Plantae (L.)
Taxonavigation
[edit]Main Page
RegniAnimalia-Plantae
[Note: this page is about PlantaesensuLinnaeus and similar polyphyletic taxa. For other uses of Plantae, see:
- ArchaeplastidaorPlantae(= PlantaesensuCavalier-Smith, 1981, 1998)
- Viridiplantae(= PlantaesensuCopeland, 1938, 1956)
- Embryophyta(= PlantaesensuMargulis, 1971).]
Name
[edit]Plantae (L.)
Classifications
[edit]Caesalpino (1583)
[edit]De plantis libri XVI,[1],[2],[3].
- Arbores et frutices.
- I. Corde ex apice seminis. Seminibus saepius solitariis (e.g.Quercus, Fagus, Ulmus, Tilia, Laurus, Prunus).
- II. Corde e basi seminis, seminibus pluribus (e.g.Ficus, Cactus, Morus, Rosa, Vitis, Salix,Coniferae, etc.).
- Suffrutices et herbae.
- III. Solitariis seminibus. Semine in fructibus unico (e.g.Valeriana, Daphne, Urtica, Cyperus,Gramineae).
- IV. Solitariis pericarpiis. Seminibus in fructu pluribus, quibus est conceptaculum carnosum, bacca aut pomum (e.g. Cucurbitaceae, Solaneae,Asparagus, Ruscus, Arum).
- V. Solitariis vasculis. Seminibus in fructu pluribus quibus est conceptaculum e sicca materia (e.g. various Leguminosae, Caryophylleae, Gentianeae, etc.).
- VI. Binis seminibus. Semina sub singulo flosculo invicem conjuncta, ut unicum videantur ante maturitatem; cor in parte superiore, qua flos insidet. Flores in umbella (Umbelliferae).
- VII. Binis conceptaculis (e.g. Mercurialis, Poterium, Galium, Orobanche, Hyoscyamus, Nicotiana, Cruciferae).
- VIII. Triplici principio (ovary) non bulbosae. Semina trifariam distributa; corde infra sito, radix non bulbosa (e.g.Thalictrum, Euphorbia, Convolvulus, Viola).
- IX. Triplici principio bulbosae. Semina trifariam distributa; corde infra sito, radix bulbosa (Large-flowered Monocotyledons).
- X. Quaternis seminibus. Semina quatuor nuda in communi sede (Boragineae and Labiatae).
- XI. Pluribus seminibus, anthemides. Semina nuda plurima, cor seminis interius vergens; flos communis distributus per partes in apicibus singuli seminis (Compositae only).
- XII. Pluribus seminibus, cichoraceae aut acanaceae. Semina nuda plurima, cor seminis inferius vergens, flos communis distributus per partes in apicibus singuli seminis (Compositae, Eryngium, and Scabiosa).
- XIII. Pluribus seminibus, More communi. Semina solitaria plurima, corde interius; flos communis, non distributus, inferius circa fructum (e. g.Ranunculus, Alisma, Sanicula, Geranium, Linum).
- XIV. Pluribus folliculis. Semina plura in singulo folliculo (e.g.Oxalis, Gossypium, Aristolochia, Capparis, Nymphaea, Veratrum,etc.).
- XV. Flore fructuque carentes (Filices, Equiseta, Musci, including Corals, Fungi).
Bauhin (1623)
[edit]Pinax theatri botanici,1623. See Wikisource,[4].
Ray (1682)
[edit]Methodus plantarum nova,[5].
Plantarum[p. 24]
- Arbores [p. 28]
- Pomiferae
- Pruniferae
- Bacciferae
- Coniferae
- Nuciferae
- Lanigerae
- Siliquosae
- Variae seu miscellaneae
- Frutices [p. 43]
- Herbae [p. 56]
- Imperfectae
- Perfectiores
Ray (1686–1704)
[edit]Historia Plantarum,3 vols.,[6].
Plantarum
- Herbarum [p. 59-1348]
- Arborum & fruticum [p. 1349-1839]
Hermann (1690)
[edit]Florae lugduno-batavi flores,[7].
- Plantae angiopolyspermae
- Plantae umbellatae
- Plantae angiomonospermae
- Plantae angiomonospermis
- Plantae pappescentes & lactescentes
- Plantae pappescentes non lactescentes
- Plantae capitatae
- Plantae seminibus solidis
- Plantae corymbiferae
- Plantae seminibus solidis & floribus pluribus
- Plantae stellatae
- Plantae asperiofoliae
- Plantae verticillatae
- Plantae verticillatis affines
- Plantae unicapsulares
- Plantae bicapsulares
- Plantae tricapsulares
- Plantae quadricapsulares
- Plantae quinquecapsulares
- Plantae multicapsulares
- Plantae multisiliquae
- Plantae siliquosae
- Plantae capsulatae
- Plantae siliquosae bicapsulares
- Plantae siliquosae fungosae
- Plantae leguminosae
- Plantae leguminosae siliquosae bicapsulares
- Plantae tricapsulares
- Plantae bacciferae
- Plantae pomiferae
Tournefort (1694)
[edit]Élémens de botanique,vol. 1,vol. 2vol. 3.See also Tournefort (1700),[8],Linnaeus (1738),[9]and Le Maout (1852),[10].
Plantes[vol. 1, pp. xxi-xxii]
- Classe I. Campaniformes
- Classe II. Infundibuliformes
- Classe III. Personnées
- Classe IV. Labiées
- Classe V. Cruciformes
- Classe VI. Rosacées
- Classe VII. Ombellifères
- Classe VIII. Caryophyllées
- Classe IX. Liliacées
- Classe X. Papilionacées
- Classe XI. Anomales
- Classe XII. Flosculeuses
- Classe XIII. Demi-flosculeuses
- Classe XIV. Radiées
- Classe XV. A étamines
- Classe XVI. Sans fleurs
- Classe XVII. Sans fleurs ni fruits
- Classe XVIII. Apétales
- Classe XIX. Amentacées
- Classe XX. Monopétales
- Classe XXI. Rosasées
- Classe XXII. Papilionacées
Ray (1703)
[edit]Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta,[11],[12].
Ordo summorum generum in plantis [pp. xxiii-xxvi]
- Summa herbarum & suffruticum genera
- Summa arborum & fruticum genera
Planta sunt vel [p. 2]
- Flore destituta
- Florifera
- Dicotyledones
- Monocotyledones
Linnaeus (1735)
[edit]Systema Naturae,1st ed.,[13].
Regnum vegetabile
- Nuptiae plantarum
- Publicae
- Monoclinia
- Diffinitas
- Indifferentismus
- I. Monandria (Monogynia, Digynia)
- II. Diandria (Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia)
- III. Triandria (Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia)
- IV. Tetrandria (Monogynia, Digynia, Tetragynia)
- V. Pentandria (Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, Tetragynia, Pentagynia, Polygynia)
- VI. Hexandria (Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, Tetragynia, Polygynia)
- VII. Heptandria (Monogynia)
- VIII. Octandria (Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, Tetragynia, Polygynia)
- IX. Enneandria (Monogynia, Trigynia, Hexagynia)
- X. Decandria (Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, Pentagynia, Decagynia)
- XI. Dodecandria (Monogynia, Digynia, Polygynia)
- XII. Icosandria (Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, Tetragynia, Pentagynia, Polygynia)
- XIII. Polyandria (Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, Tetragynia, Pentagynia, Hexagynia, Polygynia)
- Subordinatio
- XIV. Didynamia (Gymnospermia, Angiospermia, Polypetala)
- XV. Tetradynamia (Siliculosa, Siliquosa)
- Indifferentismus
- Affinitas
- XVI. Monadelphia (Pentandria, Decandria, Polyandria)
- XVII. Diadelphia (Hexandria, Octandria, Decandria)
- XVIII. Polyadelphia (Pentandria, Icosandria, Polyandria)
- XXIV. Syngenesia (Polygamia aequalis, Polygamia superflua, Polygamia frustranea, Polygamia necessaria, Monogamia)
- XX. Gynandria (Diandria, Triandria, Tetrandia, Pentandria, Hexandria, Decandria, Polyandria)
- Diffinitas
- Diclinia
- XXI. Monoecia (Monandria, Triandria, Tetrandia, Pentandria, Hexandria, Polyandria, Monadelphia, Polyadelphia, Syngenesia)
- XXII. Dioecia (Didandria, Triandria, Tetrandia, Pentandria, Hexandria, Octandria, Enneandria, Decandria, Icosandria, Polyandria, Monadelphia, Syngenesia, Gynandria)
- XXIII. Polygamia (Monoecia, Dioecia, Trioecia)
- Monoclinia
- Clandestinae
- XXIV. Cryptogamia (Arbores, Filices, Musci, Algae, Fungi, Lithophyta)
- Publicae
[Note: similar classifications were used inSpecies Plantarum,1st ed.,[14],andGenera Plantarum,5th ed.,[15].SeeSexualsystem der Pflanzen.]
Linnaeus (1751)
[edit]Philosophia botanica,1st ed.,[16].4th ed., 1809,[17].See Lindley (1846),[18],Rendle (1904),[19].
Vegetabilia, Plantae[p. 27, 37]
- 1. Piperitae
- 2. Palmae
- 3. Scitamina
- 4. Orchideae
- 5. Ensatae
- 6. Tripetalodeae
- 7. Denudatae
- 8. Spathaceae
- 9. Coronariae
- 10. Liliaceae
- 11. Muricatae
- 12. Coadunatae
- 13. Calamariae
- 14. Gramina
- 15. Coniferae
- 16. Amentaceae
- 17. Nucamentaceae
- 18. Aggregatae
- 19. Dumosae
- 20. Scabridae
- 21. Compositi
- a. Semiflosculosi
- b. Capitati
- c. Corymbiferi
- d. Oppositifolii
- 22. Umbellatae
- 23. Multisiliquae
- 24. Bicornes
- 25. Sepiariae
- 26. Culminiae
- 27. Vaginales
- 28. Corydales
- 29. Contorti
- 30. Rhaeades
- 31. Putaminea
- 32. Campanacei
- 33. Luridae
- 34. Columniferi
- 35. Senticosae
- 36. Comosae
- 37. Pomaceae
- 38. Drupaceae
- 39. Arbustiva
- 40. Calycanthemi
- 41. Hesperideae
- 42. Caryophyllei
- 43. Asperifoliae
- 44. Stellatae
- 45. Cucurbitaceae
- 46. Succulentae
- 47. Tricocca
- 48. Inundatae
- 49. Sarmentaceae
- 50. Trihilatae
- 51. Preciae
- 52. Rotaceae
- 53. Holeraceae
- 54. Vepreculae
- 55. Papilionaceae
- 56. Lomentaceae
- 57. Siliquosae
- 58. Verticillatae
- 59. Personatae
- 60. Perforatae
- 61. Statuminatae
- 62. Candelares
- 63. Cymosae
- 64. Filices
- 65. Musci
- 66. Algae
- 67. Fungi
- 68. Vagae et etiamnum incertae sedis
Adanson (1763)
[edit]Familles naturelles des plantes,2 vols.,[20],[21].
- Bissus,Byssi,p. 1
- Champignons,Fungi,p. 4
- Fucus,Fuci,p. 12
- Epatikes,Hepaticae,p. 14
- Foujères,Filices,p. 16
- Palmiers,Palmae,p. 22
- Gramens,Gramina,p. 26
- Liliasées,Liliaceae,p. 42
- Joncs,Junci
- Lis,Lilia
- Scilles,Scillae
- Oignons,Cepae
- Asperges,Asparagi
- Jacintes,Hyacinthi
- Narcisses,Narcissi
- Iris,Irides
- Jenjanbres,Zingiberes,p. 61
- Orchis,Orchides,p. 68
- Aristoloches,Aristolochiae,p. 71
- Eleagnus,Elaeagni,p. 77
- Onagres,Onagrae,p. 81
- Mirtes,Myrti,p. 86
- Ombellifères,Umbelletae,p. 89
- Composées,Compositae,p. 103
- Campanules,Campanulae,p. 132
- Briones,Bryoniae,p. 135
- Aparines,Aparines,p. 140
- Scabieuses,Scabiosae,p. 148
- Chevrefeuilles,Caprifolia,p. 153
- Aireles,Vaccinia,p. 160
- Apocins,Apocyna,p. 167
- Bouraches,Borragines,p. 173
- Labiées,Labiatae,p. 180
- Vervenes,Verbenae,p. 195
- Personées,Personatae,p. 202
- Solanons,Solana,p. 215
- Jasmins,Jasmina,p. 220
- Anagallis,Anagallides,p. 227
- Salikaires,Salicariae,p. 232
- Pourpiers,Portulacae,p. 235
- Joubarbes,Seda,p. 246
- Alsines,Alsines,p. 250
- Blitons,Blita,p. 258
- Jalaps,Jalapae,p. 263
- Amarantes,Amaranthi,p. 266
- Espargoutes,Spergulae,p. 270
- Persikaires, Persicariae, p. 273
- Garou,Thymelaeae,p. 278
- Rosiers,Rosae,p. 286
- Jujubiers,Zizyphi,p. 297
- Légumineuses,Leguminosae,p. 306
- Pistachiers,Pistaciae,p. 332
- Titimales,Tithymali,p. 346
- Anones,Anonae,p. 359
- Chataigners,Castaneae,p. 366
- Tilleuls,Tiliae,p. 378
- Geranions,Gerania,p. 384
- Mauves,Malvae,p. 390
- Capriers,Capparides,p. 402
- Cruciferes,Cruciferae,p. 409
- Pavots,Papavera,p. 425
- Cistes,Cisti,p. 434
- Renoncules,Ranunculi,p. 451
- AronsAra,p. 461
- Pins,Pinus,p. 473
- Mousses,Musci,p. 482
de Jussieu (1789)
[edit]Genera Plantarum,[22].See Lindley (1846),[23].
- Acotyledones. [p. 1]
- Classis I. Plantae acotyledones.
- Ordines Fungi, Algae, Hepaticae, Musci, Filices, Naïades
- Classis I. Plantae acotyledones.
- Monocotyledones. [p. 21]
- Classis II. Plantae monocotyledones. Stamina hypogyna.
- Classis III. Plantae monocotyledones. Stamina perigyna.
- Classis IV. Plantae monocotyledones. Stamina epygena.
- Dicotyledones. [p. 70]
- Classis V. Plantae dicotyledones apetalae. Stamina epigyna.
- Classis VI. Plantae dicotyledones apetalae. Stamina perigyna.
- Classis VII. Plantae dicotyledones apetalae. Stamina hipogyna.
- Classis VIII. Plantae dicotyledones monopetalae. Corolla hipogyna.
- Classis IX. Plantae dicotyledones monopetalae. Corolla perigyna.
- Classis X. Plantae dicotyledones monopetalae. Corolla epigyna. Antherae connatae.
- Classis XI. Plantae dicotyledones monopetalae. Corolla epigyna. Antherae distinctae.
- Classis XII. Plantae dicotyledones polypetalae. Stamina epygena.
- Classis XIII. Plantae dicotyledones polypetalae. Stamina hypogyna.
- Classis XIV. Plantae dicotyledones polypetalae. Stamina perigyna.
- Classis XV. Plantae dicotyledones apetalae. Stamina idiogyna, seu a pistillo segregata (Diclines irregulares). (p. 383)
- Plantae incertae sedis [p. 417]
Batsch (1802)
[edit]Tabula affinitatum regni vegetabilis,[24].
- Classis I. Rosaceae
- Classis II. Cruciatae
- Classis III. Ringentes
- Classis IV. Liliaceae
- Classis V. Incompletae
- Classis VI. Monopetalae
- Classis VII. Compositae
- Classis VIII. Cryptogama
de Candolle (1813)
[edit]Théorie élémentaire de la botanique,1st ed.,[25].See Lindley (1846),[26],Engler & Gilg (1919),[27].
- I. Végétaux vasculaires ou cotylédonés [pp. 206-220]
- Exogènes ou dicotylédonés
- A. A périgone double
- a. A corolle polypétale
- Alpha. A pétales hipogynes ou non adhérens au calice
- beta. A pétales périgynes ou insérés sur le calice
- b. A corolle monopétale
- Alpha. A corolle périgyne, ou attachée sur le calice
- beta. A corolle hypogyne, ou non attachée sur le calice
- a. A corolle polypétale
- B. A périgone simple
- A. A périgone double
- Endogènes ou monocotylédonés
- A. Phanérogames
- B. Cryptogames
- Exogènes ou dicotylédonés
- II. Végétaux cellulaires ou acotylédonés
- A. Foliacés
- B. Aphylles
Rafinesque (1815)
[edit]Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés,[28].See Kluge (2004-2014),[29].
- Empire minéral ou inorganique [p. 22]
- Empire vital [p. 34] ou organique [p. 21] ou somobial [p. 37]
- Règne animal ou Zoonia [p. 39]
- Règne végétal ou Phytonia[p. 41]
- 1. Subregnum Dicotylia
- 1. Superclassis Eltranthia
- 1. Classis Eltrogynia
- 2. Classis Mesogynia
- 2. Superclassis Symphanthia
- 3. Classis Endogynia [Endiginia]
- 4. Classis Symphogynia
- 1. Superclassis Eltranthia
- 2. Subregnum Monocotylia
- 1. Superclassis Isanthia
- 5. Classis Angiogynia
- 6. Classis Gymnogynia
- 2. Superclassis Heteranthia
- 7. Classis Phanerogynia
- 8. Classis Cryptogynia
- 1. Superclassis Isanthia
- 3.Subregnum Acotylia
- 9.Classis Algosia
- 10. Classis Mycosia
- 1. Subregnum Dicotylia
de Candolle (1819)
[edit]Théorie élémentaire de la botanique,2nd ed., p. 243-250,[30].See Lindley (1846),[31].
- I. Végétaux vasculaires ou cotylédonés
- Exogènes ou dicotylédonés
- A. A périgone double
- Thalamiflores
- Cohorte 1
- Cohorte 2
- Cohorte 3
- Cohorte 4
- Calyciflores
- Coroliflores
- Thalamiflores
- B. A périgone simple (Monochlamydées)
- A. A périgone double
- Endogènes ou monocotylédonés
- A. Phanérogames
- B. Cryptogames
- Exogènes ou dicotylédonés
- II. Végétaux cellulaires ou acotylédonés
- A. Foliacés
- B. Aphylles
de Candolle et al. (1824–1873)
[edit]Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis,17 vols,[32].
Regni Vegetabilis
- I. Plantae Vasculares ou Cotyledonae
- Classis I. Dicotyledonae seu Exogenae
- Subclassis 1. Thalamiflorae [vol. 1]
- Subclassis 2. Calyciflorae [vols. 2-7]
- Subclassis 3. Corolliflorae [vols. 8-13[1]]
- Subclassis 4. Monochlamydeae [vols. 13(2)-16]
- Dicotyledonae Gymnospermae [vol. 16, p. 345]
- Dicotyledonearum ordines omissum vel incertae sedis [vol. 16, p. 548]
- Classis I. Dicotyledonae seu Exogenae
Agardh (1825)
[edit]Classes plantarum,[33].See Lindley (1846),[34].
Clavis classium
- I. Acotyledoneae [classes 1-3]
- II. Pseudocotyledoneae [4-7]
- III. Cryptocotyledoneae [8-12]
- IV. Phanerocotyledoneae incompletae [13-16]
- V. Phanerocotyledoneae completae, hypogynae, monopetalae [17]
- VI. Phanerocotyledoneae completae, hypogynae, polypetalae [18-22]
- VII. Phanerocotyledoneae completae, discigynae, monopetalae [23]
- VIII. Phanerocotyledoneae completae, discigynae, polypetalae [24-26]
- IX. Phanerocotyledoneae completae, porigynae [27-33]
Perleb (1826)
[edit]Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs.See Mortier (1873), p. 181-182,[35].
- Cellulares
- Protophytae
- Muscosae
- Vasculares
- Filicinae
- Ternariae
- Monochlamydeae
- Thalamanthae
- Calycanthae
- Calycopetalae
- Thalamopetalae
Dumortier (1827)
[edit]- Dumortier, B.C.J.1827.Florula Belgica,opera majoris prodromus.172 pp., Casterman, Tornacum Nerviorum.MDZReference page.
- See Lindley (1846),[36].
- Class Staminacia
- Class Pollinacia
- Class Fluidacia
Bartling (1830)
[edit]Ordines naturales plantarum,[37].See Lindley (1846),[38].
Vegetabilia (Plantae)
- Cellularia
- Homonemea (Fungi, Lichenes, Algae)
- Heteronemea (Musci)
- Vascularia
- Cryptogama
- Phanerogama
- Monocotyledonea
- Dicotyledonea
Burmeister (1830)
[edit]Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte,p. 161-250,[39].
- Plantae cellulares, acotyledoneae
- Plantae vasculares, cotyledoneae
Lindley (1830)
[edit]An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany,[40].See Lindley (1846),[41].
- Vasculares, or flowering plants
- Exogens or Dicotyledons
- Tribe 1. Angiospemae
- § 1. Polypetalous, apetalous, and achlamydeous plants
- § 2. Monopetalous plants
- Tribe 2. Gymnospermae
- Tribe 1. Angiospemae
- Endogens or Monocotyledons
- Tribe 1. Petaloideae
- Tribe 2. Glumaceae
- Exogens or Dicotyledons
- Cellulares, or flowerless plants
- Tribe 1. Filicoideae, or fern-like plants
- Tribe 2. Muscoideae, or moss-like plants
- Tribe 3. Aphyllae, or leafless plants
Schultz (1832)
[edit]Natürliches System des Pflanzenreichs nach seiner inneren Organisation,[42].See Lindley (1846),[43].
Vegetabilia
- Homorgana
- Heterorgana
- Synorgana
- Dichorgana
Lindley (1833)
[edit]Nixus plantarum,[44].See Lindley (1846),[45].
- Sexuales
- Vasculares
- Class I. Exogenae. Angiospermae.
- Class II. Exogenae. Gymnospermae.
- Class III. Endogenae
- Evasculares
- Class IV. Rhizantheae
- Vasculares
- Class V. Esexuales
Horaninow (1834)
[edit]- Horaninow, P.P.[Pavel Pheodorovich Gorjaninov] (1834).Primae lineae systematis naturae,[46].See Lindley (1846),[47].
- Circle 1. Sporophorae (or Acotyledons)
- Circle 2. Pseudospermae (containing Gymnosperms and Rhizanths)
- Circle 3. Coccophorae (or Monocotyledons)
- Circle 4. Spermophorae (or Dicotyledons)
Fries (1835)
[edit]Corpus florarum provincialium sueciae,[48].See Lindley (1846),[49].
- Class I. Dicotyledons
- Class II. Monocotyledons
- Class III. Cryptogamas, or Nemeae
Martius (1835)
[edit]Conspectus regni vegetabilis,[50].See Lindley (1846),[51].
- Cohort 1. Monocarpae scabrifoliae
- Cohort 2. Haplocarpae columniferae
- Cohort 3. Haplocarpae chromanthae
- Cohort 4. Polyplocarpae chromanthae
- Cohort 5. Haplocarpae auxanthae
Bromhead (1836, 1840)
[edit]- Bromhead, E.F.1836. Remarks on the arrangement of the natural botanical families.Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal20: 245–254,[52].
- Bromhead, E.F.1840. Remarks on the Botanical System of Professor Perleb.The magazine of natural history,July 1840, p. 329,[53].See Lindley (1846),[54].
- Race of the Algae
- Race of the Fungi
Endlicher (1836)
[edit]- Endlicher, S.L.1836.Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita.pp. [i]-lx, [1-]-160. Vienna,[55].See Lindley (1846),[56],Rendle (1904),[57].
- Regio I. Thallophyta
- Sectio 1. Protophyta
- Classis i. Algae
- Classis ii. Lichenes
- Sectio 2. Hysterophyta
- Classis iii. Fungi
- Sectio 1. Protophyta
- Regio II. Cormophyta
Perleb (1838)
[edit]Clavis classium ordinum et familiarum,[58].See Lindley (1846),[59].
Plantae
- Protophyta
- Muscosae
- Filicinae
- Ternariae
- Monochlamydeae
- Thalamanthae
- Calycanthae
- Calycopetalae
- Thalamopetalae
Lindley (1839)
[edit]"Miscellaneous matter", in:Edward’s Botanical Register,p. 77,[60].See Lindley (1846),[61].
Vegetable kingdom
- State 1. Sexual, or flowering plants
- Division 1. Exogens
- Cyclogens
- Class 1. Angiosperms
- Class 2. Gymnosperms
- Class 3. Homogens
- Cyclogens
- Division 2. Endogens
- Spermogens
- Class 4. Dictyogens
- Class 5. Ptychogens
- Class 6. Sporogens (Rizhants)
- Spermogens
- Division 1. Exogens
- State 2. Esexual, or flowerless plants
- Division 2. Acrogens
- Class 7. Cormophytes
- Class 8. Thallophytes
- Division 2. Acrogens
Trautvetter (1841)
[edit]De novo systemate botanico.See Lindley (1846),[62].
Vegetable Kingdom
- Semi-plants
- Favi or Acotyledons
- Trunculi or Monocotyledons
- True plants
- Herbs
- Trees
Brongniart (1843)
[edit]Énumération des genres de plantes cultivées au Musée d'histoire naturelle de Paris,[63].See Lindley (1846),[64],Engler & Gilg (1919),[65].
Règne Végétal
- Division Cryptogames (Cryptogamae)
- Amphigénes (Amphigenae)
- Acrogénes (Acrogenae)
- Division Phanérogames (Phanerogamae)
- Monocotylédones (Monocotyledoneae)
- Dicotylédones (Dicotyledoneae)
- Angiospermes (Angiospermae)
- Gymnospermes (Gymnospermae)
Lindley (1846)
[edit]The Vegetable Kingdom,[66].
- Asexual, or flowerless plants
- Class Thalogens
- Alliance Algales
- Alliance Fungales
- Alliance Lichenales
- Class Acrogens
- Alliance Muscales
- Alliance Lycopodales
- Alliance Filicales
- Class Thalogens
- Sexual, or flowering plants
- Class Rhizogens
- Class Endogens
- Class Dictyogens
- Class Gymnogens
- Class Exogens
Willkomm (1854)
[edit]Anleitung zum Studium der wissenschaftlichen Botanik,2 vols., 1854,[67],[68].
Döll [Doell] (1857)
[edit]Flora des Grossherzogthums Baden,3 vols.,[69].
- Blüthenlose Gefäßpflanzen [flowerless tracheophytes, p. 1]
- Gymnospermae [p. 92]
- Angiospermae [p. 104]
Willkomm (1861)
[edit]Prodromus Florae Hispanicae,3 vols.,[70].
- Sporophyta
- Spermatophyta
- Gymnospermae
- Angiospermae
Braun in Ascherson (1864)
[edit]- Ascherson, P.F.A.1861–1864.Flora der Provinz Brandenburg,der Altmark und des Herzogthums Magdeburg.Erste Abtheilung. A. Hirschwald, Berlin.Biblioteca DigitalReference page..See Engler & Gilg (1919),[71].
- Bryophyta
- Thallodea (Algen, Flechten, Pilze)
- Thallophyllodea (Charen, Moose)
- Cormophyta
- Anthophyta
- Gymnospermae
- Angiospermae
- Monocotyledones
- Dicotyledones
Haeckel (1866, I)
[edit]Generelle morphologie der organismen,Bd. 1,pp. 206-220.
- Thierreich,Animalia
- Protistenreich,Protista
- Pflanzenreich,Plantae
- Phycophyta(Algae pro parte)
- Characeae
- Nematophyta(FungietLichenes)
- Cormophyta(Phanerogamaeomnes etCryptogamaeexclusis Nematophytis, Characeis et Phycophytis)
Haeckel (1866, II)
[edit]Generelle morphologie der organismen,Bd. 2.See also plate 1, "Monophyletischer Stammbaum der Organismen",[72].
- Protistenreich,Protista
- 1.Moneres
- 2.Protoplasta
- 3.Diatomeae
- 4.Flagellata
- 5.Myxomycetes
- 6.Noctilucae
- 7.Rhizopoda
- 8.Spongiae
- Pflanzenreich,Plantae
- 1. Archephyta
- 2. Florideae
- 3. Fucoideae
- 4.Characeae
- 5.Inophyta
- 6.Cormophyta
- Thierreich,Animalia
Haeckel (1868)
[edit]
- "Polyphyletisher Stammbaum der Organismen" [p. 347]
- Plantae
- “Protista” [polyphyletic]
- Labyrinthuleae
- Myxomycetes
- Diatomeae
- Monera Neutra
- Protoplasta
- Rhizopoda
- Flagellata
- Animalia
- "Polyphyletisher Stammbaum desPflanzenreichs"[p. 382]
- Fucoideae
- Florideae
- Archephyceae
- Archephyta [paraphyletic] + Chlorophyceae [polyphyletic] + Cormophyta
- Lichenes
- Fungi
- "Polyphyletisher Stammbaum des Thierreichs" [p. 392]
- Acephalae
- Spongiae
- Colelminthes
- Acineta
- Archezoa [paraphyletic] + Infusoria
- Ciliata
- Platyelminthes
- Himatega
- Nematelminthes
- "Einstämmiger oder Monophyletisher Stammbaum der Organismen" [plate I,[75]]
- Pflanzenreich,Plantae
- Florideae
- Fucoideae
- Chloralgae + Muscinae + Filicinae + Gymnospermae + Angiospermae
- Lichenes
- Fungi
- Protistenreich,Protista
- Diatomea
- Labyrinthulae
- Myxomycetes
- Monera neutra + Rhizopoda
- Noctilucae
- Flagellata
- Protoplasta
- Thierreich,Animalia
- Coelenterata
- Scolecida
- Vermes (Scolecida + Colelminthes + Himatega) + Arthropoda + Vertebrata + Mollusca
- Pflanzenreich,Plantae
Sachs (1874)
[edit]Lehrbuch der Botanik,4th ed.,[76].
- Gruppe I. Thallophyten
- Klassen I. Protophyten
- Chlorophyllhaltige [forms with chlorophyll]
- Cyanophyceen
- Palmellaceen
- Chlorophyllfreie [forms without chlorophyll]
- Schizomyceten
- Saccharomyces
- Chlorophyllhaltige [forms with chlorophyll]
- Klassen II. Zygosporeen
- Chlorophyllhaltige [forms with chlorophyll]
- Volvocineen
- Conjugaten (incl. der Diatomeen)
- Chlorophyllfreie [forms without chlorophyll]
- Myxomyceten
- Zygomyceten
- Chlorophyllhaltige [forms with chlorophyll]
- Klassen III. Oosporeen
- Chlorophyllhaltige [forms with chlorophyll]
- Sphaeroplea
- Vaucheria
- Oedogonieen
- Fucaceen
- Chlorophyllfreie [forms without chlorophyll]
- Saprolegnieen
- Peronosporeen
- Chlorophyllhaltige [forms with chlorophyll]
- Klassen IV. Carposporeen
- Chlorophyllhaltige [forms with chlorophyll]
- Coleochaeteen
- Florideen
- Characeen
- Chlorophyllfreie [forms without chlorophyll]
- Ascomyceten (incl. der Flechten)
- Aecidiomyceten
- Basidiomyceten
- Chlorophyllhaltige [forms with chlorophyll]
- Klassen I. Protophyten
- Gruppe II. Muscineen
- Klassen V. Lebermoose
- Klassen VI. Laubmoose
- Gruppe III. Gefässkryptogamen
- Klassen VII. Equisetaceen
- Klassen VIII. Filicineen
- Klassen IX. Dichotomen
- Gruppe IV. Phanerogamen
- Klassen X. Gymnospermen
- Angiospermen
- Klassen XI. Monocotyledonen
- Klassen XII. Dicotyledonen
Eichler (1883)
[edit]Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde,3rd ed., 1883. See Engler & Gilg (1919),[77].
- A.Cryptogamae
- division I.Thallophyta
- classis I.Algae
- group I.Cyanophyceae
- group II.Diatomeae
- group III.Chlorophyceae
- group IV.Phaeophyceae
- group V.Rhodophyceae
- classis II.Fungi
- group I.Schizomycetes
- group II.Eumycetes
- group III.Lichenes
- classis I.Algae
- division II.Bryophyta
- division III.Pteridophyta
- classis I.Equisetinae
- classis II.Lycopodinae
- classis III.Filicinae
- division I.Thallophyta
- B.Phanerogamae
- division I.Gymnospermae
- division II.Angiospermae
- classis I.Monocotyleae
- classis II.Dicotyleae
- subclassis I.Choripetalae
- subclassis II.Sympetalae
Prantl (1883)
[edit]Lehrbuch der Botanik,5th ed.,[78].
Pflanzenreichs
- Thallophyten
- Klasse I. Schizophyta
- Klasse II. Conjugatae
- Klasse III. Diatomeae
- Klasse IV. Chlorophyceae
- Klasse V. Phaeophyceae
- Klasse VI. Characeae
- Klasse VII. Rhodophyceae
- Klasse VIII. Myxomycetes
- Klasse IX. Fungi
- Muscineen
- Pteridophyten
- Gymnospermen
- Angiospermen
Warming (1884)
[edit]- Warming, E.1884.Haandbog i den systematiske botanik. Anden gjennemsete udgave.2nd ed. Kjøbenhavn, 434 pp. German translation (1890) by Emil Knoblauch,[79].
- Thallophyta
- Algae
- Class Peridinea
- Class Diatomeae
- Class Schyzophyceae
- Order Cyanophyceae
- Order Bacteria
- Class Chlorophyceae
- Order Conjugatae
- Order Protococcoideae
- Order Confervoideae
- Order Siphoneae
- Order Characeae
- Class Fucoideae
- Class Florideae
- Fungi
- Algae
- Bryophyta
- Pterydophyta
- Gymnospermae
- Angiospermae
Engler (1886)
[edit]- Engler, A.1886.Führer durch den königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau.Breslau: J. U. Kern's Verlag,[80],[81],[82].
- Myzetozoa [p. 10]
- Myxomycetes
- Thallophyta
- Schizophyta
- Algae
- Fungi
- Characeae
- Zoidiogamae (Archegoniatae)
- Bryophyta
- Pteridophyta
- Siphonogamae (Phanerogamae, Anthophyta)
- Gymnospermae (Archispermae)
- Angiospermae (Metaspermae)
- Klasse Monocotyledoneae
- Klasse Dicotyledoneae
- Unterklasse Archichlamydeae
- Unterklasse Sympetalae
Engler & Prantl (1887–1915)
[edit]Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien,1st ed.,[83],[84].
- Myxothallophyta
- Euthallophyta
- Embryophyta zoidiogama (Embryophyta asiphonogama)
- Embryophyta siphonogama
Haeckel (1889)
[edit]- Haeckel, E.1889.Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte,8th ed,[85].See p. 452, 453, 462, 508.
- Protistenreich
- Protophyta (Protista vegetalia)
- Klass I. Phytarcha
- Phytomonera
- Ordnung 1. Probiontes
- Chromaceae
- Ordnung 2. Chroococceae
- Ordnung 3. Nostochineae
- Phytomonera
- Klass II. Diatomeae
- Klass III. Cosmariae (Desmidieae)
- Klass IV. Palmellariae (Palmellaceae)
- Klass V. Siphoneae (Coeloblastae)
- Klass I. Phytarcha
- Protozoa (Protista animalia)
- Zoarcha (Zoocytoda)
- Zoomonera
- Lobomonera
- Rhizomonera
- Bacteria
- Sphaerobacteria
- Rhabdobacteria
- Zoomonera
- Cytarcha
- Lobosa (Amoebina)
- Gregarinae (Sporozoa)
- Infusoria
- Flagellata (Mastigophora)
- Ciliata
- Acinetae (Suctoria)
- Rhizopoda
- Mycetozoa (Myxomycetes)
- Heliozoa
- Thalamaria (Foraminifera)
- Radiolaria
- Zoarcha (Zoocytoda)
- Protophyta (Protista vegetalia)
- Pflanzenreich
- Thallota (Thallophyta)
- Algae (Phycophyta)
- Zygnemaceae
- Conferveae
- Fucoideae
- Florideae
- Characeae
- Fungi (Inophyta)
- Mycetes
- Lichenes
- Algae (Phycophyta)
- Prothallota (Mesophyta)
- Bryophyta
- Pteridophyta
- Phanerogamae (Anthophyta)
- Gymnospermae
- Cycadeae
- Coniferae
- Gnetaceae
- Angiospermae
- Monocotylae
- Dicotylae
- Gymnospermae
- Thallota (Thallophyta)
- Thierreich
- Coelenteria (Coelenterata, Zoophyta, Anaemaria)
- Gastraeades
- Spongiae
- Cnidaria
- Platodes
- Coelomaria (Bilaterata, Bilateria, Haemataria)
- Helminthes
- Mollusca
- Echinoderma
- Articulata
- Tunicata
- Vertebrata
- Coelenteria (Coelenterata, Zoophyta, Anaemaria)
Engler (1892)
[edit]- Engler, A.1892.Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik[...] [Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien,in further editions]. 1st ed., Berlin: Gebr. Borntraeger,[86],[87].
- Myxothallophyta
- Euthallophyta
- Embryophyta zoidiogama (Archegoniatae)
- Embryophyta siphonogama (Phanerogamae)
MacMillan (1892)
[edit]Suggestions on the Classification of Metaphyta(1892),[88].The Metaspermæ of the Minnesota Valley(1892),[89].
- Protophyta
- Metaphyta
- Gamophyta
- Sporophyta
- Thallophyta
- Archegoniatae
- Metaspermae
Haeckel (1894)
[edit]Systematische phylogenie, 3 vols (vol. 1, Protisten und Pflanzen, 1894; vol. 2, Invertebrata, 1896; vol. 3, Vertebrata, 1895).[90].
[Vol. 1, p. 90-91:]
- Pflanzen
- Protophyta (Protista plasmodoma) [Vol. 1, p. 96]
- Archephyta (Progonella)
- Probiontes
- Chromaceae (Phycochromaceae)
- Algariae (Paulosporata)
- Paulotomeae
- Conjugatae
- Diatomeae
- Algettae (Zoosporata)
- Mastigota
- Melethallia
- Siphoneae
- Archephyta (Progonella)
- Metaphyta(Histones plasmodomi) [Vol. 1, p. 256]
- Thallophyta
- Algae, [Vol. 1, p. 302]
- Chlorophyceae
- Charaphyceae
- Phaeophyceae
- Rhodophyceae
- Mycetes [Vol. 1, p. 316]
- Ascomycetes (Ascodiomycetes)
- Basimycetes (Basidiomycetes)
- Lichenes [Vol. 1, p. 325]
- Algae, [Vol. 1, p. 302]
- Diaphyta [Vol. 1, p. 330]
- Bryophyta [Vol. 1, p. 336]
- Pteridophyta
- Anthophyta
- Gymnospermae
- Angiospermae
- Thallophyta
- Protophyta (Protista plasmodoma) [Vol. 1, p. 96]
- Thieren
- Protozoa (Protista plasmophaga) [Vol. 1, p. 138]
- Archezoa (= Zoarchega)
- Bacteria (= Bactromonera)
- Coccillida
- Bacillida
- Spirillida
- Zoomonera (= Monera s. str.)
- Lobomonera
- Rhizomonera
- Bacteria (= Bactromonera)
- Fungilli (= Sporozoa)
- Rhizopoda
- Infusoria
- Archezoa (= Zoarchega)
- Metazoa (Histones plasmophagi)
- Coelenteria (Acoelomia)
- Gastraeades
- Spongiae
- Cnidaria
- Platodes
- Bilateria (Coelomaria)
- Helminthes
- Mollusca
- Articulata
- Echinoderma
- Tunicata
- Vertebrata
- Coelenteria (Acoelomia)
- Protozoa (Protista plasmophaga) [Vol. 1, p. 138]
Strasburger et al. (1900)
[edit]Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen,4th ed., 1900,[91].
- Cryptogamen
- Thallophyta
- Bryophyta
- Pteridophyta
- Phanerogamen
- Gymnospermae
- Angiospermae
Bessey (1907)
[edit]A Synopsis of Plant Phyla,[92].
- Myxophyceae
- Protophyceae
- Zygophyceae
- Siphonophyceae
- Phaeophyceae
- Carpophyceae
- Carpomyceteae
- Bryophyta
- Pteridophyta
- Calamophyta
- Lepidophyta
- Cycadophyta
- Gnetales
- Strobilophyta
- Anthophyta
Wettstein (1924)
[edit]Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik,3rd ed.,[93].
- Flagellatae
- Tierische Flagellaten
- Pantostomatineae
- Distomatineae
- Protomastigineae
- Pflanzliche Flagellaten
- Chrysomonadineae
- Cryptomonadineae
- Euglenineae
- Chloromonadineae
- Coccolithophorineae
- Silicoflagellatae
- Tierische Flagellaten
- Myxophyta
- Schizophyta
- Schizophyceae
- Schizomycetes
- Zygophyta
- Peridinieae
- Bacillarieae
- Conjugatae
- Phaeophyta
- Rhodophyta
- Euthallophyta
- Chlorophyceae
- Fungi
- Cormophyta
Pascher (1931)
[edit]- Pascher, A.1931.Systematische Übersicht über die mit Flagellaten in Zusammenhang stehenden Algenreihen und Versuch einer Einreihung dieser Algenstämme in die Stämme des Pflanzenreiches.Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt. Zweite Abteilung48: 317–332.Biblioteca Digital.Reference page.
- Plantae holoplastideae [p. 330]
- Plantae euplastideae
Wettstein (1933-1935)
[edit]Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik,4th ed. SeeWettstein system.
- Schizophyta
- Monadophyta
- Myxophyta
- Conjugatophyta
- Bacillariophyta
- Conjugatae
- Rhodophyta
- Euthallophyta
- Cormophyta
Melchior (1964)
[edit]Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien,2 vols., 12th ed.,[94].
Pflanzen
- Abteilung I: Bacteriophyta
- Abteilung II: Cyanophyta
- Abteilung III: Glaucophyta
- Abteilung IV: Myxophyta
- Abteilung V: Euglenophyta
- Abteilung VI: Pyrrophyta
- Abteilung VII: Chrysophyta
- Abteilung VIII: Chlorophyta
- Abteilung IX: Charophyta
- Abteilung X: Phaeophyta
- Abteilung XI: Rhodophyta
- Abteilung XII: Fungi
- Abteilung XIII: Lichenes
- Abteilung XIV: Bryophyta
- Abteilung XV: Pteridophyta
- Abteilung XVI: Gymnospermae
- Abteilung XVII: Angiospermae
- 1. Klasse: Dicotyledoneae
- 2. Klasse Monocotyledoneae
Harland et al. (1967)
[edit]- Harland, W.B.,Holland, C.H.&House, M.R.1967.The fossil record: a symposium with documentation.London: Geological Society of London,[95].
Whittaker (1969)
[edit]- Whittaker, R.H.1969. New concepts of kingdoms or organisms.Science163(3863): 150–160.DOI:10.1126/science.163.3863.150PDFReference page.
- Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Protista
- KingdomPlantae
- Subkingdom Rhodophycophyta
- Phylum Rhodophyta
- Subkingdom Phaeophycophyta
- Phylum Phaeophyta
- Subkingdom Euchlorophyta
- Branch Chlorophycophyta
- Phylum Chlorophyta
- Phylum Charophyta
- Branch Metaphyta
- Phylum Bryophyta
- Phylum Tracheophyta
- Branch Chlorophycophyta
- Subkingdom Rhodophycophyta
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Animalia
Whittaker & Margulis (1978)
[edit]- Whittaker, R.H.&Margulis, L.1978. Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms.Biosystems10: 3–18.
- SuperkingdomProkaryota
- I. KingdomMonera
- SuperkingdomEukaryota
- II. KingdomProtistaorProtoctista
- III. KingdomFungi
- IV. KingdomAnimalia
- V. KingdomPlantae
- Superphylum and PhylumRhodophyta
- Superphylum and PhylumPhaeophyta
- (SuperphylumChlorophyta)
- SuperphylumEmbryophyta
- PhylumBryophyta
- PhylumTracheophyta
- ClassPsilopsidaor phylumPsilophyta
- ClassLycosidaor phylumLycopodophyta
- ClassSphenopsidaor phylumSphenophyta
- ClassPteropsidaor phylumFilicinophyta
- ClassCycadopsidaor phylumCycadophyta
- ClassGnetopsidaor phylumGnetophyta
- ClassGinkgopsidaor phylumGinkgophyta
- ClassConopsidaor phylumConiferophyta
- ClassAngiospermaeor phylumAngiospermophytaorAnthophyta
[Note: "form-superphyla" or "form-phyla are “frankly polyphyletic groupings”.]
Parker et al. (1982)
[edit]- Parker, S.P.(ed.). 1982.Synopsis and classification of living organisms.2 vols. McGraw-Hill, New York,[96],[97].SeeBrands(1989–2005),[98]
SuperkingdomProkaryotae
SuperkingdomEukaryotae
- KingdomPlantae
- Subkingdom Thallobionta
- Division Rhodophycota
- Division Chromophycota
- Division Euglenophycota
- Division Chlorophycota
- Division Myxomycota
- Division Eumycota
- Subkingdom Embryobionta
- Genus Echites
- Subkingdom Thallobionta
- KingdomProtista(Haeckel, 1866)
- Phylum Euprotista [ “containing the great majority of protistans” ]
- Phylum Gymnomyxa
- Subphylum Mycetozoa
- Subphylum Plasmodiophorina
- Subphylum Labyrinthulina
- KingdomAnimalia1758
[Note: this classification is redundant for some ambiregnal protists. See Taylor et al. (1986),[99].]
Sitte et al. (2002)
[edit]- Sitte, P.,Weiler, E.W.,Kadereit, J.W.,Bresisnky, A.&Körner, C.2002.Strasburger – Lehrbuch der Botanik.35. Aufl. Spektrum/Gustav Fischer,[100].See also the 36. Aufl. (2008),[101].
"Pflanzen"
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eucaryap.p.
A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien(2009-)
[edit]FromA. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien,13th ed., 5 vols.,[102].
"plants"
- Cyanoprokaryota[Part 1/1]
- Acrasia(Acrasiomycota) [Part 1/1]
- Eumycetozoa[Part 1/1]
- Phytomyxea(Plasmodiophoromycota) [Part 1/1]
- Fungi/Mycobionta
- Chytridiomycota[Part 1/1]
- Zygomycota[Part 1/1]
- Glomeromycota[Part 1/1]
- Ascomycota[Part 1/2, to be published]
- Basidiomycota[Part 1/3, to be published]
- Heterokontobionta
- Labyrinthulomycota[Part 1/1]
- Oomycota[Part 1/1]
- Cryptophyta[Part 2/1]
- Dinophyta/Dinozoa(Dinoflagellata) [Part 2/1]
- Haptophyta[Part 2/1]
- Heterokontophyta/Ochrophyta[Part 2/1]
- Diatomeae,Bacillariophyceaes.l.
- Other heterokontophytes
- Glaucobionta[Part 2/1]
- Rhodobionta[Part 2/2, to be published]
- Organisation type "Green Algae"
- Chlorarachniophyta/Cercozoa[Part 2/1]
- Euglenophyta/Euglenozoa[Part 2/1]
- Chlorobionta( "Viridiplantae")
- Chlorophyta[Part 2/1]
- Streptophyta
- Mesostigmatophyceae[Part 2/1]
- Chlorokybophyceae[Part 2/1]
- Klebsormidiophyceae[Part 2/1]
- Coleochaetophyceae[Part 2/1]
- Zygnematophyceae[Part 2/1]
- Charophyceae[Part 2/1]
- Embryobionta
- "Bryophytes"[Part 3]
- Polysporangiomorpha[Part 3]
- "Protracheophytes"(Horneophytopsida)
- Tracheophyta
- Rhyniophytina[Part 3]
- Lycophytina[Part 3]
- Euphyllophytina[Part 3]
- Spermatophytina
- Pinopsida(gymnosperms) [Part 4, to be published]
- Magnoliopsida(angiosperms)
- Magnoliidae[Part 4, to be published]
- Lilianae(monocotyledons)
- Acorales,Alismatales,Petrosaviales,Dioscoreales,Pandanales,Liliales,Asparagales[Part 4, to be published]
- Arecales,Commelinales,Poales,Zingiberales,Dasypogonales[Part 5, to be published]
- Eudicotyledons[Part 5, to be published]
Taylor et al (2009)
[edit]- Taylor, T.N.,Taylor, E.L.&Krings, M.2009.Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants.2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press,[103].
"Plants"
- DomainBacteria
- DomainArchaea
- DomainEukaryota
- KingdomFungi
- Algae(artificial group)
- PhylumEuglenophyta
- PhylumDinophyta
- PhylumHeterokontophyta
- PhylumPrymnesiophyta
- PhylumRhodophyta
- Acritarcha
- KingdomPlantae(subkingdomViridiplantae)
- PhylumChlorophyta
- Land plants
- Nematophytes(artificial group)
- PhylumAnthocerotophyta
- PhylumBryophyta
- PhylumRhyniophyta
- PhylumZosterophyllophyta
- PhylumTrimerophyta
- PhylumLicophyta
- PhylumSphenophyta
- PhylumPteridophyta
- PhylumProgymnospermophyta
- PhylumPteridospermophyta
- PhylumCycadophyta
- OtherGymnosperms
- Coniferophytes
- Angiosperms(MagnoliophytaorAnthophyta)
Kadereit et al. (2014)
[edit]- Kadereit, J.W.,Körner, C.,Kost, B.&Sonnewald, U.2014.Strasburger – Lehrbuch der Pflanzenwissenschaften.37. Aufl. Springer Spektrum,[104],[105].
"Pflanzen"[s.l.]
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya[p.p.]
- Plantae[s.s.]
- Chromalveolatae[p.p.]
- Excavatae[p.p.]
- Unikontae[p.p.]
- Rhizaria[p.p.]
References
[edit]- Brands, S.J.(comp.) 1989–2005.Systema Naturae 2000.Amsterdam, The Netherlands.[106].
- Engler, A.&Gilg, E.1919.Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien,8th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin, 395 p.,[107].
- Linnaeus, C.1738.Classes plantarum, seu systema plantarum[...]. Conrad Wishoff, Leiden[108].
- Le Maout, E.1852.Botanique: organographie et taxonomie, histoire naturelle des familles végétales.Paris, Curmer,[109].
- Pelentier, B.2007–2015.Empire Biota: a comprehensive taxonomy,[110].
- Rendle, A.B.1904.The classification of flowering plants.2 vols, Cambridge University Press,[111],[112].
- Sachs, J.v.1890.History of botany, 1530-1860.Translation by Henry E. F. Garnsey, revised by Issac Payley Balfour. Oxford: Clarendon Press.BHL.