10-04 at theWayback Machine
  19. ↑19.019.119.2"Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents".Statistics Norway.
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  24. ↑Trimingham, J. (2013).Islam in Ethiopia.Routledge. p. 23.ISBN978-1136970221.Retrieved19 September2016.
  25. ↑25.025.1Adejumobi, Saheed A. (2007).The History of Ethiopia.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 171.ISBN978-0-313-32273-0.
  26. ↑26.026.1Eusebius of Caesarea,the author ofEcclesiastical Historyin the 4th century, states that Saint Mark came to Egypt in the first or third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, i.e. AD 41 or 43Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2002).Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity.American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 28.ISBN978-977-424-757-6.
  27. ↑"The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS"(PDF).Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2014. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2017-04-17.Retrieved2017-08-26.
  28. ↑Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, 30 November 2016, <https:// border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdfArchived2017-04-17 at theWayback Machine>.
  29. ↑Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, 30 November 2016,Archived17 April 2017 at theWayback Machine
  30. ↑Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2013-02-05)."2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations — Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2011 Census".12.statcan.gc.ca.Retrieved26 August2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ↑Statistics Canada, 2011 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98–314-XCB2011032
  32. ↑Anon, 2016. 2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2011 Census. [online] Www12.statcan.gc.ca. Available at: <http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/tbt-tt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=103001&PRID=10&PTYPE=101955&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2011&THEME=90&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=> [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016].
  33. ↑Immigrant languages in Canada. 2016. Immigrant languages in Canada. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/98-314-x2011003_2-eng.cfm.[Accessed 13 December 2016].
  34. ↑Roughly half of the Eritrean diaspora
  35. ↑Amharas are estimated to be the largest ethnic group of estimated 20.000 Ethiopian Germans|https:// giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/gtz2009-en-ethiopian-diaspora.pdfArchived2018-10-04 at theWayback Machine
  36. ↑pp, 25 (2015) United Kingdom. Available at:https:// ethnologue /country/GB(Accessed: 30 November 2016).
  37. ↑"United Kingdom".Ethnologue.Retrieved26 August2017.
  38. ↑Trimingham, J. (2013).Islam in Ethiopia.Routledge. p. 23.ISBN978-1136970221.Retrieved19 September2016.
  39. ↑"The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS"(PDF).Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2014. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2017-04-17.Retrieved2017-08-26.
  40. ↑Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, 30 November 2016, <https:// border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdfArchived2017-04-17 at theWayback Machine>.
  41. ↑Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, 30 November 2016,Archived17 April 2017 at theWayback Machine
  42. ↑Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2013-02-05)."2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations — Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2011 Census".12.statcan.gc.ca.Retrieved26 August2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ↑Statistics Canada, 2011 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98–314-XCB2011032
  44. ↑Anon, 2016. 2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2011 Census. [online] Www12.statcan.gc.ca. Available at: <http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/tbt-tt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=103001&PRID=10&PTYPE=101955&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2011&THEME=90&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=> [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016].
  45. ↑Immigrant languages in Canada. 2016. Immigrant languages in Canada. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/98-314-x2011003_2-eng.cfm.[Accessed 13 December 2016].
  46. ↑Roughly half of the Eritrean diaspora
  47. ↑Amharas are estimated to be the largest ethnic group of estimated 20.000 Ethiopian Germans|https:// giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/gtz2009-en-ethiopian-diaspora.pdfArchived2018-10-04 at theWayback Machine
  48. ↑pp, 25 (2015) United Kingdom. Available at:https:// ethnologue /country/GB(Accessed: 30 November 2016).
  49. ↑"United Kingdom".Ethnologue.Retrieved26 August2017.
  50. ↑Trimingham, J. (2013).Islam in Ethiopia.Routledge. p. 23.ISBN978-1136970221.Retrieved19 September2016.
  51. ↑51.051.151.251.351.4"Eritrea".Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook. Archived fromthe originalon May 15, 2020.RetrievedAugust 25,2008.
  52. ↑Ullendorff, Edward.The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People2nd ed., p. 90.Oxford University Press(London), 1965.ISBN0-19-285061-X.
  53. ↑53.053.1Cite error: The named referenceUNDESA_WPP_2019_total_populationwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  54. ↑54.054.1Cite error: The named referenceCOMESA_ERpop_2019was used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  55. ↑Cite error: The named referenceEthiopiaPopwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  56. ↑56.0056.0156.0256.0356.0456.0556.0656.0756.0856.0956.1056.1156.12Cite error: The named referenceUNPopwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  57. ↑Cite error: The named referenceGermanyPopwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  58. ↑"Refugees in Uganda by country of origin 2024".Statista.Retrieved8 July2024.
  59. ↑"Population Statistics Sweden 2023".Statistics Sweden 2023.Retrieved9 July2024.
  60. ↑Cite error: The named referenceUSPopwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  61. ↑Cite error: The named referenceUSPop2was used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  62. ↑Cite error: The named referenceUSPop3was used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  63. ↑Cite error: The named referenceSwissPopwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  64. ↑Cite error: The named referenceCanadaPopwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  65. ↑Cite error: The named referenceEnglandWalesPopwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  66. ↑Cite error: The named referenceIsraelPopwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  67. ↑Cite error: The named referenceNorwayPopwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  68. ↑Cite error: The named referenceAustraliaPop2was used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  69. ↑Cite error: The named referenceDenmarkPopwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  70. ↑Cite error: The named referenceFinlandPopwas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  71. ↑Eritrea - International emigrant stock
  72. ↑[1]
  73. ↑Cite error: The named referenceReligionswas used but no text was provided for refs named (see thehelp page).
  74. ↑"National Profiles".thearda.Retrieved2022-10-21.
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  76. ↑Kifleyesus, Abbebe (January 2009)."Jeberti Women Traders' Innumeracy: Its Impact on Commercial Activity in Eritrea".L'Homme: Revue française d'anthropologie(189): 59.doi:10.4000/lhomme.21986.RetrievedFebruary 27,2015.
  77. ↑Facts On File, Incorporated (2009).Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East.Infobase Publishing. p. 336.ISBN978-1-4381-2676-0.
  78. ↑Alders, Anne."the Rashaida".Archived fromthe originalon July 9, 2006.RetrievedJune 7,2006.
  79. ↑Italian language in Eritrea[permanent dead link]
  80. ↑Halper, Yishai."'The North Korea of Africa': Where You Need a Permit to Have Dinner With Friends ".Haaretz.
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