Arthur Leonard Schawlow - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija

Arthur Leonard Schawlow
Arthur Leonard Schawlow
Rojstvo	5. maj 1921^[1]^[2]^[…] Mount Vernon^[d]
Smrt	28. april 1999^[1]^[2]^[…](77 let) Palo Alto^[d]

Arthur Leonard Schawlow,ameriški fizik,*5. maj 1921,Mount Vernon,New York,ZDA,†28. april 1999,Palo Alto,Kalifornija,ZDA.

Schawlow je leta 1981 so-prejelNobelovo nagrado za fizikoza delo olaserjih.

Sklici[uredi|uredi kodo]

↑^1,0^1,1Record #111411750// Gemeinsame Normdatei— 2012—2016.
d:Track:Q27302 d:Track:Q36578
↑^2,0^2,1data.bnf.fr:platforma za odprte podatke— 2011.
d:Track:Q193563 d:Track:Q19938912
↑^3,0^3,1SNAC— 2010.
d:Track:Q29861311

Zunanje povezave[uredi|uredi kodo]

Akademsko drevo Arthurja Leonarda Schawlowana Physics Tree(angleško)

p p u Nobelovi nagrajenci za fiziko
1901–1925	1901:Röntgen 1902:Lorentz/Zeeman 1903:Becquerel/Curie/Skłodowska-Curie 1904:lord Rayleigh 1905:Von Lenard 1906:Thomson 1907:Michelson 1908:Lippmann 1909:Marconi/Braun 1910:Van der Waals 1911:Wien 1912:Dalén 1913:Kamerlingh Onnes 1914:von Laue 1915:W. L. Bragg/W. H. Bragg 1916: 1917:Barkla 1918:Planck 1919:Stark 1920:Guillaume 1921:Einstein 1922:N. H. D. Bohr 1923:Millikan 1924:K. M. G. Siegbahn 1925:Franck/Hertz
1926–1950	1926:Perrin 1927:Compton/C. T. R. Wilson 1928:O. W. Richardson 1929:De Broglie 1930:Raman 1931: 1932:Heisenberg 1933:Schrödinger/Dirac 1935:Chadwick 1936:Hess/C. D. Anderson 1937:Davisson/Thomson 1938:Fermi 1939:Lawrence 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943:Stern 1944:Rabi 1945:Pauli 1946:Bridgman 1947:Appleton 1948:Blackett 1949:Jukava 1950:Powell
1951–1975	1951:Cockcroft/Walton 1952:Bloch/Purcell 1953:Zernike 1954:Born/Bothe 1955:Lamb/Kusch 1956:Shockley/Bardeen/Brattain 1957:Jang/T.-D. Lee 1958:Čerenkov/Frank/Tamm 1959:Segrè/Chamberlain 1960:Glaser 1961:Hofstadter/Mössbauer 1962:Landau 1963:Wigner/Goeppert-Mayer/Jensen 1964:Townes/Basov/Prohorov 1965:Tomonaga/Schwinger/Feynman 1966:Kastler 1967:Bethe 1968:Alvarez 1969:Gell-Mann 1970:Alfvén/Néel 1971:Gabor 1972:Bardeen/Cooper/Schrieffer 1973:Esaki/Giaever/Josephson 1974:Ryle/Hewish 1975:A. N. Bohr/Mottelson/Rainwater
1976–2000	1976:Richter/Ting 1977:P. W. Anderson/Mott/Van Vleck 1978:Kapica/Penzias/R. W. Wilson 1979:Glashow/Salam/Weinberg 1980:Cronin/Fitch 1981:Bloembergen/Schawlow/K. M. B. Siegbahn 1982:K. G. Wilson 1983:Chandrasekhar/Fowler 1984:Rubbia/Van der Meer 1985:Von Klitzing 1986:Ruska/Binnig/Rohrer 1987:Bednorz/Müller 1988:Lederman/Schwartz/Steinberger 1989:Ramsey/Dehmelt/Paul 1990:Friedman/Kendall/R. E. Taylor 1991:Gennes 1992:Charpak 1993:Hulse/J. H. Taylor 1994:Brockhouse/Shull 1995:Perl/Reines 1996:D. M. Lee/Osheroff/R. C. Richardson 1997:Chu/Cohen-Tannoudji/Phillips 1998:Laughlin/Störmer/Tsui 1999:'T Hooft/Veltman 2000:Alfjorov/Kroemer/Kilby
2001–2025	2001:Cornell/Ketterle/Wieman 2002:Davis/Košiba/Giacconi 2003:Abrikosov/Ginzburg/Leggett 2004:Gross/Politzer/Wilczek 2005:Glauber/Hall/Hänsch 2006:Mather/Smoot 2007:Fert/Grünberg 2008:Nambu/Kobajaši/Maskava 2009:Kao/Boyle/Smith 2010:Geim/Novoselov 2011:Perlmutter/Riess/Schmidt 2012:Haroche/Wineland 2013:Englert/Higgs 2014:Akasaki/Amano/Nakamura 2015:Kadžita/McDonald 2016:Thouless/Haldane/Kosterlitz 2017:Weiss/Barish/Thorne 2018:Ashkin/Mourou/Strickland 2019:Peebles/Mayor/Queloz 2020:Penrose/Genzel/Ghez 2021:Manabe/Hasselmann/Parisi 2022:Aspect/Clauser/Zeilinger 2023:Agostini/Krausz/L'Huillier
Alfred Nobel

Prejemnikinacionalne medalje znanosti ZDA

Vedenjske znanosti in družboslovje

1960.	1964:Roger Adams Othmar H. Ammann Theodosius Dobzhansky Neal Elgar Miller
1980.	1986:Herbert A. Simon 1987:Anne Anastasi George J. Stigler 1988:Milton Friedman
1990.	1990:Leonid Hurwicz Patrick Suppes 1991:Robert W. Kates George A. Miller 1992:Eleanor J. Gibson 1994:Robert K. Merton 1995:Roger N. Shepard 1996:Paul Samuelson 1997:William K. Estes 1998:William Julius Wilson 1999:Robert M. Solow
2000.	2000:Gary Becker 2001:George Bass 2003:R. Duncan Luce 2004:Kenneth Arrow 2005:Gordon H. Bower 2008:Michael I. Posner 2009:Mortimer Mishkin
2010.	2011:Anne Treisman 2014:Robert Axelrod 2015:Albert Bandura
2020.	2023:Huda Akil Shelley Taylor

Biološke znanosti

1960.	1963:C. B. van Niel 1964:Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965:Francis P. Rous George G. Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke 1966:Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann William C. Rose Sewall Wright 1967:Kenneth S. Cole Harry F. Harlow Michael Heidelberger Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968:Horace Barker Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk Jay Lush B. F. Skinner 1969:Robert Huebner Ernst Mayr
1970.	1970:Barbara McClintock Albert B. Sabin 1973:Daniel I. Arnon Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. 1974:Britton Chance Erwin Chargaff James V. Neel James Augustine Hannon 1975:Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy Sterling Brown Hendricks Orville lvin Vogel 1976:Roger Guillemin Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Racker E. O. Wilson 1979:Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Paul Alfred Weiss
1980.	1981:Philip Handler 1982:Seymour Benzer Glenn W. Burton Mildred Cohn 1983:Howard L. Bachrach Paul Berg Wendell L. Roelofs Berta Scharrer 1986:Stanley Cohen Donald A. Henderson Vernon B. Mountcastle George Emil Palade Joan A. Steitz 1987:Michael E. Debakey Theodor O. Diener Harry Eagle Har Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988:Michael S. Brown Stanley Norman Cohen Joseph L. Goldstein Maurice R. Hilleman Eric R. Kandel Rosalyn S. Yalow 1989:Katherine Esau Viktor Hamburger Philip Leder Joshua Lederberg Roger W. Sperry Harland G. Wood
1990.	1990:Baruj Benacerraf Herbert W. Boyer Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. Edward B. Lewis David G. Nathan E. Donnall Thomas 1991:Mary Ellen Avery G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks Folke K Skoog Paul C. Zamecnik 1992:Maxine Singer Howard M. Temin 1993:Daniel Nathans Salome G. Waelsch 1994:Thomas Eisner Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995:Alexander Rich 1996:Ruth Patrick 1997:James D. Watson Robert A. Weinberg 1998:Bruce Ames Janet Rowley 1999:David Baltimore Jared Diamond Lynn Margulis
2000.	2000:Nancy C. Andreasen Peter H. Raven Carl Woese 2001:Francisco J. Ayala Mario Capecchi Ann M. Graybiel Gene E. Likens Victor A. McKusick Harold Varmus 2002:James E. Darnell Evelyn M. Witkin 2003:J. Michael Bishop Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky 2004:Norman E. Borlaug Phillip A. Sharp Thomas E. Starzl 2005:Anthony Fauci Torsten N. Wiesel 2006:Rita R. Colwell Nina Fedoroff Lubert Stryer 2007:Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O'Malley 2008:Francis S. Collins Elaine Fuchs J. Craig Venter 2009:Susan L. Lindquist Stanley B. Prusiner
2010.	2010:Ralph L. Brinster Shu Chien Rudolf Jaenisch 2011:Lucy Shapiro Leroy Hood Sallie Chisholm 2014:May Berenbaum Bruce Alberts 2015:Stanley Falkow Rakesh K. Jain Mary-Claire King Simon Levin
2020.	2023:Gebisa Ejeta Eve Marder Gregory Petsko Sheldon Weinbaum

Kemija

1980s	1982:F. Albert Cotton Gilbert Stork 1983:Roald Hoffmann George C. Pimentel Richard N. Zare 1986:Harry B. Gray Yuan Tseh Lee Carl S. Marvel Frank H. Westheimer 1987:William S. Johnson Walter H. Stockmayer Max Tishler 1988:William O. Baker Konrad Emil Bloch Elias J. Corey 1989:Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Rudoph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell
1990.	1990:Elkan Blout Karl Folkers John D. Roberts 1991:Ronald Breslow Gertrude B. Elion Dudley R. Herschbach Glenn T. Seaborg 1992:Howard E. Simmons, Jr. 1993:Donald J. Cram Norman Hackerman 1994:George S. Hammond 1995:Thomas Cech Isabella L. Karle 1996:Norman Davidson 1997:Darleane C. Hoffman Harold S. Johnston 1998:John W. Cahn George M. Whitesides 1999:Stuart A. Rice John Ross Susan Solomon
2000.	2000:John D. Baldeschwieler Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001:Ernest R. Davidson Gabor A. Somorjai 2002:John I. Brauman 2004:Stephen J. Lippard 2006:Marvin H. Caruthers Peter B. Dervan 2007:Mostafa A. El-Sayed 2008:Joanna S. Fowler JoAnne Stubbe 2009:Stephen J. Benkovic Marye Anne Fox
2010.	2010::Jacqueline K. Barton Peter J. Stang 2011::Allen J. Bard M. Frederick Hawthorne 2012::Judith P. Klinman Jerrold Meinwald 2013::Geraldine L. Richmond 2014::A. Paul Alivisatos

Tehniške znanosti

1960.	1962:Theodore von Kármán 1963:Vannevar Bush John Robinson Pierce 1964:Charles S. Draper 1965:Hugh L. Dryden Clarence L. Johnson Warren K. Lewis 1966:Claude Elwood Shannon 1967:Edwin H. Land Igor Ivanovič Sikorski 1968:J. Presper Eckert Nathan M. Newmark 1969:Jack St. Clair Kilby
1970.	1970:George E. Mueller 1973:Harold E. Edgerton Richard T. Whitcomb 1974:Rudolf Kompfner Ralph Brazelton Peck Abel Wolman 1975:Manson Benedict William Hayward Pickering Frederick E. Terman Wernher von Braun 1976:Morris Cohen Peter C. Goldmark Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979:Emmett N. Leith Raymond D. Mindlin Robert N. Noyce Earl R. Parker Simon Ramo
1980.	1982:Edward H. Heinemann Donald L. Katz 1983:William R. Hewlett George M. Low John G. Trump 1986:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann T. Y. Lin Bernard M. Oliver 1987:R. Byron Bird H. Bolton Seed Ernst Weber 1988:Daniel C. Drucker Willis M. Hawkins George W. Housner 1989:Harry George Drickamer Herbert E. Grier
1990.	1990:Mildred S. Dresselhaus Nick Holonyak 1991:George Heilmeier Luna B. Leopold H. Guyford Stever 1992:Calvin F. Quate John Roy Whinnery 1993:Alfred Y. Cho 1994:Ray W. Clough 1995:Hermann A. Haus 1996:James L. Flanagan C. Kumar N. Patel 1998:Eli Ruckenstein 1999:Kenneth N. Stevens
2000.	2000:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 2001:Andreas Acrivos 2002:Leo Beranek 2003:John M. Prausnitz 2004:Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005:Jan D. Achenbach Tobin J. Marks 2006:Robert S. Langer 2007:David J. Wineland 2008:Rudolf E. Kalman 2009:Amnon Yariv
2010.	2010:Shu Chien 2011:John B. Goodenough 2014:Thomas Kailath
2020.	2023:Subra Suresh

Matematične, statistične in računalniške znanosti

1960.	1963:Norbert Wiener 1964:Solomon Lefschetz Harold Calvin Marston Morse 1965:Oscar Zariski 1966:John Willard Milnor 1967:Paul Joseph Cohen 1968:Jerzy Neyman 1969:Vilim Srećko Feller
1970.	1970:Richard Brauer 1973:John Tukey 1974:Kurt Gödel 1975:John W. Backus Shiing-Shen Chern George Dantzig 1976:Kurt Otto Friedrichs Hassler Whitney 1979:Joseph Leo Doob Donald Knuth
1980.	1982:Marshall Harvey Stone 1983:Herman Goldstine Isadore Singer 1986:Peter Lax Antoni Zygmund 1987:Raoul Bott Michael Freedman 1988:Ralph E. Gomory Joseph B. Keller 1989:Samuel Karlin Saunders MacLane Donald C. Spencer
1990.	1990:George F. Carrier Stephen Cole Kleene John McCarthy 1991:Alberto Calderón 1992:Allen Newell 1993:Martin David Kruskal 1994:John Cocke 1995:Louis Nirenberg 1996:Richard Karp Stephen Smale 1997:Šing-Tung Jau 1998:Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999:Felix Browder Ronald R. Coifman
2000.	2000:John Griggs Thompson Karen K. Uhlenbeck 2001:Calyampudi R. Rao Elias M. Stein 2002:James G. Glimm 2003:Carl R. de Boor 2004:Dennis P. Sullivan 2005:Bradley Efron 2006:Hyman Bass 2007:Leonard Kleinrock Andrew J. Viterbi 2009:David B. Mumford
2010.	2010:Richard A. Tapia S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 2011:Solomon W. Golomb Barry Mazur 2014:Alexandre Chorin David Blackwell 2015:Michael Artin

Fizikalne znanosti

1960.	1963:Luis Walter Alvarez 1964:Julian Seymour Schwinger Harold Clayton Urey Robert Burns Woodward 1965:John Bardeen Peter Joseph William Debye Leon Max Lederman William Rubey 1966:Jacob Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring John Hasbrouck van Vleck Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967:Jesse Beams Francis Birch Gregory Breit Louis Hammett George Kistiakowsky 1968:Paul Bartlett Herbert Friedman Lars Onsager Eugene Paul Wigner 1969:Herbert C. Brown Wolfgang Panofsky
1970.	1970:Robert Henry Dicke Allan Rex Sandage John Clarke Slater John Archibald Wheeler Saul Winstein 1973:Carl Djerassi Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Vladimir Haensel Frederick Seitz Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974:Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Flory William Alfred Fowler Linus Carl Pauling Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975:Hans A. Bethe Joseph Hirschfelder Lewis Sarett E. Bright Wilson Chien-Shiung Wu 1976:Samuel Goudsmit Herbert S. Gutowsky Frederick Rossini Verner Suomi Henry Taube George Eugene Uhlenbeck 1979:Richard Phillips Feynman Herman Mark Edward Mills Purcell John Sinfelt Lyman Spitzer Victor F. Weisskopf
1980.	1982:Philip Warren Anderson Joičiro Nambu Edward Teller Charles Hard Townes 1983:Eleanor Margaret Peachey Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber Helmut Landsberg Walter Munk Frederick Reines Bruno B. Rossi J. Robert Schrieffer 1986:Solomon Buchsbaum Horace Crane Herman Feshbach Robert Hofstadter Čen Ning Franklin Jang 1987:Philip Abelson Walter Elsasser Paul C. Lauterbur George Pake James Alfred Van Allen 1988:D. Allan Bromley Paul Ching-Wu Chu Walter Kohn Norman Foster Ramsey Jack Steinberger 1989:Arnold O. Beckman Eugene Newman Parker Robert Sharp Henry Stommel
1990.	1990:Allan M. Cormack Edwin M. McMillan Robert Pound Roger Revelle 1991:Arthur Leonard Schawlow Ed Stone Steven Weinberg 1992:Eugene Merle Shoemaker 1993:Val Fitch Vera Rubin 1994:Albert Overhauser Frank Press 1995:Hans Dehmelt Peter Goldreich 1996:Wallace S. Broecker 1997:Marshall Rosenbluth Martin Schwarzschild George Wetherill 1998:Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall 1999:James Cronin Leo Kadanoff
2000.	2000:Willis Eugene Lamb mlajši Jeremiah Paul Ostriker Gilbert F. White 2001:Marvin L. Cohen Raymond Davis mlajši Charles Keeling 2002:Richard Garwin W. Jason Morgan Edward Witten 2003:G. Brent Dalrymple Riccardo Giacconi 2004:Robert N. Clayton 2005:Ralph Asher Alpher Lonnie Thompson 2006:Daniel Kleppner 2007:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Charles P. Slichter 2008:Berni Alder James Edward Gunn 2009:Yakir Aharonov Esther M. Conwell Warren M. Washington
2010.	2011:Sidney Drell Sandra Faber Sylvester James Gates 2012:Burton Richter Sean C. Solomon 2014:Shirley Ann Jackson
2020.	2023:Barry Barish Myriam Sarachik

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