Kabhoni

Ngoda(ruboshwe) neGirafati(rudyi),malotlopimaviri eKabhoni

₆C

Malotlopi

grafati, ngodza ne dzimwe

(nemamwe malotlopi ayo)

Ratidziko

grafati: tema, inotaridzika sesimbi
ngoda:inoburikidza

Huremu hwe Hatomu

A_{r, std}(C)

[12.0096, 12.0116] conventional: 12.011

Kabhoni muTafura ye Nhangande

Numeri ye Hatomu

6

Boka

boka 14 (boka re kabhoni)

Rupotera

rupotera 2

Bloku

bloku - p

Konfigari ye

mhodzigetsi

[He] 2s²2p²

Mhodzigetsi padeko

2, 4

Mutumbi we miriki

Fhezi pa STP

godo (solidhi)

Poyindi ye Sublimation

3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)

Dhensiti (nearr.t.)

amufurosi: 1.8–2.1 g/cm³
grafati: 2.267 g/cm³
ngoda: 3.515 g/cm³

Poiyindi itatu

4600 K, 10,800 kPa

Nyengukoye Kudziya

grafati: 117 kJ/mol

Molar heat capacity

grafati: 8.517 J/(mol·K)

ngoda: 6.155 J/(mol·K)

Mutumbi we Hatomu

Miriro ye Oxidation

−4,−3,−2,−1,0,+1,+2,+3,+4

(a mildly acidic oxide)

Electronegativity

Pauling scale: 2.55

Ito yekunonda

1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol
2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol
3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol
(more)

Covalent radius

sp³:77 pm

sp²:73 pm sp: 69 pm

Unye we

Vhandewaarusi:

170 pm

Dzimwe miriki

Spectral lines ye Kabhoni

Natural occurrence

primordial

Chitangarache crystal

grafati: chiugonyanhatu

(tema)

Chitangara che crystal

ngoda: isachiso-pakati ngoda-kyubhu

(face-centered diamond-cubic)

(clear)

spidhi ye ruzha thin rod

ngoda: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)

Thermal expansion

ngoda: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)

Thermal conductivity

grafati: 119–165 W/(m⋅K)

ngoda: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K)

Mukweso we magetsi

grafati: 7.837 µΩ⋅m

Raya re Magineti

huguramagineti (diamagnetic)

Molar magnetic

susceptibility

ngoda: −5.9×10⁻⁶cm³/mol

Modhulasi ya Young

ngoda: 1050 GPa

Shear modhulasi

ngoda: 478 GPa

Uwandu we modhulasi

ngoda: 442 GPa

Rheshiyo ye Pwasoni

ngoda: 0.1

Kuoma mu u-Mohs

grafati: 1–2

ngoda: 10

Numeri ye CAS

hatomu kabhoni: 7440-44-0
grafati: 7782-42-5
ngoda: 7782-40-3

Nhoroondo

Kuvhumburwa

VaijipitaneVasumeri(3750 BCE)

Akaziva kuti

inhangande ndi:

Antoine Lavoisier (1789)

Enzanharaikuru ye Kabhoni

Enzahara	Uzhinji	Hafu-Upenyu (t_1/2)	Modhi ye bvurunuro	Prodhakti
¹¹C	syn	20 min	β⁺	¹¹B
¹²C	98.9%	stable
¹³C	1.1%	stable
¹⁴C	trace	5730 y	β⁻	¹⁴N

Kabhoni(kubva kuChiratini:carbokureva "marasha"; muChishonaunogona kunziChimurashainhangande re mushongarine chiratidzoCuye numeri ye hatomu6. Isinavusimbinehombaina(tetravalent) ichiita kuti mhodzigetsi mana avepo kuti aumbebhondi rigombedzwanare mushonga. Ndeyeboka rechigumi nemana retafura yerupotera. Kabhoni inongoumba inenge 0.025% chete yegoko reRinopasi.Enzanharanhatu dzinongoitika,¹²C ne¹³C ichidzikama, ukuwo¹⁴C irhedhiyosomo (kurevaradionucleotide),ichiora nehafu yeupenyu hwemakore angangoita 5,730. Kabhoni chimwe chezvinhu zvishoma zvinozivikanwa kubva kare-kare.

Tsananguro

Kabhoni iri pachinzvimbo 15 yenhangande yakanyanya kuwanda mugoko reRinopasi, uye iripachinzvimbo chechina chakanyanya kuwanda muchadenga nekuwanda mushure mesikamadzi ( hidhirojeni),chimuzuva (hiliyamu),uyeufemu (okisijeni).Kuwanda kwe Kabhoni, kusiyanisa kwemikumbanidzwa iri oganiki yayo, uye kugona kugadzikamirongo (polymers)pahujoto unowanzosanganwa nawo paRinopasi inoita kuti chinhu ichi chishande sechinhu chakafanana chehupenyu hwese hunozivikanwa. Iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri panhangande dzinowanzo wanikwa mumwiri wemunhu ne masi (mass) (zvingaita 18.5%) mushure meokisijeni.

Mahatomu eKabhoni anogona kubatana pamwechete nenzira dzakasiyana, zvichikonzera akasiyana malotlopi eKabhoni.Malotlopi (kurevaallotropes)anozivikanwa anosanganisiragirafati,ngoda,amufurosi kabhoniuyefullerenes.Hunhu hwekabhoni hunosiyana zvakanyanya neiyo fomu yechilotlopi. Semuenzaniso, girafati ine opaque uye dema ukuwo ngoda rinonyanya kujeka. Girafati yakapfava zvekuti inogadzira mutsetse pabepa (saka zita rayo, kubva pashoko reChigirikirekuti "γράφειν" zvinoreva "kunyora" ), nepo ngoda riri iro rakaomesesa rinoitika zvakasikwa rinozivikanwa. Girafati ikondakita yakanaka yemagetsi nepo ngoda rine kondakitivhiti ye magetsi yakaderera. Pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, ngoda, mananochubhu ekabhoni, uyegirafini (kurevagraphene)zvine akanyanya kupisa ekupisa kwezvinhu zvese zvinozivikanwa. Ese malotlopi ekabhoni akasimba pasi pezvakajairwa mamiriro, uye girafati iri iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana fomu yethemodhinamiki (kurevathermodynamically form) pakudziya kwakajairwa nekumanikidza. Izvo zvinodzivirira kemikari uye zvinoda hujoto yakanyanya kuita kunyangwe neokisijeni.

Iyo yakajairika oxidation mamiriro emikumbanidzwa eKabhoni asiri oganiki ndeye +4, nepo +2 inowanikwa muKabhoni monokusaidhi uye transition metal carbonyl complexes. Iwo makuru masosi ekabhoni asiri oganiki anosanganisa limestones, dolomites uye kabhoni dhioksaidhi, asi akakosha akawanda anoitika mu organic deposits yemarasha, peat, mafuta, uye methane clathrates. Kabhoni inoumba numeri huru yemakomboni, kupfuura chero chinhu chipi nechipi, ine makomboni anoda kusvika miriyoni gumi atsanangurwa kusvika pari zvino, asi nhamba iyoyo inongova chidimbu chidimbu chenhamba yezvinofungwa zvinobvira makomboni pasi pemamiriro akajairwa. Nechikonzero ichi, kabhoni yagara ichinzi "mambo wezvinhu".

Zita

Unenaruvambo

Zita rokuti Kabhoni rakabva kupashoko reChiratinirokuticarborinoreva kuti marasha.

Mashoko ashandiswa

murasha- kureva Kabhoni zvichienderera nechirevo chezita kumutauro warakabva.
Sinasimbi(non-metal)
Sinarusimbi/sinavusimbi(non-metallic);rusimbi(metallic)
Hombaina(tetravalent) tarisaihukomba hweNhangande
Amufurosi(amorphous)
Ruguramagineti/Huguramagineti(diamagnetic)Guramagineti(diamagnet) Gura (dia-)
Miriki(property) kubva pashoko reChiswahiri,kana reChishona rikazivikwa ngariiswe pamusoro peiri.
Pwasoni (Poisson)
ito (eneji)

Mabviro eruzivo

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