Herakles
 | TheEnglishused in this article or sectionmay not be easy for everybody to understand.(June 2024) |
| Heracles | |
|---|---|
god of strength, heroes, sports, labors, lions, fertility, health, agriculture, oracles, trade and protection of mankind | |
 One of the most famous depictions of Heracles,Farnese Hercules,Roman marble statue on the basis of an original byLysippos,216 AD.National Archaeological Museum,Naples,Italy | |
| Abode | Mount Olympus |
| Symbol | Club,Nemean Lion,bow and arrows |
| Personal information | |
| Born | |
| Died | |
| Consort | Hebeand variousothers[broken anchor] |
| Children | Alexiares and Anicetus,Telephus,Hyllus,Tlepolemus |
| Parents | ZeusandAlcmene |
| Siblings | Aeacus,Angelos,Aphrodite,Apollo,Ares,Artemis,Athena,Eileithyia,Enyo,Eris,Ersa,Hebe,Helen of Troy,Hephaestus,Hermes,Minos,Pandia,Persephone,Perseus,Rhadamanthus,theGraces,theHorae,theLitae,theMuses,theMoirai |
| Roman equivalent | Hercules |
| Etruscan equivalent | Hercle |
Herakles(Ancient Greek:Ἡρακλῆς,Hēraklēs- “one glorified ofHera”) is a character inGreek mythology.The greatest of the Greekheroes,Herakles was a demigod, son ofZeusand the mortalAlkmeneas well as the twin brother ofIphicles.
Herakles was a patron of heroic endeavor. InAncient Romeand the modern West, he is known asHercules.The laterRoman emperors,in particularCommodusand Maximian, often identified themselves with him. The figure is best known for his famousTwelve Labors,a series of seemingly impossible tasks he was made to complete in order to atone for the crime of murdering his family. He was said to have started theAncient Olympic Gamesand marked out the length of the Olympicstadium.He was the subject of much ancient and modern art, and remains apopular figurein modern times, being the subject of various films and television series, such asWalt Disney'sHercules.
Birth and childhood Life[change|change source]
A major factor in the tragedy surrounding Herakles was the hatred that the goddessHera,wife ofZeus,had for him, as he was one of the god’s illegitimate children, born to him by the mortal womanAlkmene.Zeus,lusting after her, took the guise of Alkmene’s husbandAmphityron(he had been away fighting a war at the time) and lay with her. The real Amphitryon returned to Thebes later that night, and Alkmene became pregnant with his son,Iphicles.On the night Herakles and his twin Iphicles were slated to be born, Hera made Zeus swear an oath that the next descendant ofPerseusto be born would become High King (ruler ofTirynsandMycenae). Once the oath was made, Hera hurried to Alkmene’s house in Thebes, whereEileithyia,goddess of childbirth, had come to help deliver the twins; Hera arranged for Eileithyia to keep her legs and arms crossed, causing Herakles and his twin to be trapped in the womb. Hera then causedEurystheus(son of Sthenelus and Herakles’ cousin) to be born prematurely, making him the one to become the High King instead. Alkmene wouldve remained in labor, had it not been for her maidservant Galanthis, who came out of Alkmene's room to announce (falsely) that Alkmene had just given birth. Eileithyia jumped up in surprise, allowing Herakles and his twin to be born. Hera angrily turned Galanthis into a weasel. (Herakles was given the nameAlkeides,meaning "of the line ofAlcaeus",father of Amphitryon).
Shortly after Herakles was born, Alkmene, fearing Hera might take vengeance on her, took her infant child to a desolate plain outside of Thebes and abandoned him. The goddessAthenasaw Herakles and swooped down to Earth, taking him up to Olympus. She took the baby to Hera, who, not knowing it was Herakles, took pity on the child and began to nurse him at her breast. Herakles suckled so hard that it hurt Hera, who pushed him away; the goddess' divine milk then spilled across the night sky, forming theMilky Way.This bestowed upon Herakles the godlike strength for which he is famous for. When Herakles was only eight months old, Hera placed two enormous serpents in the crib where Herakles and Iphikles slept. As Iphicles cried out in fear, Herakles took a serpent in each hand and strangled them to death.
Adolesence[change|change source]
Herakles became a strongteenager.He learned to useweaponsand to drive achariot.One day he killed his music teacher Linus because the man had tried to whip him. Herakles was charged with murder, but said he had acted inself defense.He was freed. People feared him though, so he was sent far out of town to work on a farm. Herakles became stronger with the hard work. He was seven feet tall. He was eighteen when he left the farm.
Lion of Kithaeron[change|change source]
Herakles was eighteen when he hunted the large and powerfulLionof Kithaeron. This lion was killing cows in a land near Thebes. The hunt lasted fifty days and ended when Herakles smashed the lion's skull with a club ofolivewood. This club is seen in pictures of Herakles. He dressed in the lion's skin.
Herakles slept in King Thespius' palace while the hunt progressed. He had sex with the King's fifty daughters and became the father of fifty-two sons. One of the girls did not have sex with him. She became a priestess in his shrine.[1]
Herakles was going back to Thebes when he met theheraldsof King Erginus. They were on their way to Thebes to collecttribute.They treated Herakles with contempt. Herakles cut off their ears, noses, and hands. Erginus made war on Thebes, but was defeated and killed by Herakles. For saving Thebes, King Kreon gave his daughter Megara in marriage to Herakles.[2]
Madness, murder, and The Labors of Herakles[change|change source]
Hera could not rest easily because Herakles was becoming more and more famous. He was loved by everyone. Her anger and hatred made her look foolish. She tricked Herakles into thinking his sons were his enemies and,insanewith anger, he murdered them.
When he came to his senses, he was overcome with grief. He ran from other people and lived for a time inexile.He looked for advice from theOracle of Delphi.The priestess sent him to serve King Eurystheus, King of Tyrins inMycenae.In this way, she said, he would be washed clean of his crimes.
Eurystheus was a dull and bad man. Herakles hated him. Eurystheus set sometasksfor Herakles to do. These tasks came to be called "The Labors of Herakles". It was said that Hera designed them. She hoped the tasks would kill him. Zeus would grant Herakles immortality with the successful completion of the Labors.
Death[change|change source]
Herakles was married to a beautiful woman named Deianeira. They lived in Trachis and had a son namedHyllus.In a war with a neighboringcity,Herakles made the king's daughter Iole hiscaptive.Herakles had met her sometime in the past and had fallen in love with her. Deianeira was jealous, and used a mix of blood andsemenfrom thecentaurNessusto get her husband back. She put the mix on a shirt and sent it to Herakles. He put the shirt on. Unknown to Deianeira, the mix was really a poison and burned Herakles' skin and flesh. Deianeira learned of this and killed herself. Herakles died in great pain. Before he died, he ordered Hyllus to marry Iole. Herakles' body was set on fire at thefuneralceremonies. Hisghostfell to theunderworldwhile hisimmortalpart rose toMount Olympus.The gods welcomed him, even Hera. He marriedHebe,his fourth wife, and became the father of two sons.[3][4]According toHomer'sOdyssey,Herakles became the porter (keeper of the gates) on Mount Olympus.[5]
Notes[change|change source]
- ↑Graves 1960,pp. 457–58
- ↑Moroz 1997,pp. 10–11
- ↑Kerényi 1959,pp. 201–04
- ↑Moroz 1997,pp. 115–18
- ↑Graves 1960,p. 565
Reading list[change|change source]
- Graves, Robert (1960) [1955],The Greek Myths,London; New York: Penguin Books,ISBN0-14-017199-1
- Kerényi, C (1959),The Heroes of the Greeks,London: Thames and Hudson,ISBN0-500-27049-X
- Moroz, Georges (1997),Hercules,New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell,ISBN0-440-22732-1
Other websites[change|change source]
Media related toHeraklesat Wikimedia Commons