Haiti

Republic of Haiti Repiblik Ayiti(Haitian Creole) République d'Haïti(French)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité"(French) "Libète, Egalite, Fratènite"(Haitian Creole) "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" Motto on traditional coat of arms: "L'union fait la force"(French) "Inite se fòs"(Haitian Creole) "Union makes strength"
Anthem:La Dessalinienne(French) Desalinyèn(Haitian Creole) "The Dessalines Song"
Capital and largest city	Port-au-Prince 18°32′N72°20′W
Official languages	Haitian Creole French
Other languages	English Spanish
Ethnic groups	95%black 5%mixedandwhite
Demonym(s)	Haitian
Government	Unitarysemi-presidentialrepublicunder atotalitariandictatorship
•Transitional Presidential Council	Edgard Leblanc Fils(Chairman) Fritz Jean Laurent St Cyr Emmanuel Vertilaire Smith Augustin Leslie Voltaire Louis Gérald Gilles
•Prime Minister	Garry Conille
Legislature	Parliament
•Upper house	Senate
•Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Independence fromFrance
• Declared	January 1, 1804
• Recognized	April 17, 1825
•First Empire	September 22, 1804
•Southern Republic	March 9, 1806
•Northern State	October 17, 1806
•Kingdom	March 28, 1811
•Unification of Hispaniola	February 9, 1822
• Dissolution	February 27, 1844
•Second Empire	August 26, 1849
• Republic	January 15, 1859
•Current constitution	March 29, 1987
Area
• Total	27,900 km2(10,800 sq mi) (143rd)
• Water (%)	0.7
Population
• 2003 census	7,929,038 hab (72nd)
• Density	382/km2(989.4/sq mi) (32nd)
GDP(PPP)	2017 estimate
• Total	$19.979 billion(144th)
• Per capita	$1,819(174th)
GDP(nominal)	2017 estimate
• Total	$7.897 billion(139th)
• Per capita	$719(172nd)
Gini(2012)	60.8 very high
HDI(2015)	0.493 low·163rd
Currency	Haitian gourde(G) (HTG)
Time zone	UTC−5(EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4(EDT)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+509
ISO 3166 code	HT
Internet TLD	.ht

Haiti(Haitian Creole:Ayiti;French:Haïti), officially theRepublic of Haiti(Haitian Creole:Repiblik d Ayiti;French:République d'Haïti) is acountryon theCaribbeanislandofHispaniola.The other country on the island is theDominican Republic.Haiti has twoofficiallanguages:French andHaitian Creole,or "Kreyol",which is a simple version of French mixed with African languages. Itscapital cityisPort-au-Prince.

Haiti has atropical climate.In French, the country is called"La Perle des Antilles"(The pearl of the Antilles), because of its natural beauty. There are manymountainsin Haiti. The country used to be covered withforests.However, it no longer is, because ofdeforestation.It is thepoorestcountry in theWestern Hemisphere.

Haiti is divided into tendepartements.The main religion isRoman Catholicism.However, many Haitians also practiceVoodoo.This is a religion which came from African folk beliefs inBenin.Haiti has many holidays; the largest and most important is theMardi Gras.

Geography

See the main article:Geography of Haiti

Haiti has a total area of 27,750km².Most of it is in the western third of the Hispaniola island. There are also smaller islands near the Haitian coast, likeGonâve,Île de la Tortue,Les Cayemites,Île-à-VacheandLa Navase.

Haiti has many mountains. There are only some coastalplainsand fewvalleys.The largest valley is theCul-de-Sac.Port-au-Prince is in the western end of this valley. The country's main river is theArtibonite,which is also the longest in Hispaniola. Haiti's biggest city isPort-au-Prince,with more than 3 million people in itsmetropolitan area.The second largest city isCap-Haïtien.

Haiti has atropicalclimate. Therainyseasonlasts from April to June, and from October to November.Hurricanesare common during summer. In the past, hurricanes have caused a lot of damage and killed many people.

History

TheTainopeople were a tribe ofArawakAmerindians. They lived on the island of Hispaniola beforeChristopher Columbusfound the island and started a Europeancolonythere. Columbus found the island of Hispaniola on his first trip to the Americas.Within twenty-five years after Columbus arrived, all of the Arawaks had been killed by Spanishconquistadors.

In the early 17th century, the French set up a colony on Hispaniola. In 1697, Spain sold the western third of the island - Haiti - to the French. The French colonywas based onforestryand makingsugar.It became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean. However, to do this, the colony brought manyslavesover from Africa and destroyed much of the environment.

By the late 18th century, there were nearly half a million slaves in Haiti. They revolted, led byToussaint L'Ouverture.After a hard and bloody struggle, they won theirindependence.In 1804, Haiti became the first independent blackrepublicin the world.Today there are many monuments in Haiti remembering the Haitian Revolution. One of the largest isLa Citadelle Laferriere.

On January 12, 2010, in the afternoon of a Tuesday,Haiti was struckby amagnitude-7.0earthquake.This was the worst earthquake to hit the country in the past 200 years.The quake'sepicenterwas just outside the Haitian capital ofPort-au-Prince.The quake caused major damage to Port-au-Prince and nearby areas. Over 200,000 people were thought to have been killed, but it was hard to be sure because many people were buried in mass graves before they could be identified.

Departments

See the main article:Departments of Haiti

Haiti is made of tenregionsknown asdepartments(French:départments,singulardépartment). These departments are further divided into 41arrondissements,and 133communes.These are the second and third level units ofadministration.

The 10 departments, with theircapital citiesin parentheses, are:

Departments of Haiti

.

1. Artibonite(Gonaïves)
2. Centre(Hinche)
3. Grand'Anse(Jérémie)
4. Nippes(Miragoâne)
5. Nord(Cap-Haïtien)
6. Nord-Est(Fort-Liberté)
7. Nord-Ouest(Port-de-Paix)
8. Ouest(Port-au-Prince) *national capital*
9. Sud-Est(Jacmel)
10. Sud(Les Cayes)

Politics

The Republic of Haiti is divided into 10 departments, but the central government has control over most political affairs. The president is head of state and is normally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The president cannot serve consecutive terms. However, because of inconclusive election results in 2015, Haiti's current interim president was elected by the legislature. The prime minister is head of government and is appointed by the president and confirmed by the bicameral National Assembly. The National Assembly's upper house is the 30-seat Senate, and the lower house is the 118-seat Chamber of Deputies. Members of both houses are elected through a majoritarian system. Senators serve six-year terms and deputies serve four-year terms. There have been efforts toward constitutional reform to ensure that more women are represented in politics on the national level, but these reforms have not yet resulted in concrete changes.

Holidays

Official holidays(on the same day every year)

• 1 January: Jour de l'Indépendance ( "Independence Day" )
• 2 January: Jour des Aïeux ( "Ancestors' Day" )
• 1 May: Fête de l'Agriculture et du Travail ( "Agriculture and Labor Day" )
• 18 May: Fête du Drapeau et de l'Université ( "Flag and University Day" )
• 17 October: Anniversary of the Death of Jean-Jacques Dessalines
• 1 November: All Saint's Day
• 2 November: All Soul's Day
• 18 November: Battle of Vertières' Day and Armed Forces Day
• 25 December: Christmas Day

Traditional and religious holidays(dates vary according to the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church)

• Carnival (Only Mardi Gras is an official holiday)
• Good Friday
• Corpus Christi

Economy

Bas-Ravine, in the northern part ofCap-Haïtien.

Haiti is the least developed country in theAmericas.It is also one of the least developed and poorest countries in the world.

There areindicatorsthat can be used to compare social andeconomicsituations between countries. Some indicators show that Haiti has fallen behind other poordeveloping countriessince the 1980s. In 2006, Haiti ranked 146th of 177 countries in the United NationsHuman Development Index(2006). About 90% of the Haitian people were living in poverty in 2003.Haiti is the only country in the Americas on theUnited Nationslist ofLeast Developed Countriesand it is the poorest country in the Americas. The economy was staying even or falling behind even before their big earthquake.

About 66% of all Haitians work inagriculture.Most of them do small-scalesubsistence farming(meaning that they are able to grow just enough to survive). This does not bring in much money.

Very few jobs were created in the last ten years. However, theinformal economyis growing.Mangoesandcoffeeare two of Haiti's most importantexports.Haiti has consistently ranked among the mostcorruptcountries in the world on theCorruption Perceptions Index.

About one third of the national government's budget is money given to them by other countries. The United States gives the most money. Canada gives the second largest amount of money. TheEuropean Union,Venezuela and Cuba also give and help Haiti's economy in different ways. Haiti has renewed itsallianceswith Venezuela and Cuba in 2006 and 2007.

From 2001 to 2004, the United States stopped giving aid to Haiti completely. The aid was cut off after Haiti's 2000 election. The election's results were questioned, and PresidentAristidewas accused of cheating to win the election. Aristide was overthrown in 2004. After that, the United States started giving aid to Haiti again. The United Nations led a peacekeeping operation called theUnited Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti.(The Mission is called called MINUSTAH in Haiti; this is anacronymfor the Mission's name in French). The Brazilian army led the peacekeeping operation.

Even after President Aristide was overthrown, corruption continued to be very common in Haiti.

Haiti has a large amount of foreign debt (money owed to other countries and international institutions to repay loans). TheHeavily Indebted Poor Countries(HIPC) program planned to forgive about $525 million of Haiti's debt by mid-2009.

Demographics

In 2009, thepopulationof Haiti (the number of people living in the country) was about 10,090,190. Figures from the DNA Nationwide Studies Institute say that theracialmakeup of the population is:

• 94.2%: Black (Descendants mainly from the Fon, Ewe, Yoruba, and Bantu tribes of West/Central Africa)
• 5.4%:Mulatto(European and African descent).
• 0.4%: White (mainly of French, Polish, and Arab origin)

Some East Asians also live in the country.

DNA estimates of Haiti
Ethnicity			% approx.
Black			94%
Mulatto			5%
White			1%

Related pages

• Haiti at the Olympics
• Haiti national football team
• List of rivers of Haiti