Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven
A portrait byJoseph Karl Steiler,1820
Born	Bonn
Baptised	17 December 1770
Died	26 March 1827 (aged 56) Vienna
Occupation(s)	Composer and pianist
Signature

Ludwig van Beethoven(baptized17 December 1770 inBonn– 26 March 1827 inVienna;pronouncedLUD-vig vahn BAY-TOH-ven) was aGermancomposer.He wroteclassical musicfor thepiano,orchestrasand different groups ofinstruments.His best-known works are his third (Eroica), fifth, sixth (Pastorale) and ninth (Choral)symphonies,the eighth (Pathetique) and fourteenth (Moonlight) piano sonatas, two of his later piano concertos, his operaFidelio,and also the piano pieceFür Elise.Beethoven lived when the piano was still a new instrument, and when he was a young man, he was a talentedpianist.Beethoven was popular with the rich and important people inVienna,Austria,where he lived.

However, in 1801, he began to lose his hearing. Hisdeafnessbecame worse.By 1817, he was completely deaf. Although he could no longer play in concerts, he continued tocompose.During this time he composed some of his greatest works. He is said to be one of the greatest classicalcomposerswho has ever lived. When Beethoven died, he was surrounded by friends on his death bed. His funeral was held at the Church of the Holy Trinity. Between 10,000 and 30,000 people are estimated to have attended.Franz Schubertwas a pall bearer at his funeral, even though the two were never close.

Early years

13 year old Beethoven in about 1783

Very little is known about Beethoven’s childhood. He wasbaptizedon December 17, 1770 and was probably born a few days before that.Beethoven's parents were Johann van Beethoven (1740 in Bonn – December 18, 1792) and Maria Magdalena Keverich (1744 inEhrenbreitstein– July 17, 1787). Magdalena's father, Johann Heinrich Keverich, had beenChiefat thecourtof the Archbishopric of Trier at Festung Ehrenbreitstein fortress opposite toKoblenz.His father was a fairly unimportantmusicianwho worked at thecourtof theElectorofCologne.This court was inBonnand it was here that he lived until he was a young man. His father gave him his first lessons inpianoandviolin.Beethoven was achild prodigylikeMozart,but while Mozart as a little boy was taken all overEuropeby his father, Beethoven never traveled until he was 17.By that time, his piano teacher was a man called Neefe who had learned the piano fromCarl Philipp Emanuel Bach,the son ofJohann Sebastian Bach.Neefe said to the Elector that the young Beethoven should be given the chance to travel, so he was allowed to go toVienna.There, he might have had one or two lessons from Mozart, but then Beethoven got a letter saying that his mother was dying, so he hurried back to Bonn.Soon his mother died, and Beethoven had to help to look after the family because his father had become analcoholic.Beethoven played theviolain theorchestraof the Elector, he started to compose, and made many friends. Some of these friends were musicians and others were very important people, many of them werearistocratswho would be able to help him in his career.

In 1792, the elector let Beethoven travel to Vienna again.They expected him to return after a while. However, Beethoven never left Vienna. He stayed there for the rest of his life.He would have loved to have had some more composition lessons from Mozart, but Mozart had just died, so he had lessons fromHaydninstead. Haydn was a good teacher, but a year later, he went off toEngland.Therefore, Beethoven took lessons from a man calledAlbrechtsbergerwho was not famous like Haydn. He was a good teacher too, and he made him write lots of technical exercises.He showed him how to write advancedcounterpointandfugues.This helped him to be a great composer.

Beethoven wanted to become famous as a pianist and composer, so he started to get to know important, aristocratic people. Some of these people had already heard him in Bonn when they had traveled there, so his name was becoming known in Vienna. It also helped that he could say he was the pupil of the famous Joseph Haydn. There were a lot of aristocratic people in Vienna who liked music, and many had their own private orchestras. Some of them started to give Beethoven places to live when the Elector of Bonn stopped sending him money in 1794. Beethoven started to perform in private houses, and he became known for hisimprovisations.In 1795 he performed one of his pianoconcertosat a concert. He also had his firstpublication(hisopus1). This was a group of threePiano Trios.Haydn had heard them at a private concert a year before and had advised Beethoven not to publish the third one. However, he did publish it, and that was the one which became the most successful. His opus 2 was a group of three pianosonataswhich he played at the court of his friend Prince Lichnowsky.When he published them, he dedicated them to Haydn.

Beethoven was starting to become famous, travelling to places likePragueandPressburg.He wrote muchchamber music.He was, perhaps, a little jealous of the success that Haydn had with his latest symphonies he had written for London. In 1800 he gave his first public concert with his own music.He conducted his First Symphony as well as the Septet. By now several publishers were trying to persuade him to let them publish his new works. Beethoven was becoming famous as a composer. And during this period Beethoven produced his most famous piano sonata: No. 14, in C sharp minor, nicknamed, "Moonlight". This was written for his girlfriend, 16-year-oldGiulietta Guicciardi.However, he was far from happy because he realized that he was starting to becomedeaf.And when he asked for Giulietta's marriage, her parents refused and married her to another 20-year-old man instead.

Middle period

Beethoven seems to have tried to forget these bad thoughts by working very hard. He composed a lot more music, including his Third Symphony, called theEroica.Originally he gave it the titleBonapartein honour ofNapoleonwhom he admired.But when Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1804, Beethoven began to think that he was just atyrantwho wanted a lot of power. He went to the table where thescoreof the symphony was lying and tore up the title page. Beethoven stayed in Vienna that year, working hard at an opera and giving piano lessons to Josephine von Brunsvik to whom he wrote passionate letters. She was a young widow with four children. It is impossible to know quite what her feelings were for Beethoven, but socially she belonged in higher society and probably thought that a wild musician was not a suitable husband.In the end she married a Baron, but this marriage, like her first one, was not happy either.

In 1805 Beethoven wrote his onlyopera.The next spring it had two performances but was then not performed again for another eight years. Beethoven had made several changes to the opera which became known asFidelio.Theoverturethat he had written for the 1806 performance is now known asLeonore 3and is usually performed separately at concerts. The opera is a “rescue” opera, a typical French kind of opera describing a man who is imprisoned and rescued by his lover who disguises herself as a man and manages to get into theprison.

Beethoven continued to write compositions: a ViolinConcerto,symphonies, piano concertos,string quartetsand chamber music. Two of his greatest symphonies were produced in 1806:Symphony No. 5andSymphony No. 6 "Pastorale".The first one was known for its dark and deep tone, especially in its first movement. The second was famous for its depiction of the countryside. He also wrotePiano Concerto No. 4andPiano Concerto No. 5 "Emperor".He earned money by pleasing the aristocrats, dedicating works to them in return for fees, and by selling his music to publishers. Occasionally he earned money from concerts. It was not a regular income. He would have liked the job ofKapellmeisterto the emperor. He was not able to get this, but in 1809 three rich aristocrats: the Archduke Rodolph, Prince Lobkowitz and Prince Kinsky gave him an income for the rest of his life on condition that he stayed in Vienna. This meant that Beethoven did not have to worry so much about money. He was asked to write music forEgmont,a play byGoethe.The overture is very often performed as a concert piece. Beethoven very much wanted to meet Goethe. The two great men met inTeplitz.Goethe later described Beethoven as a rather wild-mannered man who made life difficult for himself by his cross attitude to the world. Beethoven admired several women, including one to whom he wrote a passionate letter. She is known as the “Immortal Beloved”, but no one knows who she was. Beethoven seems to have become deeply depressed because he never found true happiness in love.

Deafness

In a letter dated June 29, 1801, Beethoven told a friend in Bonn about a terrible secret he had for some time. He knew that he was becomingdeaf.For some time, he had spells offeverandstomachpains. A young man does not expect to become deaf, but now he was starting to admit it to himself. He was finding it hard to hear what people were saying. Just at the moment when he was starting to become known as one of the greatest of all composers, it was a terrible blow to realize that he was losing his hearing. In 1802, he stayed for a time in Heiligenstadt which is now a suburb of Vienna but at that time it was outside the city. There he wrote a famous letter which is known as theHeiligenstadt Testament.It is dated October 6 and told about his risingfrustrationat his deafness. He asks people to forgive him if he cannot hear what they are saying. He said that he had often thought ofsuicide,but that he had so much music in his head which had to be written down that he decided to continue his life.This very emotional letter was found amongst his papers after his death. He never sent it to anyone.

Later life

Beethoven in 1823 by Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller

By 1814, Beethoven had reached the height of hisfame.TheViennesepeople thought of him as the greatest living composer, and he was often invited by royal people to theirpalaces.It was the year in which he played his famous Piano Trio Op. 97The Archduke.That was the last time he played the piano in public.His deafness was making it impossible to continue.

Beethoven had many problems when his brother Caspar Carl died, leaving a 9-year-old son. The boy’s mother may have been incapable of looking after him, but Beethoven had to prove this in a court of law. For several years he looked after his nephew, but it was a difficult relationship and it involved a lot of legal letters and quarrels with people. In 1826, Karl tried to shoot himself. He survived, but people persuaded Beethoven to stop being his guardian. Karl went into thearmy.

The last years were unhappy years for Beethoven. During this time he composed very little. Then, in 1817, he recovered and wrote his last two symphonies, a mass calledMissa Solemnis,his last five piano sonatas, and a group of string quartets which were so modern and difficult that very few people at the time understood the music.Nowadays, people think they are the greatest works ever written for string quartet.

HisNinth Symphonyis called theChoralSymphony because there is achoirand soloists in the last movement. At the time people did not understand this either, because a symphony is normally a work for orchestra, not a work with singers. Beethoven chose the words of a poem by the German poetFriedrich Schiller:An die Freude(Ode to Joy). It is all about living together in peace andharmony,so that it sends an important message to people. This is why it has been chosen in recent years as theNational Anthemfor theEuropean Union.The Ninth Symphony was performed at a concert on May 7, 1824.After thescherzomovement the audience applauded enthusiastically, but Beethoven could not hear the applause and one of the singers had to turn him round so that he could see that people were clapping.

Beethoven died on March 26, 1827.About 20,000 people came onto the streets for hisfuneral.The famous poetFranz Grillparzerwrote the funeral speech. One of the torchbearers wasFranz Schubert.Schubert died the next year. In 1888 Beethoven’s and Schubert’s remains were moved to anothercemeteryin Vienna and were placed side by side.

Regarding the instruments, that the composer was using throughout his life, there was a variety ofpianos(fortepianos). After moving to Vienna, Beethoven purchased a piano fromStreicher.As recalled by his student,Carl Czerny,he also had aWalterpiano.Beethoven's last instrument was a fortepiano from a Viennese piano builderConrad Graf.After the composer's death, it was sold to Wimmer family and now is displayed at the Beethovenhaus in Bonn.

Legacy

Beethoven’s music is usually divided into three periods: Early, Middle and Late.Most composers who live a long time develop as they get older and change their way of composing. Of course, these changes in style are not sudden, but they are quite a good way of understanding the different periods of his composing life.

His first period includes the works he wrote in his youth in Bonn, and his early days in Vienna up to about 1803. His middle period starts with the Eroica Symphony and includes most of his orchestral works. His last period includes the Ninth Symphony and the late string quartets.

Beethoven is probably the most famous of all composers, and the most written about. He had a wild personality and this was something that the Romantics in the 19th century always expected from great artists. The Romantics thought that the artist was somehow a person withexaggeratedqualities who was not like normal people. Beethoven had a very strong personality. He lived in the time of the French Revolution and had strong views onindependenceand ways of living free from tyranny. This made him a hero in many people’s eyes.

His music was so famous that many composers in the 19th century found it quite hard to compose because they thought they would be compared to him. For example,Johannes Brahms,took a long time to write his First Symphony. He thought that everyone was expecting him to be the next Beethoven. It was only towards the end of the 19th century thatGustav Mahlerwrote several symphonies which include singing, although he does this very differently to Beethoven.

Further reading

• Douglas Johnson; Scott G. Burnham; William Drabkin; Joseph Kerman; Alan Tyson (2001), "Beethoven, Ludwig van",Grove Music Online,doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40026,ISBN9781561592630
• Albrecht, Theodor, and Elaine Schwensen (1988).More Than Just Peanuts: Evidence for December 16 as Beethoven's birthday.The Beethoven Newsletter.p. 60-63.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Bohle, Bruce, and Robert Sabin (1975).The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians.London: J.M.Dent & Sons LTD.ISBN0-460-04235-1.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Clive, Peter (2001).Beethoven and His World: A Biographical Dictionary.New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-816672-9.
• Davies, Peter J. (2002).The Character of a Genius: Beethoven in Perspective.Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.ISBN0-313-31913-8.
• Davies, Peter J. (2001).Beethoven in Person: His Deafness, Illnesses, and Death.Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.ISBN0-313-31587-6.
• DeNora, Tia (1995).Beethoven and the Construction of Genius: Musical Politics in Vienna, 1792-1803.Berkeley, California: University of California Press.ISBN0-520-21158-8.
• Geck, Martin (2003).Beethoven.London: Haus.ISBN 1-904341-03-9(h).ISBN 1-904341-00-4(p).
• Hatten, Robert (1994).Musical Meaning in Beethoven.Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 372.ISBN0-253-32742-3.
• Kropfinger, Klaus (2001).Beethoven.Verlage Bärenreiter/Metzler.ISBN3-7618-1621-9.
• Russell Martin (2000).Beethoven's Hair.New York: Broadway Books.ISBN978-0-7679-0350-9.
• Meredith, William (2005).The History of Beethoven's Skull Fragments.The Beethoven Journal. p. 3-46.
• Morris, Edmund (2005).Beethoven: The Universal Composer.New York: Atlas Books / HarperCollins.ISBN0-06-075974-7.
• Rosen, Charles (1998).The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven.New York: W. W. Norton.ISBN 0-393-04020-8(hc).ISBN 0-393-31712-9(pb).
• Solomon, Maynard (2001).Beethoven 2nd revised edition.New York: Schirmer Books.ISBN0-8256-7268-6.
• Solomon, Maynard (2003).Late Beethoven: Music, Thought, Imagination.Berkeley: University of California Press.ISBN0-520-23746-3.
• Stanley, Glenn, ed. (2000).The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-58074-9(hc).ISBN 0-521-58934-7(pb).
• Thayer, Alexander Wheelock (1866–1908).Ludwig van Beethoven's Leben.Vol. 5 vols. (vols. 4 and 5 posthumously ed. by Hugo Riemann). Berlin.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Thayer, Alexander Wheelock (1967). rev. and ed Elliot Forbes (ed.).Thayer's Life of Beethoven.Vol. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press.ISBN0-691-09103-X.

Other websites

• English homepage of big Beethoven website
• Beethoven’s Personality and Music: The Introverted RomanticArchived2008-06-15 at theWayback Machine
• nhdbeethovenArchived2009-04-05 at theWayback Machine