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Qamadi

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Qamadi(Af Carabi:ar‎;Af Ingiriis:wheat) waamidhoyaryar oofirileyah, kana baxageedka qamadigakaas oodadka,xoolahaiyoxayawaankucunaan. Geedka qamadiga ahSaynisahaan loo yaqaanoTriticumspp[1][2]waamidhofirileyah midaasi oo asal ahaan ka timiddeegaanad Leefantee bariga dhow, laakiin maanta lagabeertodhamaan caalamka oo idil. Sanadkii 2013kawaxsoo saarka heeda caalamku waxay ahayd713 milyan oo tantaasi oo ka dhigeeysafirileydasadexaadugu soo saarka badan dunida. Waxaa ka horeeya oo kali ahgalleyda(laga soo saaray 1,016 milyan ton) iyobariiskaoo laga soo saaray 745 milyan ton.[3]


Qamadi
Qamadi
Kala soocida cilmiga ah
Boqortooyo: Plantae
Qaybinta: Magnoliophyta
Gacalka: Liliopsida
Dirka: Poales
Bahka: Poaceae
Duulka: Triticum

Sidoo kale, qamadigu wuxuu ahaa midka labaad ee ugu beerasho badnayd sanadkii 2009ka, taasi oo dunidu soo saartey 682 milyan ton; waxaa ka horeeysay kaliya galleyda oo laga soo saaray 817 milyan ton, waxaa isna dhinaca ku hayay bariiska oo laga soo saaray 679 milyan ton.[4]

Firileyda geedka qamadiga waxaa lagu beeraa dhulka ugu badan eedhir laga ganacsado.Waxaana la sheegay in ganacsiga qamadigu ka sareeyo marka la iskudaro dhamaan midhaha la soo saaro oo dhan.[5] Marka laga hadlayo dhamaan caalamka, midhaha qamadigu waa hogaankakhudaartaborotiinkaleh ee jidha dadku u baahan yahay. Tirada borotiin ee ku jirta firida qamadiga waxay ka badan tahay inta ku jirta galleyda, bariiska iyo garowga.[6] Marka laga eego dhinacacuntooyinkadadkuquutaan, guud ahaan qamadigu waa midka labaad ee ku xiga bariiska, taasi oo dhaafineysa galleyda maadaama iyada ay in badan u tahay quudxayawaanka.

Dhinaca kale, qamadigu wuxuu ahaa furo horumariyay xadaaradihii iyo ilbaxnimooyinkii hore ee aduunka, sababtoo ah waxay ka mid ahayd midhaha sida fudud loo beerto ee wax badan laga goosto, isla markaana wakhti aad u dheer la kaydin karaayay. Intaas waxaa dheer in qamadigu ka qeyb-qaatay soo shaacbixiimaamul-caasimadeedkaka bilaabmey sidaBaabiylooniyoAsiyriyaee marka dambe isku bedelay xadaarado iyo boqortooyooyin balaadhan. Midhaha geedka qamadigu waa cunto degan taasi oo laga sameeyodaqiiqda,canjeerada,rootida,buskudka,keega, firida lagu qureecdo,baastada,noodhalka[7]iyo cuntooyinka la khamiiriyo si looga sameeyokhamri,[8]iyo noocyada kale ee alkahoosha,[9]iyoshidaalkadhirta.[10]

Iskusoo wada duub oo, waxaa jira lix nooc oo loo qeybiyo qamadiga: 1) qolof adag oo case, 2) dayr adke cas, 3) jiilaal case jilicsan, 4) durum (adayg), 5) adke cad, iyo 6) kulka cad jilicsan.[11] Noocyada adag ayaa lehmacdanta ugu badan ee glutenwaxaana loo isticmaalaa in laga sameeyo rootida, sabaayad iyo noocyada la midka ah. Dhinaca kale, qamadiga jilicsan waxaa laga sameeyaa rootida jilicsan sida canjeerada iyo malawaxa, keega iyo buskudka. Qaarada Yurub, in badan oo qamadiga laga beero deegaanadaasi waxaa dib u quutaxoolahaiyoxayawaankacarbiska ah.[12][13]

Taariikh

[wax ka badal|wax ka badal xogta]

Qamadigu waa xubin ka mid ah midhaha firileyda ah ee dadku soo dhaqan jireen tan iyo biloowgiiilabxnimada.Geedka qamadigu waa mid isagu isbacarimiya waxaanu leeyahay noocyo dhowr ah oo iskuwada qaab dhow.Cilmibaadhisaarkiyooloji ahi waxay sheegtay in geedka qamadiga laga beeran jiraydeegaanda nafaqeysanee bariga dhexe iyo bariga dhow, ilaaWaqooyiga Afrika. Baadhitaano la sameeyay sanadahan dambe waxay xuseen in midhaha geedka qamadigu ka bixi jireenkoonfurbari Turkiga,[14]iyo deegaanada Einkorn eeWadi el JilatwadankaCumaan,halkaasi oo lagu beeran jiray 7,500 sanoC.Hilaa 7,300 sano C.H (Ciise Hortii).[15]

Asalka Qamadiga

[wax ka badal|wax ka badal xogta]
Qamadiga caadiga ah iyo kan duurjaleenka

Beerashada iyo gurashada midhaha firida ee cowka duurgaleenka ah ayaa markiisa horeba baray qamadig faa'iidadiisa dadkii ku dhaqnaa deegaanada carada nafaqeeysan ee Bariga Dhow. Markii la bilaabay beerida qamadiga ayaa mudo gudaheed uu isbedel ku yimid hab-dhismeedka jiiniska geedka kaasi oo bedelay nidaamkii duurjoognimada dahaadhka qolofta leh ee firida ku duubneyd, isla markaana noqdey mid qoloftiisu ka khafiifsan tahay kan duurjooga wax ka dibna ku dhex baaba'day midhaha firida geedka qamadiga.[16] Wakhti hada laga joogo8,000 sanoCiise Hortii ayaa qodashada iyo beerida geedka qamadigu ku fiday agagaarka deegaanada nafaqeeysan.[17][18]

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mudadii ka dambeeysay fiditaanka geedka qamadiga deegaanada Carada Nafaqeeysan, wuxuu midhaha geedkuganacsiku gaadhay jihooyin kala duwan, sida Waqooyiga Afrika,boqortooyadii Beershiya,galbeedka Hindiya iyo bariga wadanada qaarada Yurub.

Muuqaalka

[wax ka badal|wax ka badal xogta]
  • Muuqaalada Qamadiga

Qoraalo La Xidhiidha

[wax ka badal|wax ka badal xogta]

Tixraac

[wax ka badal|wax ka badal xogta]


  1. ↑Belderok, Robert 'Bob'; Mesdag, Hans; Donner, Dingena A, Springer, p. 3,ISBN0-7923-6383-3Maqan ama ebar|title=(caawin)
  2. ↑Shewry, Peter R,Journal of Experimental Botany,60(6): 1537–1553,doi:10.1093/jxb/erp058Maqan ama ebar|title=(caawin)
  3. ↑"Nuqul Archive".Waxaa laga kaydiyaythe original19 Bisha Lixaad 2012.Soo qaatay27 January2015.Barameter aan la aqoon|ciwaan=ignored (caawin);Hubi qiimaynta taariikhda:|archive-date=(caawin)
  4. ↑"Nuqul Archive".Oklahoma State University, FAO Stat. Waxaa laga kaydiyaythe original10 June 2015.Soo qaatay19 September2015.Barameter aan la aqoon|ciwaan=ignored (caawin)
  5. ↑Curtis; Rajaraman; MacPherson. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nationshttp://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4011e/y4011e00.htm.Maqan ama ebar|title=(caawin)
  6. ↑"Nutrient data laboratory".United States Department of Agriculture.
  7. ↑Cauvain, Stanley P. & Cauvain P. Cauvain. (2003)Bread Making.CRC Press. p. 540.ISBN 1-85573-553-9.
  8. ↑Palmer, John J. (2001)How to Brew.Defenestrative Pub Co. p. 233.ISBN 0-9710579-0-7.
  9. ↑Neill, Richard. (2002)Booze: The Drinks Bible for the 21st Century.Octopus Publishing Group – Cassell Illustrated. p. 112.ISBN 1-84188-196-1.
  10. ↑Department of Agriculture Appropriations for 1957: Hearings...84th Congress.2d Session.United States House Committee on Appropriations.1956. p. 242.
  11. ↑"Six Basic Classes of WheatMinnesota Association of Wheat Growers".Waxaa laga kaydiyaythe original2014-10-18.Soo qaatay2015-09-19.Barameter aan la aqoon|ciwaan=ignored (caawin)
  12. ↑Smith, Albert E. (1995)Handbook of Weed Management Systems.Marcel Dekker. p. 411.ISBN 0-8247-9547-4.
  13. ↑Bridgwater, W. & Beatrice Aldrich. (1966)The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia.Columbia University. p. 1959.
  14. ↑Lev-Yadun, S; Gopher, A; Abbo, S.Science.288(5471): 1602–3.PMID10858140.doi:10.1126/science.288.5471.1602.Maqan ama ebar|title=(caawin)
  15. ↑Nestbitt, Mark., When and where did domesticated cereals first occur in southwest Asia? in R.T.J. Cappers & S. Bottema (Eds.) The Dawn of Farming in the Near East. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 6, 2002 (1999). Berlin, ex oriente.
  16. ↑Tanno, K Willcox; Willcox, G.Science.311(5769): 1886.PMID16574859.doi:10.1126/science.1124635.Maqan ama ebar|title=(caawin)
  17. ↑"Feldman, Moshe and Kislev, Mordechai E., Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, Volume 55, Number 3 - 4 / 2007, pp. 207 - 221,Domestication of emmer wheat and evolution of free-threshing tetraploid wheatin "A Century of Wheat Research-From Wild Emmer Discovery to Genome Analysis", Published Online: 3 November 2008 ".Waxaa laga kaydiyaythe original6 December 2013.Soo qaatay19 September2015.Barameter aan la aqoon|ciwaan=ignored (caawin)
  18. ↑Colledge, Sue; University College, London. Institute of Archaeology. Left Coast Press. pp. 40–.ISBN978-1-59874-988-5http://books.google.com/books?id=D2nym35k_EcC&pg=PA40.Soo qaatay5 July2011.Maqan ama ebar|title=(caawin)
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