UNIX

The history of UNIX and its variants

UNIXis a computeroperating system.It was first developed in1969atBell Labs.Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and others created it. They usedassembly languageto write it. In 1972, the Unix code was rewritten with the newC programming language.The Unix operating system is amultiuserandmultiprocessingsystem. This means it can run severalapplicationprograms at the same time, for more than one user at the same time. It also is able to operate well in anetworkof computers.Computer securityis also important in Unix, because many people can have access to it, both by using a computer directly or over a network.

Many ideas in Unix were new. Other operating systems copied them. Today, there are many operating systems that have some of the ideas of Unix in them. For this reason, some people talk about a "Unixphilosophy"of doing things. Linux is one of these systems with many of the Unix ideas in it. Linux does not usecodefrom UNIX. Linux only shares some of the ideas and the names of commands. So, Linux is not a UNIX operating system. Instead it is called "Unix-like".

There can be many different users in a Unix and Unix-like operating system. Most of them have a personal area where they can put things. This is called a useraccount.

One way of using a Unix system is with thecommand line interface.Users run commands and programs by typing text characters. This takes time to learn, but it is a very powerful and flexible way of working. It is still used by most Unix administrators. These commands are run in ashell,which can change slightly between one system and another.

Agraphical user interface(GUI) is the other method. TheX Window Systemis a very common GUI for Unix systems. The X Window System is only a shell of a graphical interface. It has manyprotocols.The X Window System itself does not let the user to move and resize windows. Users need a window manager or desktop manager to do that.

Some of the popular desktop and window managers are:

• Gnome
• KDE
• Windowmaker
• Xfce

Like most other graphical user interfaces, they use windows, dialog boxes, support the use of acomputer mouse,and are designed to be easy to use.

There are many thousands of programs available for the X Window System. Programs like word processors and spreadsheets are available including free andopen-source software.

Two types of Unix

Today, there are two kinds of operating systems that are like UNIX.

The first group is all those that share some kernel code with the original from Bell Labs at AT&T. This includes the commercial UNIX types:SolarisorAIX.

The second group includes free operating systems that usually haveBSDin their name, likeFreeBSD,OpenBSD,andNetBSD.These are based on free BSD.Mac OS Xis also based on BSD.

There are also free systems based on theLinuxkernel.These do not share any code with the original UNIX. BSD systems share very little code with the original Unix because much of the code has been rewritten over many years. Many people use the termsUnix and Unix-like systemsto be clear.

Most applications can run on any modern Unix or Unix-like system.KDE and GNOME were developed for Linux and later changed to run on commercial types of Unix.

Other websites

• Manual Pages for FreeBSD- pages saying exactly what each command does