Eukaryota
Taxonavigation
Superregnum:Eukaryota
Regna (Whittaker&Margulis,1978):Animalia–Plantae–Fungi–Protista
Regna (Cavalier-Smith,1981):Animalia–Plantae–Fungi–Chromista–Protozoa
Supergroups (Cavalier-Smith,2009):Bikonta–Unikonta
Groups (Adlet al.,2012):Amoebozoa–Opisthokonta–Excavata–Sar(Stramenopiles–Alveolata–Rhizaria) –Archaeplastida–Incertae sedis
Regna (Ruggieroet al.,2015):Protozoa–Chromista–Fungi–Plantae–Animalia
Name
EucaryotesChatton,1925, 1937/1938,Chadefaud,1960
Synonyms
- KaryontaNovák,1930
- EukaryontaFott,1959 (according toRound,1973),Möhn,1984
- EucaryotaChristensen,1962,Allsopp,1969
- EucaryotaeMurray,1968
- CaryontaNovák,1969
- EukaryotaFott,1971,Stent,1971,Margulis,1974,Whittaker&Margulis,1978
- EucytotaJeffrey,1971
- EukaryotaeParkeret al.,1982 [?]
- EucaryaWoeseet. al.,1990
- EukaryaMargulis,1996 (notDougherty,1957, seeSapp,2005)
Alternative classifications
Chatton (1925)
Chatton, É.1925.Pansporella perplexa,amoebien à spores protégées parasite de daphnies. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires.Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie,Série 10 VIII: 5–84,Online.SeeKussakinDrozdov(1994),[1],Katscher(2004),[2].
[p. 76ː]
[p. 77ː]
- Procaryotes
- Eucaryotes
- (Protomastigiés)
- Phéoflagellées
- Diatomées
- Phéophycées
- Rhodophycées
- Chrysomonadines
- Cryptomonadines
- Dinoflagellés
- Cystoflagellés
- Protéomyxés
- Foraminifères
- Héliozoaires
- Radioláires
- (Procnidiés)
- Paramyxidies
- Microsporidies
- Myxosporidies
- Actinomyxidies
- Cnidaires
- Métazoaires
- Zooflagellés
- Hypermastigines
- Heteromastigines
- Sporozoaires
- Holomastigines
- Choanoflagellés
- Spongiaires
- Mastigamoebiens
- Mycétozoaires
- Haplosporidies
- Monamoebiens
- Schizosporidies
- Pélomyxiens
- Théchamoebiens
- Synamoebiens
- Sporamoebiens
- Entamoebiens
- Ciliés
- Acinétiens
- Mycoflagellés
- Chytridinées
- Phycomycètes
- Champignons
- Chloroflagellés
- Eugléniens
- Chlamydomonadines
- Volvocines
- Chlorophycées
- Archegoniates
Copeland (1956)
Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, [6].
- KingdomProtoctista
- PhylumRhodophyta
- PhylumPhaeophyta
- PhylumPyrrhophyta
- PhylumOpisthokonta
- PhylumInophyta
- Phylum Protoplasta
- PhylumFungilli
- PhylumCiliophora
- KingdomPlantae
- KingdomAnimalia
Chadefaud & Emberger (1960)
Chadefaud, M. & Emberger, L. (éds.).Traité de botanique systématique.Masson et Cie., Paris. Tome I. Les végétaux non vasculaires (Cryptogamie), par M. Chadefaud, 1960, 1 vol. de 1016 pages,[3].Tome II. Les végétaux vasculaires, par L. Emberger, 1960, deux fascicules, 1540 pages,[4],[5].
Monde vivant
- Protocaryotes(= Schizophytes)
- Eucaryotes
- Algues Eucaryotes(= Phycophytes)
- Champignons(= Mycophytes)
- Plantes a cormus, Plantes supérieures,Cormophytes,ou Archégoniates
- Animaux,ou Zoaires (Protozoaires, Métazoaires)
Jeffrey (1971)
Jeffrey, C. 1971. Thallophytes and kingdoms - a critique.Kew. Bull.,25, 291-299. See Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present.The Taxonomicon.Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands,[6].
- SuperkingdomAcytota
- SuperkingdomProcytota
- SuperkingdomEucytota
- Kingdom Rhodobiota
- Kingdom Chromobiota
- Kingdom Zoobiota
- Kingdom Mycobiota
- Kingdom Chlorobiota
Margulis (1971)
Margulis, L. 1971. Whittaker's five kingdoms of organisms: minor revisions suggested by considerations of the origin of mitosis.Evolution25: 242-245.
- "prokaryotes"
- KingdomMonera
- "eukaryotes"
- KingdomProtista
- KingdomFungi(Amastigomycota):Zygomycota,AscomycotaandBasidiomycota
- KingdomAnimalia(Metazoa)
- KingdomPlantae(Metaphyta):BryophytaandTracheophyta
Leedale (1974)
Leedale, G. F. (1974). How many are the kingdoms of organisms?Taxon,23 (1974), pp. 261–270,[7].SeeWhittakerinKreir(1977),Google Books.
[ “Pteropod” scheme, p. 267:]
[ “Fan” scheme, p. 269:]
- Prokaryote (Monera)
- Eukaryote
- Rhodophyta
- Plantae(Chlorophyta,Charophyta,Bryophyta,Tracheophyta)
- Heterokonts(Oomycota,Bacillariophyta,Xanthophyta,Chrysophyta,Phaeophyta)
- Eustigmatophyta
- Haptophyta
- Cryptophyta
- Dinophyta
- Chytridiomycota
- Fungi(Zygomycota,Basidiomycota,Ascomycota)
- Euglenophyta
- Zoomastigina
- Myxomycota
- Sarcodina
- Ciliophora
- Sporozoa
- Porifera
- Animalia(Coelenterata,Platyhelminthes,Annelida,Mollusca,Arthropoda,Echinodermata,Chordata,etc.)
- Mesozoa
Margulis (1974a)
Margulis, L. (1974a). Five-kingdom classification and the origin and evolution of cells.Evol. Biol.7, 45-78,[8].
- Superkingdom (chromosomal organization =Prokaryota)
- Superkingdom (chromosomal organization =Eukaryota)
- KingdomProtista( orProtoctista)
- GradeNonmitotica
- GradeMitotica
- KingdomFungi
- KingdomAnimalia
- KingdomPlantae
- KingdomProtista( orProtoctista)
Margulis (1974b)
Margulis, L. (1974b). The classification and evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In:Handbook of Genetics,Vol. 1, R. C. King, (ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 1-41,[9].
- Superkingdom (chromosomal organization)Prokaryota
- Superkingdom (chromosomal organization)Eukaryota
Edwards (1976)
Edwards, P. (1976). A classification of plants into higher taxa based on cytological and biochemical criteria.Taxon25: 529–542.
- Procaryota
- Eucaryota
- Erythrobionta(Rhodophyta)
- Chlorobionta(Tracheophyta,Bryophyta,Chlorophyta,Euglenophyta)
- Fungi1 (Basidiomycota,Ascomycota,Zygomycota,Chytridiomycota)
- Ochrobionta(Phaeophyta,Chrysophyta,Pyrrhophyta,Cryptophyta)
- Fungi2 (Hyphochytridiomycota,Oomycota,Labyrinthulomycota)
- Myxobionta(Myxogastriomycota,Acrasiomycota,Dictyosteliomycota,Protosteliomycota)
- animals
Whittaker & Margulis (1978)
Whittaker, R. H. & Margulis, L. (1978). Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms.Biosystems10, 3–18.
- SuperkingdomProkaryota
- I. KingdomMonera
- SuperkingdomEukaryota
- II. KingdomProtistaorProtoctista
- III. KingdomFungi
- IV. KingdomAnimalia
- V. KingdomPlantae
Cavalier-Smith (1978)
Cavalier-Smith, T.1978. The evolutionary origin and phylogeny of microtubules, mitotic spindles and eukaryote flagella. BioSystems, 10(1), 93-114.
- Super-kingdomEukaryota
- Kingdom 1.Aconta(Rhodophyta,zygomycete fungi,ascomycete fungi,basidiomycete fungi,Acrasida)
- Kingdom 2.Haptophyta
- Kingdom 3.Cryptophyta
- Kingdom 4.Heterokonta(Eustigmatophyta,chloromonads,Xanthophyta,biflagellate [=oomycete] fungi,Myxomycetes,hyphochytrid fungi,Phaeophyta,Chrysophyta,chytrid fungi,Actinopoda,Foraminifera,amoeboflagellates,diatoms)
- Kingdom 5.Corticoflagellata
- Kingdom 6.Euglenoida(Euglenophyta,Kinetoplastida)
- Kingdom 7.Chlorophyta(chlorophyte algae,Prasinophyta,Bryophyta,Tracheophyta)
Stewart & Mattox (1980)
Stewart, K.D. & Mattox, K. (1980). Phylogeny of phytoflagellates. In:Phytoflagellates(ed. E.Cox), New York: Elsevier/North Holland, pp. 433–462,[10],[11].
Eukaryotes[p. 456]
- KingdomDinobiota[with tubular cristae]
- KingdomBodonobiota[with flattened (lamellar) cristae]
Cavalier-Smith (1981)
- Cavalier-Smith, T.1981. Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?Biosystems14(3–4): 461–481.DOI:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2.PMID 7337818.Reference page.
Nine eukaryote kingdoms proposal[p. 462]
- SuperkingdomProkaryota
- KingdomBacteria
- SubkingdomEubacteria
- SubkingdomArchaebacteria
- KingdomBacteria
- SuperkingdomEukaryota
- Kingdom 1.Eufungi
- Kingdom 2.Ciliofungi
- Kingdom 3.Animalia
- Kingdom 4.Biliphyta
- Kingdom 5.Viridiplantae
- Kingdom 6.Euglenozoa
- Kingdom 7.Protozoa
- Kingdom 8.Cryptophyta
- Kingdom 9.Chromophyta
Five eukaryote kingdoms proposal[p. 476-477]
- SuperkingdomEukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Fungi (Ciliofungi + Eufungi)
- Kingdom 2. Chromista (Cryptophyta + Chromophyta)
- Kingdom 3. Plantae (Viridiplantae + Biliphyta)
- Kingdom 4. Protista (Euglenozoa + Protozoa)
- Kingdom 5. Animalia
Seven eukaryote kingdoms proposal[p. 478]
- SuperkingdomEukaryota
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Viridiplantae
- Phylum Chlorophyta
- Phylum Bryophyta
- Phylum Tracheophyta
- Kingdom Biliphyta
- Phylum Biliphyta
- Class Rhodophyceae
- Class Glaocophyceae
- Phylum Biliphyta
- Kingdom Chromista
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Euglenozoa
- Kingdom Protozoa
Parker et al. (1982)
Parker, S. P. (ed.). 1982.Synopsis and classification of living organisms.2 vols. McGraw-Hill, New York,[12],[13].See Brands (1989-2005),[14]
- SuperkingdomProkaryotae
- SuperkingdomEukaryotae
[Note: this classification is redundant for some ambiregnal protists. SeeTayloret al.(1986),PDF.]
Cavalier-Smith (1983)
Cavalier-Smith, T.1983. A 6-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny. Pp. 1027–1034 inEndocytobiology II(H.E.A. Schenk & W. Schwemmler, eds.). De Gruyter, Berlin,[15],[16].
- 1.Prokaryota
- Kingdom 1.Bacteria
- 2.Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1.Protozoa(Archezoa,Sarcomastigota,EuglenozoaandChoanociliata)
- Kingdom 2.Animalia(ParazoaandMetazoa)
- Kingdom 3.Fungi(CiliofungiandEufungi)
- Kingdom 4.Plantae(BiliphytaandViridiplantae)
- Kingdom 5.Chromista(CryptophytaandChromophyta)
Möhn (1984)
FromSystem und Phylogenie der Lebewesen,[17],[18].
SuperkingdomEukaryonta
- SuprakingdomAconta
- KingdomRhodocyanobionta
- PhylumCyanidiophyta
- KingdomErythrobionta
- PhylumRhodophyta
- KingdomRhodocyanobionta
- SuprakingdomContophora
- KingdomChlorobionta
- PhylumPrasinophyta
- PhylumCharophyta
- PhylumUlvaphyta
- PhylumChlorophyta
- KingdomFlagelloopalinida
- PhylumProtomonada
- PhylumOpalinidea
- KingdomEuglenophytobionta
- PhylumEuglenophyta
- KingdomEumycota
- PhylumOpisthomastigomycota
- PhylumAmastigomycota
- KingdomDinophytobionta
- SubkingdomDinophytea
- PhylumDinophyta
- PhylumGranuloreticulosa
- PhylumAcanthiolaria
- PhylumPolannulifera
- SubkingdomCiliata
- PhylumCiliophora
- SubkingdomDinophytea
- KingdomCrytophytobionta
- PhylumCrytophyta
- KingdomColponemata
- PhylumColponemaria
- KingdomChloromonadophytobionta
- PhylumChloromonadophyta
- KingdomChromophytobionta
- SubkingdomChromobionta
- PhylumXanthophyta
- PhylumPantonemomycota
- PhylumProteomyxidea
- PhylumLabyrinthomorpha
- PhylumChrysophyta
- PhylumHydraulea
- PhylumTrichomycetea
- PhylumMycetozoidea
- PhylumPedinellaphyta
- PhylumBacillariophyta
- PhylumPhaeophyta
- SubkingdomEustigmatobionta
- PhylumEustigmatophyta
- SubkingdomChoanobionta
- PhylumCraspedophyta
- SubkingdomHaptophytobionta
- PhylumHaptophyta
- SubkingdomChromobionta
- KingdomChlorobionta
- SuprakingdomCormobionta
- SuprakingdomAnimalia
- Middle-kingdomParazoa
- KingdomPorifera
- KingdomArcheata
- KingdomPlacozoomorpha
- Middle-kingdomEumetazoa
- KingdomRadiata
- PhylumCnidaria
- PhylumCtenophora
- KingdomBilateria
- KingdomRadiata
- Middle-kingdomParazoa
Lipscomb (1985)
Lipscomb, Diana. 1985. The eukaryotic kingdoms.Cladistics1: 127–40.
- Group 1
- Group 2
- Group 3
- Group 4
- Group 5
- Group 6
- Group 7
- Group 8
- Group 9
[Note: some eukaryote groups are not included in Lipscomb analysis.]
Corliss (1986)
FromThe kingdoms of organisms: from a microscopist’s point of view.
SuperkingdomEukaryota
Starobogatoff (1986)
Старобогатов Я.И. К вопросу о числе царств эукариотных организмов. //Труды Зоологического института АН СССР.1986. T. 144. С. 4–25.
Starobogatoff, Y.I. 1986. On the number of kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms.Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta144: 4–25.(In Russian)From Pelentier, B. (2007-2015),[19].
- SuperkingdomAkonta
- KingdomRhodymeniontes
- KingdomMycota
- SuperkingdomLamellicristata
- KingdomCryptomonadontes
- KingdomEuglenontes
- KingdomPlantae
- KingdomAnimalia
- SuperkingdomTubulicristata
- KingdomEllipsoidiontes
- KingdomPeridiniontes
- KingdomChromulinontes
Lipscomb (1989)
Lipscomb, D. (1989). Relationships among the eukaryotes. In:The Hiearchy of Life,B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, & H. Jornvall (eds.), Elsevier, New York. pp. 161-178,[20].From Pelentier, B. (2007-2015),[21].
- Rhodophyca
- Supergroup 1
- Plantae
- Supergroup 2
- Cryptomonada
- Supergroup 3
- Amebae+Oomycota+Chromobiota+Heliozoa
- Supergroup 4
- Polymastigota
- Animalia+(Choanozoa+Fungi)
- Opalinida+Dinociliata+Euglenaria
Woese (1990)
3-Domain System ofCarl Woese
Lipscomb (1991)
Lipscomb, D. (1991). Broad classification: the kingdoms and the protozoa. In:Parasitic Protozoa,Vol. 1, 2nd ed. J.P. Kreier & J.R. Baker (eds.). Academic Press, San Diego. pp. 81-136,[22].
- 1.Rhodophyta
- 2.Chlorobionts
- 3.Cryptophytes
- 4.Chromobionts
- 5.Polymastigotes
- 6.Animals
- 7.Amoeboflagellates
- 8.Opalinids
- 9.DinoflagellatesandCiliates
- 10.Euglenozoa
Corliss (1994)
FromAn Interim Utilitarian ( "User-friendly" ) Hierarchical Classification and Characterization of the Protists.
EmpireEukaryota
Kussakin & Drozdov (1994)
Кусакин О.Г, Дроздов А.Л. 1994.Филема органического мира.Часть 1. Пролегомены к построению филемы. С.-Петербург: Наука,[23].
Kussakin O.G., Drozdov A.L. (1994).Phylema of the living beings.Part 1. Prolegomena to the construction of phylema. Nauka, St.-Petersburg.(In Russian)
- Imperia Non-cellulata (= Acytota)
- Imperia Cellulata Vorontsov, 1965
- DominionArchae(=Archaebacteriaauct.)
- DominionBacteria(=Eubacteriaauct.)
- DominionEukaryota
- SubdominionArchekaryota
- KingdomMicrosporobionta
- KingdomArchemonadobionta(=Polymastigobionta)
- SubdominionMetakaryota
- KingdomRhodobionta
- KingdomCryptobionta
- KingdomEuglenobionta
- KingdomDinobionta
- KingdomChromobiontas. lato (=Tubularistata)
- KingdomChlorobionta(=Viridiplantae)
- KingdomMycobionta(=Fungi)
- KingdomInferiobionta(=Parazoa)
- KingdomMetazoa
- SubdominionArchekaryota
- Incertae sedis:Myxospora,Chlorarachnida,Gyromitus,Discocelis,Jacoba
Cavalier-Smith (1995)
Cavalier-Smith, T.1995. Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification. In:The biology of free-living heterotrophic flagellates(ed. S.A. Karpov),Cytology[Tsitologiia] 37(11): 1010–1029,Online.
- KingdomArchezoa
- KingdomProtozoa
- KingdomCryptista
- KingdomChromista
- KingdomPlantae
- KingdomAnimalia
- KingdomFungi
Starobogatov (1995)
Starobogatov, Y. I. (1995). The position of flagellated protists in the system of lower eukaryotes. In: The biology of free-living heterotrophic flagellates (ed. S.A. Karpov),Cytology,37 (11): 1030–7,[24].Also in: Abstracts of the Second International Symposium on the Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates: 14th – 20th August 1994 – St. Petersburg, Russia.Europ. J. Protistol.31, 109-118,[25].
- SuperkingdomAkonta
- KingdomRhodymeniontes
- KingdomMycota
- SuperkingdomLamellicristata
- KingdomCryptomonadontes
- KingdomEuglenontes
- KingdomPlantae
- KingdomAnimalia
- SuperkingdomTubulicristata
- KingdomPeridiniontes
- KingdomChromulinontes
Margulis (1996)
FromArchaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: Phylogenetic classification of life[26].
Eukarya(=Eukaryotae)
Hausmann & Hülsmann (1996)
From Hausmann, K., N. Hülsmann.Protozoology.2nd ed. Thieme Verlag; New York, 1996.[27],[28].
EmpireEukaryota
- KingdomMicrospora
- PhylumMicrospora
- ClassRudimicrosporea
- ClassMicrosporea
- PhylumMicrospora
- KingdomMastigota
- SubkingdomArchamoebaea
- PhylumKaryoblasta
- SubkingdomDimastigota
- SuperphylumTetramastigota
- PhylumRetortamonada
- ClassRetortamonadea
- ClassDiplomonadea
- PhylumAxostylata
- ClassOxymonadae
- ClassParabasalea
- OrderTrichomonadida
- OrderPolymonadida
- OrderHypermastigida
- PhylumRetortamonada
- SuperphylumMetakaryota
- PhylumEuglenozoa
- SubphylumEuglenida
- ClassEuglenoidea
- ClassHemimastigophorea
- SubphylumKinetoplasta
- ClassBodonea
- ClassTrypanosomatidea
- SubphylumPseudociliata
- SubphylumEuglenida
- PhylumHeterolobosa
- ClassSchizopyrenidea
- ClassAcrasea
- PhylumDictyostela
- PhylumProtostela
- PhylumMyxogastra
- PhylumChromista
- SubphylumPrymnesiomonada
- SubphylumCryptomonada
- SubphylumHeterokonta
- ClassProteromonadea
- ClassOpalinea
- ClassChrysomonadea
- ClassHeteromonadea
- ClassLabyrinthulea
- ClassRaphidomonadea
- ClassPlasmodiophorea
- ClassBicosoecidea
- PhylumAlveolata
- SubphylumDinoflagellata
- SubphylumApicomplexa
- ClassGregarinea
- ClassCoccidea
- ClassHaematozoea
- SubphylumCiliophora
- SuperclassPostciliodesmatophora
- ClassKaryorelictea
- ClassSpirotrichea
- SubclassHeterotrichea
- SubclassOligotrichia
- SubclassStichotrichia
- SubclassHypotrichia
- SuperclassRabdophora
- ClassProstomatea
- ClassLitostomatea
- SubclassHaptoria
- SubclassTrichostomatia
- SuperclassCyrtophora
- ClassPhyllopharyngia
- SubclassPhyllopharyngia
- SubclassChonotrichia
- SubclassSuctoria
- ClassNassophorea
- ClassOligohymenophorea
- SubclassHymenostomatia
- SubclassPeritrichia
- SubclassAstomatia
- SubclassApostomatia
- ClassColpodea
- ClassPhyllopharyngia
- SuperclassPostciliodesmatophora
- PhylumChoanoflagellata
- PhylumChlorophyta
- ClassPrasinomonadea
- Metakaryotaincertae sedis
- PhylumEuglenozoa
- SuperphylumTetramastigota
- SubkingdomArchamoebaea
Cavalier-Smith (1998)
FromA revised six-kingdom system of life,[29].
- Empire or Superkingdom 1.Prokaryota
- Empire or Superkingdom 2.Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1.ProtozoaKussakin, O.G.,Drozdov, A.L.1998.Phylema of the living beings.Part 2. Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes. Nauka, St.-Petersburg.(in Russian)
- Imperia Cellulata Vorontsov, 1965
- Prokaryota
- DominionArchaebacteria
- DominionEubacteria
- DominionEukaryota
- KingdomMicrosporobiontes
- KingdomArchemonadobiontes
- KingdomEuglenobiontes
- KingdomMyxobiontes
- KingdomRhodobiontes
- KingdomAlveolates
- KingdomHeterokontes
- Prokaryota
Patterson (1999)
- Patterson, D.J.1999. The Diversity of Eukaryotes.The American Naturalist154 (S4): 96–124.DOI:10.1086/303287PDFReference page.
- "Eukaryotic taxa without known sister groups"
- Acantharea
- Actinophryids
- Alveolates
- Ancyromonas
- Apusomonads
- Biomyxa
- Caecitellus
- Carpediemonas
- Centroheliozoa
- Cercomonads
- Chlorarachniophytes
- Coelosporidium
- Collodictyon
- Copromyxids
- Cryothecomonas
- Cryptomonads
- Desmothoracids
- Dimorphids
- Diphylleia
- Diplomonads
- Discocelis
- Ebriids
- Ellobiopsids
- Entamoebidae
- Euglenozoa
- Fonticula
- Glaucophytes
- Granuloreticulosa
- Gymnophrea
- Gymnosphaerida
- Haplosporids
- Haptophytes
- Heterolobosea
- Hyperamoeba
- Jakobids
- Kathablepharids
- Komokiacea
- Luffisphaera
- Microsporidia
- Ministeria
- Multicilia
- Nephridiophagids
- Nucleariidae
- Opisthokonts
- Oxymonads
- Parabasalids
- Paramyxea
- Pelobionts
- Phaeodarea
- Phagodinium
- Phalansterium
- Plasmodiophorids
- Polycystinea
- Pseudodendromonads
- Pseudospora
- Ramicristates
- Red algae
- Reticulomyxa
- Retortamonads
- Rosette agent
- Spironemidae
- Spongomonads
- Stephanopogon
- Sticholonche
- Stramenopiles
- Telonema
- Thaumatomonads
- Trimastix
- Vampyrellids
- Viridaeplantae
- Xenophyophores
- "Protista without contemporary identity"
Hausmann et al. (2003)
From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek.Protistology.3rd ed. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.
EmpireEukaryotaChatton, 1925 (=Eukarya)
- PhylumTetramastigotaHulsmann & Hausmann, 1994
- PhylumDiscicristataCavalier-Smith, 1998
- PhylumHemimastigophoraFoissner et al., 1988
- PhylumPseudociliataCorliss & Lipscomb, 1985
- PhylumChromistaCavalier-Smith, 1987
- PhylumAlveolataCavalier-Smith, 1992
- PhylumCercozoaCavalier-Smith, 1998
- PhylumForaminiferad'Orbigny, 1828 (=Granuloreticulosa)
- PhylumBiliphytaCavalier-Smith, 1981
- PhylumViridiplantaeCavalier-Smith, 1981 (=Chlorobionta)
- PhylumAmoebozoaLuhe, 1913
- PhylumOpisthokontaCavalier-Smith & Chao, 1995
- Eukaryota incertae sedis
- ActinopodaCalkins, 1902
- ParamyxeaLevine, 1979
Cavalier-Smith (2003)
FromProtist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa,[30].
Eukaryota
- KingdomProtozoa[11 phyla, out of brackets] [paraphyletic]
- [cladeunikonts]
- Phylum 1.Amoebozoa
- [cladeopisthokonts]
- [cladebikonts]
- [clade cabozoa]
- InfrakingdomRhizaria
- Phylum 3.Cercozoa
- Phylum 4.Retaria(Radiozoa,Foraminifera)
- InfrakingdomExcavata
- Phylum 5.Loukozoa
- Phylum 6.Metamonada
- Phylum 7.Euglenozoa
- Phylum 8.Percolozoa
- InfrakingdomRhizaria
- [KingdomPlantae(Viridaeplantae,Rhodophyta,Glaucophyta)]
- [cladechromalveolates]
- [KingdomChromista(Cryptista,Heterokonta,Haptophyta)]
- InfrakingdomAlveolata
- Phylum 9.Ciliophora
- Phylum 10.Miozoa(Protalveolata,Dinozoa,Apicomplexa)
- Phylum 11.Apusozoa(Thecomonadea,Diphylleida)
- [clade cabozoa]
- [cladeunikonts]
Cavalier-Smith (2004)
FromOnly six kingdoms of life,[31].
EmpireEukaryota(Cavalier-Smith 1998)
- KingdomProtozoa(Cavalier-Smith 2002a, 2003a)
- KingdomAnimalia(Myxozoaand 21 othera phyla) (Cavalier-Smith 1998; Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2003c)
- KingdomFungi(phylaArchemycota,Microsporidia,Ascomycota,Basidiomycota) (Cavalier-Smith 2000b)
- KingdomPlantae
- SubkingdomBiliphyta(phylaGlaucophyta,Rhodophyta)
- SubkingdomViridaeplantae(Chlorophyta,Bryophyta,Tracheophyta)
- KingdomChromista
- SubkingdomCryptista(phylumCryptista:cryptophytes, goniomonads, katablepharids)
- SubkingdomChromobiota
- InfrakingdomHeterokonta(phylaOchrophyta,Pseudofungi,Opalozoa(comprising subphylaOpalinata,Sagenista)
- InfrakingdomHaptista(phylumHaptophyta)
Adlet al.(2005)
FromThe new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists,[32].
Eukaryota
Lecointre & Le Guyader (2006)
Lecointre, G. & Le Guyader, H.Classification phylogénétique du vivant,3e éd., Belin, Paris, 2006,[33].
Le vivant
Cavalier-Smith (2009)
FromMegaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations.
Eukaryota
[Note: Protists not included in the groups Plantae, Chromista, Animalia or Fungi belong in theProtozoa.]
Cavalier-Smith (2010)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2010). Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree.Biol. Lett.6 (3): 342–5,[34].
Eukaryota
- KingdomProtozoa[paraphyletic]
- SubkingdomSarcomastigota
- SubkingdomEozoa
- InfrakingdomExcavata
- InfrakingdomEuglenozoa
- KingdomAnimalia
- KingdomFungi
- KingdomPlantae(Glaucophyta,Rhodophyta,Viridiplantae)
- KingdomChromista
Luketa (2012)
Luketa, S. (2012). New views on the megaclassification of life. Protistology, 7(4), 218-237.
DominiumEukaryobiota
- SubdominiumUnikonta
- Regnum Amoebozoida
- SubregnumAmoebozoides
- SubregnumBreviatides
- RegnumApusozoida
- RegnumFungida
- SubregnumNucleariides
- SubregnumMicrosporides
- SubregnumFungides
- RegnumAnimalioida
- SubregnumMesomycetozoides
- SubregnumChoanozoides
- SubregnumAnimalioides
- Regnum Amoebozoida
- SubdominiumBikonta
- RegnumExcavatida
- RegnumCorticatida
- SubregnumArchaeplastides
- SubregnumCryptophytides
- SubregnumHaptophytides
- SubregnumRhizarides
- SubregnumStramenopilides
- SubregnumAlveolatides
Adlet al.(2012)
- Adl, S.M.,Simpson, A.G.B.,Lane, C.E.,Lukeš, J.,Bass, D.,Bowser, S.S.,Brown, M.W.,Burki, F.,Dunthorn, M.,Hampl, V.,Heiss, A.,Hoppenrath, M.,Lara, E.,Le Gall, L.,Lynn, D.H.,McManus, H.,Mitchell, E.A.D.,Mozley-Stanridge, S.E.,Parfrey, L.W.,Pawlowski, J.,Rueckert, S.,Shadwick, L.,Schoch, C.L.,Smirnow, A.&Spiegel, F.W.2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes.Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology59(5): 429–514.DOI:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x.[Erratum: 60(3): 321.DOI:10.1111/jeu.12033.]Reference page.
- AmorpheaAdl, S.M.et al.,2012
- AmoebozoaLühe, 1913, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1998 (=EumycetozoaZopf 1884, emend Olive 1975)
- OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005
- DiaphoretickesAdl et al., 2012
- SarBurki et al. 2007
- StramenopilesPatterson 1989, emend. Adl et al. 2005
- AlveolataCavalier-Smith 1991
- RhizariaCavalier-Smith 2002
- ArchaeplastidaAdl et al. 2005
- SarBurki et al. 2007
- ExcavataCavalier-Smith 2002, emend. Simpson 2003
- Incertae sedis Eukaryota
Cavalier-Smith (2013)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2013). Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa Eur. J. Protistol.49, pp. 115–178,Onlie.
- Eukaryota[Figure 1.A proposal]
- Eukaryota[Figure 1.B proposal]
- Eukaryota[Figure 1.C proposal]
- Eukaryota[Figure 2 proposal]
Brown et al. (2013)
Brown, M.W., Sharpe, S.C., Silberman, J.D., Heiss, A.A., Lang, B.F., Simpson, A.G.B., Roger, A.J. (2013). Phylogenomics demonstrates that breviate flagellates are related to opisthokonts and apusomonads.Proc Biol Sci280(1769):20131755,Online.
Pawlowski (2013)
Pawlowski, J. 2013. The new micro-kingdoms of eukaryotes.BMC Biol11:40,Online.
- Opisthokonta
- Amoebozoa(incl.Breviatea)
- Apusomonadidae
- Ancyromonadidae
- Collodictyonidae
- Rigidifilida
- Excavata
- Katablepharidae
- Cryptophyta
- Picobiliphyta
- Archaeplastida(incl.Glaucophyta)
- Centrohelida
- Rappemonads
- Haptophyta
- Telonemia
- SAR(Rhizaria,Stramenopiles,Alveolata)
Paps (2013)
Paps, J., Medina-Chacón, L. A., Marshall, W., Suga, H., & Ruiz-Trillo, I. 2013. Molecular phylogeny of unikonts: new insights into the position of apusomonads and ancyromonads and the internal relationships of opisthokonts.Protist164(1), 2-12.
Boudouresque (2015)
Boudouresque, C. F. 2015. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Unicellular Eukaryotes. In:Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications(pp. 191–257). Springer: Netherlands,Google Books.
Eukaryotes[alternative classification]
Ruggiero et al. (2015)
- Ruggiero, M.A.,Gordon, D.P.,Orrell, T.M.,Bailly, N.,Bourgoin, T.,Brusca, R.C.,Cavalier-Smith, T.,Guiry, M.D.&Kirk, P.M.2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms.PLoS ONE10(4): e0119248DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248.[Correction in 10(6): e0130114DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130114.]Reference page.
- SuperkingdomProkaryota
- KingdomArchaea[=Archaebacteria]
- KingdomBacteria[=Eubacteria]
- SuperkingdomEukaryota
- KingdomProtozoa
- SubkingdomEozoa
- InfrakingdomEuglenozoa
- InfrakingdomExcavata
- SubkingdomSarcomastigota
- PhylumAmoebozoa
- PhylumChoanozoa[withMicrosporidia,Animalia,andFungiconstitutes "SupergroupOpisthokonta"]
- PhylumMicrosporidia[withChoanozoa,Animalia,andFungiconstitutes "SupergroupOpisthokonta"]
- PhylumSulcozoa
- SubkingdomEozoa
- KingdomChromista
- SubkingdomHacrobia
- SubkingdomHarosa[= "SupergroupSAR"]
- InfrakingdomHalvaria
- SuperphylumAlveolata
- SuperphylumHeterokonta[= "SupergroupStramenopiles"]
- InfrakingdomRhizaria
- InfrakingdomHalvaria
- KingdomFungi
- KingdomPlantae[=Archaeplastida]
- SubkingdomBiliphyta
- SubkingdomViridiplantae
- KingdomAnimalia
- KingdomProtozoa
Derelle et al. (2015)
Derelle, R., Torruella, G., Klimeš, V., Brinkmann, H., Kim, E., Vlček, Č., Lang, B.F. & Eliáš, M. 2015. Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root.PNAS201420657.Online.
Speijer et al. (2015)
Speijer, D., Lukeš, J., & Eliáš, M. (2015). Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of eukaryotic life.PNAS112(29), 8827-8834.Online.
Cavalier-Smith et al. (2015)
- Cavalier-Smith, T.,Chao, E.E.&Lewis, R.2015. Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution93: 331–362.DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.004Reference page.
- Corticata(similar tophotokaryotesorDiaphoretickes)
- scotokaryotes
- Eozoa(similar toDiscoba)
Silar (2016)
Silar, Philippe.2016.Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes.HAL: 462Online.
Tedersoo (2017)
Tedersoo, L. 2017. Proposal for practical multi-kingdom classification of eukaryotes based on monophyly and comparable divergence time criteria. BioRxiv 2017: 240929
Domain Eukaryota
- SubdomainArchaeplastida
- KingdomGlaucocystoplantae
- KingdomRhodoplantae
- KingdomViridiplantae
- SubdomainExcavata
- KingdomEuglenozoa
- KingdomFornicata
- Kingdom Heterolobosa
- KingdomJakobida
- KingdomMalawimonada
- Kingdom Oxymonada
- KingdomParabasalia
- KingdomTsukubamonada
- SubdomainHarosa
- KingdomAlveolata
- KingdomRhizaria
- KingdomStramenopila
- SubdomainOpisthokonta
- KingdomApusozoa
- KingdomBreviatae
- KingdomChoanoflagellozoa
- Kingdom Corallochytria
- KingdomFilasteriae
- KingdomFungi
- KingdomIchthyosporia
- KingdomMantazoa
- KingdomMetazoa
- KingdomNucleariae
- Kingdom Planozoa
- KingdomRigifilae
- Subdomain Unikontamoebae
- KingdomAmoebozoa
- Subdomain unspecified
- KingdomCentroheliozoa
- Subdomain unspecified
- KingdomCryptista
- Subdomain unspecified
- KingdomHaptista
- Subdomain unspecified
- KingdomPicozoa
- Subdomain unspecified
- KingdomTelonemae
- Subdomain unspecified
- Kingdom unspecified
- PhylumCollodictyonida
- Kingdom unspecified
- Subdomain unspecified
- Kingdom unspecified
- PhylumMicroheliellida
- Kingdom unspecified
Adl et. al (2018)
Adl, S.M.,Bass, D.,Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Schoch, C.L., Smirnov, A.,... & Cárdenas, P. 2018. Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes.Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.Online.
- Diaphoretickes
- Cryptista
- Haptista(phylum)
- Archaeplastida
- Glaucophyta
- Rhodophyta(phylum)
- Chloroplastida
- Sar
- Stramenopiles(phylum)
- Alveolata
- Colpodellida
- Perkinsozoa
- Colponemidia
- Dinoflagellata(phylum)
- Apicomplexa(phylum)
- Ciliophora(phylum)
- Rhizaria
- Cercozoa(phylum)
- Endomyxa(phylum)
- Retaria
- Foraminifera(phylum)
- Radiolaria(phylum)
Burki et. al (2020)
Burki, F.,Roger, A. J.,Brown, M. W.,&Simpson, A. G.2020. The new tree of eukaryotes.Trends in ecology & evolution351: 43–55.DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008
- TSAR
- Haptista
- Cryptista
- Archaeplastida
- Ancoracysta
- Picozoa
- Amorphea
- CRuMs
- Excavata
- Ancyromonadida
- Hemimastigophora
Zmitrovich, Perelygin & Zharikov (2022)
Zmitrovich, I. V., Perelygin, V., Zharikov, M. V. 2022. Nomenclature and rank correlation of higher taxa of eukaryotes.Folia Cryptogamica Petropolitana.Moscow: INFRA-M, 2022. ISBN: 978-5-16-018531-6
DominiumEukaryota
- Subdominium Obimoda
- RegnumLoukozoa
- RegnumAmoebozoa
- RegnumObazoa
- IntraregnumOpisthokonta
- SubregnumHolomycota
- SubregnumHolozoa
- Breviatea
- Apusomonadida
- IntraregnumOpisthokonta
- RegnumCrumalia
- SubdominiumDiphoda
- RegnumDiscoba
- RegnumPlantae
- SubregnumCryptista
- SubregnumArchaeplastida
- RegnumHaptista
- RegnumChromalveolata
- informal unitEochromista
- SubregnumRhizaria
- SubregnumAlveolata
- SubregnumHeterokonta
References
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Links
- Wegener Parfrey Laura,2009.Taxon page for Eukaryota. In: The ATOL eutree hypothesisFirst Created: 2009–07-04T15:11:59Z. Last Updated: 2009–07-04T15:14:20Z.
- Patrick Keeling, Brian S. Leander and Alastair Simpson,2009.Eukaryotes. Eukaryota, Organisms with nucleated cells. Version 12 March 2009inThe Tree of Life Web Project
- Tree of Eukaryotes
- Eukarya
Vernacular names
Alemannisch:Eukaryote
العربية:حقيقيات النوى
Boarisch:Eikaryóten
беларуская:Эўкарыёты
български:Еукариоти
বাংলা:সকেন্দ্রক অধিজগত
bosanski:Eukarioti
català:Eucariota
čeština:Jaderní
dansk:Eukaryoter
Deutsch:Eukaryoten
Ελληνικά:Ευκαρυώτες
English:Eukaryotes
Esperanto:Eŭkariotoj
español:Eucariontes
eesti:Eukarüoodid
فارسی:هسته داران
suomi:Aitotumaiset
Nordfriisk:Eukarioten
français:Eucaryotes
Gaeilge:Eocaróit
ગુજરાતી:સકેન્દ્રક અધિજગત
עברית:איקריוטיים
हिन्दी:सकेन्द्रक अधिजगत
hrvatski:Eukarioti
magyar:Eukarióták
հայերեն:Կորիզավորներ
interlingua:Eucaryotes
íslenska:Heilkjörnungar
italiano:Eucarioti
Nhật Bản ngữ:Thật hạch sinh vật ドメイン
ភាសាខ្មែរ:សុធញ្ញៈ
한국어:진핵생물
Lëtzebuergesch:Eukaryota
lietuvių:Eukariotai
latviešu:Eikariots
македонски:Еукариоти
मराठी:सकेन्द्रक अधिजगत
नेपाली:सकेन्द्रक अधिजगत
Nederlands:Eukaryoten
norsk:Eukaryoter
occitan:Eucariòtas
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ:ਸਕੇਂਦਰਕ ਅਧਿਜਗਤ
polski:Eukarionty
português do Brasil:Eucarionte
português:Eucariota
română:Eucariote
русский:Эукариоты
සිංහල:සූන්යෂ්ටිකයන් (යුකැරියා)
slovenčina:Eukaryoty
shqip:Eukariotët
svenska:Eukaryoter
தமிழ்:மெய்க்கருவுயிரி
тоҷикӣ:Эукариотҳо
Türkçe:Ökaryotlar
українська:Еукаріоти
oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча:Eukariotlar
vèneto:Eucariota
Tiếng Việt:Sinh vật nhân chuẩn
Tiếng Trung:Thật hạch vực
For more multimedia, look atEukaryotaonWikimedia Commons. |