Protozoa
Taxonavigation
Superregnum:Eukaryota
Regnum:Protozoa
Phyla:
Euglenozoa–
Kinetoplastida–
Rhizopoda–
Microspora–
Protozoa incertae sedis
Name
ProtozoaGoldfuss,1817
References
Goldfuss, Georg August:Ueber die Entwicklungsstufen des Thieres,Nürnberg, Leonhard Schrag (1817)[1].
Additional references
- Becker, E. R. & Kühn L. B. 1939:Genera of the protozoa.65 p. (Mimeographed),[2].
- Mauch, E., Schmedtje, U., Maetze, A. & Fischer, F. 2003:Taxaliste der Gewässerorganismen Deutschlands zur Kodierung biologischer Befunde,[3].(With a list of commented determinative literature.)
See also
Alternative classifications
[Note: in most classifications, Protozoa is currently considered apolyphyletictaxon. Some authors (e.g. Cavalier-Smith) still use it as aparaphyletictaxon, although most taxonomists prefer to use onlymonophyletictaxa. SeeEukaryotafor more modern classifications of the groups previously placed here.]
Goldfuss (1820)
ClassProtozoa
von Siebold (1848)
Lehrbuch der vergleichenden.Vol. 1, Wirbellose Thiere, von C. Th. v. Siebold, 1848. Vol. 2, Wirbelthiere, von H. Stanius, 1846,[4].
PhylumProtozoa
Owen (1860)
FromPalæontology or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and Their Geological Relations.
KingdomProtozoa
- ClassAmorphozoa
- ClassRhizopoda
- SubclassPolycystineæ
- ClassInfusoria
Hogg (1860)
Hogg, J. (1860).On the distinctions of a Plant and an Animal and on a Fourth Kingdom of Nature.Edinburgh New Phil. J.,N.S. 12: 216–225[5].
- Mineral kingdom
- Vegetal kingdom
- Animal kingdom
- Primigenal kingdom (RegnumPrimigenum)
- Protoctista
- Amorphoctista(Sponges)
Haeckel (1874)
From Haeckel E (1874). Die Gastrea-Theorie, die phylogenetische Classification des Tierreiches und die Homologie der Keimblatter.Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft,8, 1–55,[6]. See See Kluge (2004-2014),[7].
[P. 32:]
1. Ablasteria | Protozoa | Protozoa | Protozoa |
2. Diblasteria | Gastraeada | Zoophyta | Metazoa |
Spongiae | |||
3. Triblasteria | Acalephae | ||
4. Tetrablasteria | Acoelomi | Vermes | |
5. Pentablasteria | Coelomati | ||
Mollusca | Typozoa | ||
Echinoderma | |||
Arthropoda | |||
Vertebrata |
[P. 33:]
- Bilateria = Sphenota
- Vermes I + Vermes II [Sammtlische Würmer]
- Mollusca [Molluscken]
- Echinoderma [Echinotermen]
- Arthropoda [Arthropoden]
- Vertebrata [Vertebraten]
[P. 52:]
- Thierreichs
- Protozoa
- Metazoa [= Blastozoa, p. 19]
- Anaemaria
- Haemataria = Pentablasteria
Lankester (1877)
Lankester, E. R. 1877. Notes on the embryology and classification of the animal kingdom: Comprising a revision of speculations relative to the origin and significance of germ layers.Quartely Journal of Microscopical Science,68:399-454,[8].
- Animalia[p. 442]
- Plastidozoa
- Protozoa
- Grade A.Gymnomyxa
- ClassGymnomyxa
- Grade B.Corticata
- ClassCorticata
- Grade C.Stomatodea
- ClassSuctoria
- ClassCiliata
- ClassProboscidea
- Grade A.Gymnomyxa
- Protozoa
- Enterozoa
- Plastidozoa
Saville-Kent (1880-1882)
From Saville-Kent, W. (1880-1882).A manual of Infusoria.London: D. Bogue, 3 vols.,[9].
Sub-kingdomProtozoa[p. 36]
- Section A.Pantostomata
- Class I.Rhizopoda
- Order 1.Amoebina(Amoeba)
- Order 2.Gregarinida(Gregarina)
- Order 3.Arcellinida(Gromia,Arcella)
- Order 4.Foraminifera(Rotalia,Nummulina)
- Order 5.Labyrinthulida(Labyrinthula)
- Order 6.Radiolaria(Actinophrys,Collosphaera)
- Order 7.Mycetozoa(Aethalium,Didymium)
- Class II.Flagellata[in part]
- Order 8.Trypanosomata(Trypanosoma)
- Order 9.Rhizo-Flagellata(Mastigamoeba,Podostoma)
- Order 10.Radio-Flagellata(Actinomonas,Euchitonia)
- Order 11.Flagellata-Pantostomata(Spumella,Anthophysa)
- Class I.Rhizopoda
- Section B.Discostomata
- Class II.Flagellata[in part]
- Order 12.Choano-Flagellata(velDiscostomata-Gymnozoida) (Codosiga,Salpingoeca,Protospongia)
- Order 13.Spongida(velDiscostomata-Cryptozoida) (Halisarca,Grantia,Spongilla)
- Class II.Flagellata[in part]
- Section C.Eustomata
- Class II.Flagellata[in part]
- Order 14.Flagellata-Eustomata(Euglena,Noctiluca)
- Order 15.Cilio-Flagellata(Peridinium,Heteromastix)
- Class III.Ciliata
- Order 16.Holotricha(Paramecium)
- Order 17.Heterotricha(Stentor,Spirostomum)
- Order 18.Hypotricha(Euplotes,Oxytricha)
- Order 19.Peritricha(Vorticella,Ophrydium)
- Class II.Flagellata[in part]
- Section D.Polystomata
- Class IV.Tentaticulifera
- Order 20.Actinaria(Ephelota)
- Order 21.Suctoria(Acineta,Dendrosoma)
- Class IV.Tentaticulifera
Sub-kingdomProtozoa[p. 211]
- LegionInfusoria
- ClassFlagellata
- ClassCiliata
- ClassTentaticulifera
Bütschli (1880-1889)
From Bütschli, O. (1880–1889).Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs: wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild: wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild.Erster Band: Protozoa. Abt. I, Sarkodina und Sporozoa, 1880-82[10].Abt. II, Mastigophora, 1883-87[11].Abt. III, Infusoria und System der Radiolaria, 1887-89[12].C.F. Winter, Leipzig.
PhylumProtozoa
- ClassSarkodina
- SubclassRhizopoda
- SubclassHeliozoa
- SubclassRadiolaria
- ClassSporozoa
- SubclassGregarinida
- SubclassMyxosporidia
- SubclassSarcosporidia
- ClassMastigophora
- OrderFlagellata
- OrderChoanoflagellata
- OrderDinoflagellata
- OrderCystoflagellata
- ClassInfusoria
Lankester (1885, 1891)
Lankester, E. R. (1885). Article "Protozoa". In:Encyclopaedia Britannica(9th ed.), 19: 830–866, [13].
Lankester, E. R. (1891). Article "Protozoa". In:Zoological Articles Contributed to the Encyclopaedia Britannica,[14].
- Protozoa
- Grade A.GymnomyxaLankester, 1878
- Class I.ProteomyxaLankester
- Class II.MycetozoaDe Bary
- Class III.LobosaCarpenter
- Class IV.Labyrinthulidea
- Class V.HeliozoaHaeckel, 1866
- Class VI.ReticulariaCarpenter, 1862
- Class VII.RadiolariaHaeckel, 1862
- Grade B.CorticataLankester, 1878
- Class I.SporozoaLeuckart
- Class II.FlagellataEhrenberg
- Class III.DinoflagellataBütschli
- Class IV.RhychoflagellataLankester
- Class V.CiliataEhrenberg
- Class VI.AcinetariaLankester
- Grade A.GymnomyxaLankester, 1878
Blochmann (1886)
Die mikroskopische Tierwelt des Süßwassers,1st ed., 1886,[15].
Protozoa
- KlasseRhizopoda
- KlasseHeliozoa
- Sporozoa
- KlasseMastigophora
- KlasseSuctoria(Infusoria)
- KlasseCiliata(Infusoria)
Haeckel (1889)
Haeckel, E. 1889.Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte,8th ed,[16].See p. 452, 453, 462, 508.
- Protistenreich
- Protophyta (Protista vegetalia)
- Klass I. Phytarcha
- Phytomonera
- Ordnung 1. Probiontes
- Chromaceae
- Ordnung 2. Chroococceae
- Ordnung 3. Nostochineae
- Phytomonera
- Klass II. Diatomeae
- Klass III. Cosmariae (Desmidieae)
- Klass IV. Palmellariae (Palmellaceae)
- Klass V. Siphoneae (Coeloblastae)
- Klass I. Phytarcha
- Protozoa(Protista animalia)
- Zoarcha (Zoocytoda)
- Zoomonera
- Lobomonera
- Rhizomonera
- Bacteria
- Sphaerobacteria
- Rhabdobacteria
- Zoomonera
- Cytarcha
- Lobosa (Amoebina)
- Gregarinae (Sporozoa)
- Infusoria
- Flagellata (Mastigophora)
- Ciliata
- Acinetae (Suctoria)
- Rhizopoda
- Mycetozoa (Myxomycetes)
- Heliozoa
- Thalamaria (Foraminifera)
- Radiolaria
- Zoarcha (Zoocytoda)
- Protophyta (Protista vegetalia)
- Pflanzenreich
- Thallota (Thallophyta)
- Algae (Phycophyta)
- Zygnemaceae
- Conferveae
- Fucoideae
- Florideae
- Characeae
- Fungi (Inophyta)
- Mycetes
- Lichenes
- Algae (Phycophyta)
- Prothallota (Mesophyta)
- Bryophyta
- Pteridophyta
- Phanerogamae (Anthophyta)
- Gymnospermae
- Cycadeae
- Coniferae
- Gnetaceae
- Angiospermae
- Monocotylae
- Dicotylae
- Gymnospermae
- Thallota (Thallophyta)
- Thierreich
- Coelenteria (Coelenterata, Zoophyta, Anaemaria)
- Gastraeades
- Spongiae
- Cnidaria
- Platodes
- Coelomaria (Bilaterata, Bilateria, Haemataria)
- Helminthes
- Mollusca
- Echinoderma
- Articulata
- Tunicata
- Vertebrata
- Coelenteria (Coelenterata, Zoophyta, Anaemaria)
Claus (1891)
Protozoa
Haeckel (1894)
FromSystematische phylogenie,3 vols (vol. 1, Protisten und Pflanzen, 1894; vol. 2, Invertebrata, 1896; vol. 3, Vertebrata, 1895).[17].
[Vol. 1, p. 90-91:]
- Protophyta (Protista plasmodoma) [Vol. 1, p. 96]
- Archephyta (Progonella)
- Probiontes
- Chromaceae (Phycochromaceae)
- Algariae (Paulosporata)
- Paulotomeae
- Conjugatae
- Diatomeae
- Algettae (Zoosporata)
- Mastigota
- Melethallia
- Siphoneae
- Archephyta (Progonella)
- Metaphyta(Histones plasmodomi) [Vol. 1, p. 256]
- Thallophyta
- Algae, [Vol. 1, p. 302]
- Chlorophyceae
- Charaphyceae
- Phaeophyceae
- Rhodophyceae
- Mycetes [Vol. 1, p. 316]
- Ascomycetes (Ascodiomycetes)
- Basimycetes (Basidiomycetes)
- Lichenes [Vol. 1, p. 325]
- Algae, [Vol. 1, p. 302]
- Diaphyta [Vol. 1, p. 330]
- Bryophyta [Vol. 1, p. 336]
- Pteridophyta
- Anthophyta
- Gymnospermae
- Angiospermae
- Thallophyta
- Protozoa(Protista plasmophaga) [Vol. 1, p. 138]
- Archezoa (= Zoarchega)
- Bacteria (= Bactromonera)
- Coccillida
- Bacillida
- Spirillida
- Zoomonera (= Monera s. str.)
- Lobomonera
- Rhizomonera
- Bacteria (= Bactromonera)
- Fungilli (= Sporozoa)
- Rhizopoda
- Infusoria
- Archezoa (= Zoarchega)
- Metazoa (Histones plasmophagi)
- Coelenteria (Acoelomia)
- Gastraeades
- Spongiae
- Cnidaria
- Platodes
- Bilateria (Coelomaria)
- Helminthes
- Mollusca
- Articulata
- Echinoderma
- Tunicata
- Vertebrata
- Coelenteria (Acoelomia)
Levander (1894)
Levander, K.M. (1894). Materialien zur Kenntnis der Wasserfauna in der Umgebung Helsingfors, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Meeresfauna. I: Protozoa.Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica12(2): 3–155, 3 pls, 1 table,[18].
- I.Sarcodina
- II.Mastigophora
- III.Infusoria
Blochmann (1895)
Blochmann, F. (1895). Die mikroskopische Tierwelt des Süßwassers. Abt. I, Protozoa. In: Kirchner, O. & Blochmann, G.,Die mikroskopische Pflanzen- und Tierwelt des Süßwassers.2. Aufl., Teil II. Hamburg: Gräfe & Sillem,[19].
- I. KlasseRhizopoda
- II. KlasseHeliozoa
- Sporozoa
- III. KlasseMastigophora
- IV. Klasse.Infusoria
Delage & Hérouard (1896)
Traité de zoologie concrète,t. 1,[20].
- Protozoa
- ClasseRhizopodia
- ClasseSporozoaria
- ClasseFlagellia
- ClasseInfusoria
Kalberlah & Schoenichen (1900)
Kalberlah, A. & Schoenichen, W. B. (1900).Eyferth's Einfachste Lebensformen des Tier- und Pflanzenreiches: Naturgeschichte der mikroskopischen Süsswasserbewohner.3rd ed. Braunschweig: B. Goeritz,[21].
- Pflanzliche Organismen
- I.Schizophytae
- II.Euphyceae(EchteAlgen)
- III.Fungi
- Tierische Organismen
- I. Einzellige Lebewesen – I.Protozoa
- I.Sarcodina
- II.Mastigophora(Flagellata)
- I.Protomastigina
- II.Polymastigina
- III.Euglenoidina
- I.Euglenida
- II.Astasiida
- III.Peranemida
- IV.Chloromonadina
- V.Holomastigina
- VI.Chromomonadina
- Anhang:Hydrurina
- III.Ciliata
- A.Gymnostomata
- B.Trichostomata
- I.Aspirotricha
- II.Spirotricha
- A.Heterotricha
- B.Oligotricha
- C.Hypotricha
- D.Peritricha
- IV.Suctoria
- II. Mehrzellige Lebewesen (Metazoa) – II.Rotatoria
- I. Einzellige Lebewesen – I.Protozoa
Doflein (1901)
Doflein, F. (1901).Die Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger,1st ed. Further editions:Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde.
- Stamm:Protozoa
- I. Unterstamm:Plasmodroma
- II. Unterstamm:Ciliophora
Doflein (1902)
Doflein, F. (1902). Das System der Protozoen.Archiv für Protistenkunde1: 169—192,[22].
- Stamm:Protozoa
- I. Unterstamm:PlasmodromaDoflein
- I. Unterstamm:CiliophoraDoflein
Lankester et al. (1903, 1909)
Lankester, E. R. (ed.)A treatise on zoology,vol. 1, fasc. 1 (1909), fasc. 2 (1903),[23].
Protozoa
- Proteomyxa
- Heliozoa
- Mycetozoa
- Lobosa
- Radiolaria
- Mastigophora
- Appendix (Chlamydomyxa,Labyrinthula,Xenophyophoridae)
- Foraminifera
- Sporozoa
- Infusoria
Hartog (1906)
Hartog, M. (1906). Protozoa. In:The Cambridge Natural History.Vol. 1, Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata and Echinodermata. (eds. S. F. Harmer and A. E. Shipley). London: Macmillan,[24].
Protozoa
Doflein (1911)
FromLehrbuch der Protozoenkunde,3rd ed, 1911. (1st ed. namedDie Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger,1901).
Protozoa
Minchin (1912)
An introduction to the study of the Protozoa, with special reference to the parasitic forms,1st ed.,[25].
Protozoa
Lühe (1913)
From Lühe, M. 1913:Erstes Urreich der Tiere.In: Lang A, editor. Handbuch der morphologie der wirbellosen Tiere. Jena: G. Fischer. 416 p.
Protozoa
Poche (1913)
Poche, F. 1913. Das System der Protozoa.Archiv für Protistenkunde30: 125–321,[26].
PhylumProtozoaGoldfuss, 1817
- I. Superklasse:PlasmodromaDoflein (1901, p. 3)
- I. Klasse:FlagellataCohn (1853, p. 273).
- I. Unterklasse:Euflagellata
- II. Unterklasse:Dinoflagellata
- II. Klasse:Rhizopoda
- I. Unterklasse:Chaoinea,nom. nov.
- II. Unterklasse:Radiolares
- III. Klasse:Cnidosporidia
- IV. Klasse:SporozoaLeuckart (1897, p. 241).
- V. Klasse:Haplozooidea
- I. Klasse:FlagellataCohn (1853, p. 273).
- II. Superklasse:Ciliophora
- VI. Klasse:Monomastigoidea
- VII. Klasse:Infusoria
- VIII. Klasse:Acinetoidea
Hartmann (1919)
From Hartmann, M. "Allgemeine Morphologie und Physiologie der Protozoen". In:Lehrbuch der Mikrobiologie.Friedberger, E; Pfeiffer, R. [eds.] G. Fischer, 1919,[27],[28].
Protozoa
Calkins (1926)
FromThe biology of the Protozoa.
PhylumProtozoa
- SubphylumMastigophoraDiesing
- ClassPhytomastigodaDoflein
- OrderChrysomonadida
- OrderCryptomonadidaStein
- OrderDinoflagellidaStein
- OrderPhytomonadidaBlochmann
- OrderEuglenidaStein
- OrderChloromonadidaKlebs
- ClassZoomastigodaDoflein
- OrderPantastomatidaMinchin
- OrderProtomastigida
- OrderPolymastigidaBlochmann
- OrderHypermastigida
- ClassPhytomastigodaDoflein
- SubphylumSarcodina
- ClassActinopodaCalkins
- ClassRhizopodavon Siebold
- SubphylumInfusoria
- SubphylumSporozoa
Wenyon (1926)
Wenyon, C. M. 1926.Protozoology, a manual for medical men, veterinarians and zoologists.Baillière, Tyndall and Cox: London; New York: W. Wood. Vols. 1 and 2,[29].
PhylumProtozoa
- SubphylumPlasmodroma
- ClassRhizopoda
- ClassMastigophora
- ClassCnidosporidia
- ClassSporozoa
- SubphylumCiliophora
Sandon (1927)
Sandon, H., 1927.The composition and distribution of the protozoan fauna of the soil.London: Oliver and Boyd,[30].
- flagellates
- ciliates
- naked rhizopods (amoebae,heliozoa)
- testaceous rhizopods
Wailes (1937-1943)
Wailes, G.H. (1937).Canadian Pacific fauna: 1. Protozoa. 1a. Lobosa; lb. Reticulosa; 1c. Heliozoa; 1d. Radiolaria.pp. 1-14. Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press, Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
Wailes, G.H. (1939).Canadian Pacific fauna. 1. Protozoa. 1e. Mastigophora.pp. 1-45, Fig. 138. Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press, Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
Wailes, G.H. (1943).Canadian Pacific fauna: 1. Protozoa. 1f. Ciliata; 1g. Suctoria.pp. 1-46. Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press, Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
Barkley (1949)
Barkley, Fred A. "Un esbozo de clasificación de los organismos."Revista de la Facultad Nacional de Agronomia,Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín. 10: 83–103,[31].
- Mychota (Monera, Anucleobionta)
- Protista
- Euthallophyta
- Rhodophyta
- Chrysophyta
- Pyrrophyta
- Euglenophyta
- Gonidiophyta
- Charophyta
- Phaeophyta
- Myxophyta
- Mycophyta
- Protozoa
- Sarcodina
- Foraminifera
- Actinopoda
- Fungilli
- Ciliata
- Suctoria
- Mesozoa
- Parazoa
- Porifera
- Euthallophyta
- Euplanta
- Euanimalia
Jahn & Jahn (1949)
FromJahn, T.L.and F. F. Jahn, 1949.How to know the Protozoa.Brown, Dubuque, lowa.
- KingdomMonera
- KingdomFungi
- KingdomMetaphyta
- KingdomMetazoa
- KingdomArchetista
- KingdomProtista
- SubkingdomProtozoa
Grassé et al. (1952-1994)
From Grassé, P.-P. (Ed.), 1952-1994.Traité de Zoologie.Vol. 1, pt. I,Protozoaires: Flagellés,1952. Vol. 1, pt. II,Protozoaires: Rhizopodes, Actinopodes, Sporozoaires, Cnidosporidies,1953. Vol. 2, pt. I,Infusoires ciliés,1984. Vol. 2, pt. II,Infusoires ciliés,1994. Masson, Paris. See Fernández-Galiano (1964),[32].
Règneanimal
Hall (1953)
From Hall, R.P., 1953.Protozoology.Prentice-Hall, New York,[33]
Protozoa
Pennak (1953)
Pennak, R.W. 1953.Freshwater invertebrates of the United States.1st ed. Ronald, New York,[34].
PhylumProtozoa
- SubphylumPlasmodroma
- ClassMastigophora
- ClassSarcodina
- ClassSporozoa
- SubphylumCiliophora
Kudo (1954)
FromProtozoology,4th ed.
PhylumProtozoaGoldfuss
- SubphylumPlasmodromaDoflein
- ClassMastigophoraDiesing
- ClassSarcodinaHertwig and Lesser
- ClassSporozoaLeuckart
- SubphylumCiliophoraDoflein
Edmondson (1959)
Edmondson, W.T. (ed). 1959.Freshwater biology.2nd ed. Wiley, New York,[35].
Levine (1961)
Levine, N. D. 1961.Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man.Minneapolis, Burgess Pub. Co.,[36].2nd ed., 1973,[37].3r ed., 1985, renamed asVeterinary Protozoology,[38].
- Protozoa
- ClassMastigida
- ClassSarcodasida
- ClassTelosporasida
- ClassPiroplasmasida
- ClassToxoplasmasida
- ClassCnidosporasida
- ClassCiliasida
- ClassProtociliasida
Mackinnon & Hawes (1961)
Mackinnon, D.C. e Hawes, R.S.J.An Introduction to the Study of Protozoa.Oxford, RU: Oxford University Press, 1961,[39].
- Protozoa
- ClassRhizopoda
- ClassMastigophora
- ClassSporozoa
- ClassCiliata
Honigberget al.(1964)
Honigberg, B.M.,Balamuth, W., Bovee, E.C., Corliss, J.O., Gojdics, M., Hall, R.P., Kudo, R.R., Levine, N.D., Loeblich, A.R.Jr., Weiser, J. and Wenrich, D.H., 1964: A revised classification of the phylum Protozoa.Journal of Protozoology,11(1), p. 7-20,[40],[41].See Fernández-Galiano (1964),[42].
PhylumProtozoa
- SubphylumSarcomastigophora
- SubphylumSporozoa
- SubphylumCnidospora
- SubphylumCiliophora
Dogiel (1965)
General protozoology,2nd ed.
TypeProtozoa
- SubtypePlasmodroma
- ClassSarcodina
- Subclass Rhizopoda
- Order Amoebida
- Order Piroplasmida
- Suborder Piroplasmina
- Suborder Theileriina
- Order Testacea
- Order Foraminifera
- Subclass Heliozoa
- Order Actinophryda
- Order Centrohelida
- Order Desmothoraca
- Subclass Radiolaria
- Order Acantharia
- Order Spumellaria
- Order Nassellaria
- Order Phaeodaria
- Order Sticholoncha
- Subclass Rhizopoda
- ClassMastigophora(=Flagellata)
- Subclass Phytomastigina
- Order Chrysomonadida
- Order Silicoflagellida
- Order Cryptomonadida
- Order Heterochloridida
- Order Chloromonadida
- Order Euglenida
- Order Phytomonadida
- Order Dinoflagellata
- Subclass Zoomastigina
- Order Protomonadida
- Order Diplomonadida
- Order Polymastigida
- Order Hypermastigida
- Subclass Opalinina
- Subclass Phytomastigina
- ClassSporozoa
- Subclass Gregarina
- Order Schizogregarinida
- Order Eugregarinida
- Subclass Coccidia (= Coccidiomorpha)
- Order Protococcidia
- Order Adeleida
- Order Coccidiida
- Suborder Eimeriidea
- Suborder Haemosporidia
- Subclass Gregarina
- ClassCnidosporidia
- Order Myxosporidia
- Order Microsporidia
- Order Actinomyxidia
- ClassSarcodina
- SubtypeCiliophora
- ClassCiliata(=Infusoria)
- Subclass Holotricha
- Order Gymnostomata
- Order Trichostomata
- Order Hymenostomata
- Order Astomata
- Order Apostomata
- Order Thigmotricha
- Subclass Spirotricha
- Order Heterotricha
- Order Oligotricha
- Order Tintinnoidea
- Order Entodiniomorpha
- Order Ctenostomata
- Order Hypotricha
- Subclass Peritricha
- Order Sessilida
- Order Mobilida
- Subclass Chonotricha
- Subclass Suctoria
- Subclass Holotricha
- ClassCiliata(=Infusoria)
- "Addendum. Groups of uncertain systematic position: (1) Sarcosporidia and (2) Toxoplasmida, both representing groups of Protozoa related to Sarcodina; Biocca (1956) unites them into one class, Toxoplasmatea; (3) Haplosporidia, which probably do not belong to the Protozoa; (4) Anaplasmida, which are not Protozoa but probably represent Rickettsias."
Grell (1968)
From Grell K.G. (1968):Protozoologie.Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2nd ed., 511 pp.,[43],[44].
Protozoa
- Flagellata
- Rhizopoda
- Sporozoa
- Ciliata
- Incertae sedis:Cnidosporidia
Manwell (1968)
Manwell, R. D.Introduction to Protozoology.2nd rev. ed. NY: Dover, 1968.
Lepinis et al. (1973)
Lepinis, A. K., Geltser, Yu. G., Chibisova, O. I. & Geptner, V. A. (1973).A key of soil Protozoa of European part of USSR.Mintis, Vilnius (in Russian),[45].
- Mastigophora
- Sarcodina
- Ciliata
- Sporozoa[not treated]
Westphal (1974)
Westphal, A. (1974).Protozoen.In:Spezielle Zoologie,Band 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. English translation, 1976,[46].
- Class I:FlagellataorMastigophora
- Class II:Rhizopoda
- Class III:Sporozoa
- Class IV:CiliataorCiliophora
Lauckner (1980)
Lauckner, G. (1980). Diseases of protozoa. In:Diseases of Marine Animals.Kinne, O. (ed.). Vol. 1, p. 75-134., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK,[47].
Levineet al.(1980)
Levine, N. D.;J. O. Corliss; F. E. G. Cox; G. Deroux; J. Grain; B. M. Honigberg; G. F. Leedale; A. R. Loeblich, III; J. Lom; D. Lynn; E. G. Merinfeld; F. C. Page; G. Poljansky; V. Sprague; J. Vavra; and F. G. Wallace (1980). A newly revised classification of the Protozoa.J. Protozool., 27:37–58,[48],[49].
SubkingdomProtozoa
- PhylumSarcomastigophora
- SubphylumMastigophora
- ClassPhytomastigophorea
- ClassZoomastigophorea
- SubphylumOpalinata
- ClassOpalinatea
- SubphylumSarcodina
- SuperclassRhizopoda
- ClassLobosea
- ClassAcarpomyxea
- ClassAcrasea
- ClassEumycetozoea
- ClassPlasmodiophorea
- ClassFilosea
- ClassGranuloreticulosea
- ClassXenophyophorea
- SuperclassActinopoda
- ClassAcantharea
- ClassPolycystinea
- ClassPhaeodarea
- ClassHeliozoea
- SuperclassRhizopoda
- SubphylumMastigophora
- PhylumLabyrinthomorpha
- ClassLabyrinthulea
- PhylumApicomplexa
- PhylumMicrospora
- ClassRudimicrosporea
- ClassMicrosporea
- PhylumAscetospora
- ClassStellatosporea
- ClassParamyxea
- PhylumMyxozoa
- ClassMyxosporea
- ClassActinosporea
- PhylumCiliophora
- ClassKinetofragminophorea
- ClassOligohymenophorea
- ClassPolyhymenophorea
Cavalier-Smith (1981)
- Cavalier-Smith, T.1981. Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?Biosystems14(3–4): 461–481.DOI:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2.PMID 7337818.Reference page.
Nine eukaryote kingdoms proposal[p. 462]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Eufungi
- Kingdom 2. Ciliofungi
- Kingdom 3. Animalia
- Kingdom 4. Biliphyta
- Kingdom 5. Viridiplantae
- Kingdom 6. Euglenozoa
- Kingdom 7.Protozoa
- Kingdom 8. Cryptophyta
- Kingdom 9. Chromophyta
Five eukaryote kingdoms proposal[p. 476-477]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Fungi (Ciliofungi + Eufungi)
- Kingdom 2. Chromista (Cryptophyta + Chromophyta)
- Kingdom 3.Plantae(Viridiplantae + Biliphyta)
- Kingdom 4. Protista (Euglenozoa +Protozoa)
- Kingdom 5. Animalia
Seven eukaryote kingdoms proposal[p. 478]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Viridiplantae
- Kingdom Biliphyta
- Kingdom Chromista
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Euglenozoa
- KingdomProtozoa
- Phylum Proterozoa (proteromonads, cyathobodonids, Opalinida)
- Phylum Dinozoa (dinoflagellates)
- Phylum Parabasalia (trichomonads and hypermastigids)
- Phylum Metamonadina (retortomonads, diplomonads, and oxymonads)
- Phylum Sporozoa (cregarines, coccidlans, and piroplasms)
- Phylum Infusoria (Ciliophora)
- Phylum Foraminifera
- Phylum Sarcodina (amoebae, amoeboflagellates, slime moulds (Mycetozoa), Radiolaria, Heliozoa, Acantharia, Myxosporea, Microsporea)
Parker et al. (1982)
Parker, S. P. (ed.). 1982.Synopsis and classification of living organisms.2 vols. McGraw-Hill, New York,[50],[51].See Brands (1989-2005),[52]
Superkingdom Prokaryotae
Superkingdom Eukaryotae
- KingdomPlantae
- Subkingdom Thallobionta
- Division Rhodophycota
- Division Chromophycota
- Division Euglenophycota
- Division Chlorophycota
- Division Myxomycota
- Division Eumycota
- Subkingdom Embryobionta
- Genus Echites
- Subkingdom Thallobionta
- KingdomProtista(Haeckel, 1866)
- Phylum Euprotista [ “containing the grat majority of protistans” ]
- Phylum Gymnomyxa
- Subphylum Mycetozoa
- Subphylum Plasmodiophorina
- Subphylum Labyrinthulina
- KingdomAnimalia1758
- SubkingdomProtozoa(Goldfuss, 1818)
- Phylum Sarcomastigophora (Honigberg & Balamuth, 1963)
- Phylum Labyrinthulata
- Phylum Apicomplexa Levine, 1970
- Phylum Microspora Sprague, 1977
- Phylum Myxozoa Grassé, 1970
- Phylum Ascetospora
- Phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901
- Subkingdom Phagocytellozoa
- Phylum Placozoa Grell, 1971
- Subkingdom Parazoa (Sollas, 1884)
- Phylum Porifera Grant, in Todd, 1836
- Subkingdom Eumetazoa (Butschli, 1910)
- SubkingdomProtozoa(Goldfuss, 1818)
[Note: this classification is redundant for some ambiregnal protists. See Taylor et al. (1986),[53].]
Honigberg (1984)
Honigberg, B.M. (Chairman and Rapporteur) 1984. Phylogenetic relationships among protozoa (A round-table discussion),in Progress in Protozoology.VI Cong. Protozool., Warsaw, Poland, July 1981,[54].
SubkingdomProtozoa
- PhylumSarcomastigophora
- SubphylumMastigophora
- ClassPhytomastigophorea
- ClassZoomastigophorea
- SubphylumSarcodina
- SuperclassRhizopoda
- SuperclassActinopoda
- SubphylumMastigophora
- PhylumApicomplexa
- PhylumMicrospora
- PhylumMyxozoa
- PhylumCiliophora
Lee et al. (1985)
From J.J. Lee, S.H. Hutner and E.C. Bovee, (eds.),An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa,Society of Protozoologists, 1st ed., 1985,[55].See Fernández-Galiano, 1990,[56].
SubkingdomProtozoa(Goldfuss, 1818) von Siebold, 1846
- PhylumSarcomastigophoraHonigberg & Balamuth, 1963
- SubphylumMastigophoraDiesing, 1866
- ClassPhytomastigophoreaCalkins, 1909
- OrderCryptomonadida
- OrderDinoflagellida
- OrderEuglenida
- OrderChrysomonadida
- OrderHeteromonadida
- OrderRaphidomonadida
- OrderPrymnesiida
- OrderVolvocida
- OrderPrasinomonadida
- OrderSilicoflagellida
- ClassZoomastigophoreaCalkins, 1909
- OrderChoanoflagellida
- OrderCercomonadida
- OrderProteromonadida
- OrderRetortamonadida
- OrderTrichomonadida
- OrderOxymonadida
- OrderDiplomonadida
- OrderRhizomastigida
- OrderHypermastigida
- OrderEbriida
- OrderKinetoplastida
- SubphylumOpalinataCorliss & Balamuth, 1963
- ClassOpalinateaWenyon, 1926
- SubphylumSarcodinaSchmarda, 1871
- SuperclassRhizopodeavon Siebold, 1845
- ClassLoboseaCarpenter, 1861
- ClassAcarpomyxeaPage, 1976
- (ClassAcraseaSchroter, 1886)
- ClassMycetozoeade Bary, 1859
- (ClassPlasmodiophoreaCook, 1928)
- ClassFiloseaLeidy, 1879
- ClassGranuloreticuloseade Saedeler, 1934
- (ClassXenophyophoreaSchulze, 1904)
- SuperclassActinopodeaCalkins, 1902
- ClassAcanthareaHaeckel, 1881
- ClassPolycystina(Ehrenberg, 1838) Riedel, 1967
- ClassPhaeodareaHaeckel, 1879
- ClassHeliozoeaHaeckel, 1866
- PhylumLabyrinthomorphaPage, 1980 (= ClassLabyrinthuleaLevine & Corliss, 1963)
- PhylumApicomplexaLevine, 1970
- ClassPerkinsidaLevine, 1978
- ClassSporozoasidaLeuckart, 1879
- PhylumMicrosporaSprague, 1969
- ClassMetchnikovellideaWeiser, 1977 (= ClassRudimicrosporeaSprague, 1977)
- ClassMicrosporidideaCorliss & Levine, 1963 (= ClassMicrosporeaDelphy, 1963)
- PhylumMyxozoaGrasse, 1970
- ClassMyxosporeaButschli, 1881
- ClassActinosporeaNoble, 1980
- PhylumCiliophoraDoflein, 1901
- SubphylumPostciliodesmatophoraGerassimova & Seravin, 1976
- ClassKaryorelicteaCorliss, 1974
- ClassSpirotricheaButschli, 1889
- SubphylumRhabdophoraSmall, 1976
- ClassProstomateaSchewiakoff, 1896
- ClassLitostomateaSmall & Lynn, 1981
- SubphylumCyrtophoraSmall, 1976
- ClassPhyllopharyngeade Puytorac et al., 1974
- ClassNassophoreaSmall & Lynn, 1981
- ClassOligohymenophoreade Puytorac et al., 1974
- ClassColpodeade Puytorac et al., 1974
Cavalier-Smith (1987)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1987). The origin of eukaryote and archaebacterial cells.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences503, 17–54.
- Superkingdom 1.Prokaryota
- Superkingdom 2.Eukaryota
Kreier & Baker (1987)
Kreier, J.P. and J.R. Baker.Parasitic Protozoa.London: Allen & Unwin, 1987,[57].
parasiticprotozoa
- KingdomProtista
- PhylumSarcomastigophora
- SubphylumMastigophora
- ClassPhytomastigophorea
- ClassZoomastigophorea
- OrderKinetoplastida
- SuborderBodonida
- SuborderTrypanosomatina
- OrderRetortamonadida
- OrderDiplomonadida
- OrderTrichomonadida
- OrderHypermastigida
- OrderKinetoplastida
- SubphylumOpalinata
- OrderOpalinida
- SubphylumSarcodina
- SuperclassRhizopoda
- ClassLobosea
- SubclassGymnamoebia
- OrderAmoebida
- OrderSchizopyrenida
- SubclassGymnamoebia
- ClassLobosea
- SuperclassRhizopoda
- SubphylumMastigophora
- PhylumLabyrinthomorpha
- PhylumApicomplexa
- ClassSporozoea
- SubclassGregarinia
- SubclassCoccidia
- OrderEucoccidiida
- SuborderAdeleina
- SuborderEimeriina
- SuborderHaemosporina
- SubclassPiroplasmia
- OrderPiroplsamida
- OrderEucoccidiida
- ClassSporozoea
- PhylumMicrospora
- ClassMicrosporea
- OrderBivalvulida
- ClassMicrosporea
- PhylumCiliophora
- PhylumSarcomastigophora
Harrison & Corliss (1991)
Harrison, F. W. and Corliss, J. O. (eds.) 1991.Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates,Vol. I, Protozoa. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York. 493 pp.,[58],[59].
"protozoa"
- Mastigophora
- Sarcodina
- "Sporozoa":Apicomplexa,Microsporidia,Haplosporidia,Paramyxea,MyxosporidiaandActinosporidia
- Ciliophora
Kreier (1991-1995)
Kreier, J.P. (ed.). 1991-1995.Parasitic Protozoa,2nd ed. 10 vols. (1-3 coedited by Baker, J.R.). Academic Press, San Diego, California,[60],[61].(1st ed.: 1977, 4 vols.).
"parasiticprotozoa"
- [vol. 1-2]
- [vol. 3]
- Rumen protozoa
- Balantidium coli
- Parasiticamebasof the intestinal tract
- Opportunistically pathogenic free-livingamebae
- opalines
- [vol. 4]
- [vol. 5]
- [vol. 6]
- [vol. 7]
- [vol. 8]
- Flagellateparasites of fish
- Parasitic protozoa of molluscs and crustacea
- Myxosporea
- [vol. 9]
- [vol. 10]
- Leishmania
- Kinetoplastidhemoflagellates of reptiles
- Giardia
Cavalier-Smith (1993)
FromKingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla,[62].
EmpireEukaryota
- Superkingdom 1.Archezoa
- KingdomArchezoa
- Phylum 1.ArchamoebaeCavalier-Smith, 1983
- Phylum 2.MetamonadaGrassé, 1952 stat. nov. et emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum 3.MicrosporidiaBalbiani, 1882 stat. nov. Weiser, 1977
- KingdomArchezoa
- Superkingdom 2.Metakaryota
- Kingdom 1.Protozoa
- Subkingdom 1.Adictyozoasubking. nov.
- Phylum 1.PercolozoaCavalier-Smith, 1991
- Subphylum 1.TetramitiaCavalier-Smith, 1993
- Superclass 1.Percolomonadasupercl. nov.
- Class 1.PercolomonadeaCavalier-Smith, 1993 (orderPercolomonadidaCavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Superclass 2.Striatorhizasupercl. nov.
- Class 1.HeteroloboseaPage and Blanton, 1985 emend. (syn.AcraseaOlive, 1975 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1987)
- OrderSchizopyrenidaSingh, 1952
- OrderAcrasidaShroter, 1886 emend. Page & Blanton, 1985
- Class 2.Lyromonadeacl. nov. (orderLyromonadidaord. nov.)
- Class 1.HeteroloboseaPage and Blanton, 1985 emend. (syn.AcraseaOlive, 1975 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1987)
- Superclass 1.Percolomonadasupercl. nov.
- Subphylum 2.PseudociliataCavalier-Smith, 1993
- Class 1.PseudociliateaCavalier-Smith, 1981 (sole orderPseudociliatidaCorliss and Lipscomb, 1982; familyStephanopogonidaeCorliss, 1961)
- Subphylum 1.TetramitiaCavalier-Smith, 1993
- Phylum 1.PercolozoaCavalier-Smith, 1991
- Subkingdom 2.DictyozoaCavalier-Smith, 1991
- Branch 1.Parabasalianew branch
- Phylum 1.ParabasaliaHonigberg, 1973 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Class 1.TrichomonadeaKirby, 1947 stat. nov. Margulis, 1974 (orderTrichomonadidaKirby, 1947)
- Class 2.HypermastigeaGrassi & Foa, 1911 stat. nov. Margulis, 1974
- OrderLophomonadidaLight, 1927
- OrderTrichonymphidaPoche, 1913
- Phylum 1.ParabasaliaHonigberg, 1973 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Branch 2.Bikontanew branch
- Infrakingdom 1.EuglenozoaCavalier-Smith, 1981 stat. nov.
- Phylum 1.EuglenozoaCavalier-Smith, 1981
- Subphylum 1.Diplonemiasubph. nov.
- Class 1.Diplonemeacl. nov. (order Diplonemida ord. nov. [Diplonema=Isonema])
- Subphylum 2.EuglenoidaButschli, 1884 (asEuglenoidina) emend. Senn, 1900 stat. nov.
- Class 1.Petalomonadeacl. nov. (orderPetalomonadidaord. nov.)
- Class 2.Peranemeacl. nov. (ordersPloeotiidaord. nov.;PeranemidaButschli, 1884 stat. nov.)
- Class 3.Aphageacl. nov.
- Subclass 1.Eugleniasubcl. nov. (ordersAstasidaEhrenberg, 1831 stat. nov.;EutreptiidaLeedale, 1967)
- Subclass 2.Rhabdomonadiasubcl. nov. (orderRhabdomonadidaLeedale, 1967)
- Subphylum 3.KinetoplastaHonigberg, 1963 stat. nov.
- Class 1.KinetoplasteaHonigberg, 1963 emend. Vickerman, 1976 stat. nov. Margulis, 1974 (= subcl.BodonideaHollande, 1958)
- OrderBodonidaHollande, 1952 emend. Vickerman, 1976, Krylov et al., 1980
- OrderTrypanosomidaKent, 1880 stat. nov. Hollande, 1952)
- Class 1.KinetoplasteaHonigberg, 1963 emend. Vickerman, 1976 stat. nov. Margulis, 1974 (= subcl.BodonideaHollande, 1958)
- Subphylum 1.Diplonemiasubph. nov.
- Phylum 1.EuglenozoaCavalier-Smith, 1981
- Infrakingdom 2.NeozoaCavalier-Smith, 1983
- Parvkingdom 1.Ciliomyxaparvking. nov.
- Superphylum 1.Opalomyxasuperphyl. nov.
- Phylum 1.OpalozoaCavalier-Smith, 1991
- Subphylum 1.ProterozoaCavalier-Smith, 1981 emend. stat. nov. 1993
- Class 1.HeteromiteaCavalier-Smith, 1993
- Subclass 1.SarcomonadiaCavalier-Smith, 1993
- Superorder 1.JakobideaCavalier-Smith, 1993 {ordersCercomonadidaPoche, 1913 emend. Grasse, 1952 [Cercomonas, Heteromita, Massistenia, Discocelis];JakobidaCavalier-Smith, 1993 [JakobaPatterson, 1990]}
- Superorder 2.ThaumatomonadideaCavalier-Smith, 1993 (orderThaumatomonadidaShirkina, 1987)
- Superorder 3.ProteomyxideaLankester, 1885 emend. stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (ordersPseudosporidaCavalier-Smith, 1993;LeucodictyidaCavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Subclass 2.ThecomonadiaCavalier-Smith, 1993 {ordersApusomonadidaKarpov & Mylnikov, 1989 [AmastigomonasandApusomonas(incl.Rostromonas);CryomonadidaCavalier-Smith, 1993 (Cryothecomonas)]}
- Subclass 3.AnisomonadiaCavalier-Smith, 1993 (ordersDiphylleidaCavalier-Smith, 1993;ProteromonadidaGrassé, 1957 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Subclass 4.Phagodiniasubcl. nov. {orderPhagodinidaord. nov. [Phagodinium]}
- Subclass 1.SarcomonadiaCavalier-Smith, 1993
- Class 2.TelonemeaCavalier-Smith, 1993 (ordersTelonemidaCavalier-Smith, 1993;NephromycidaCavalier-Smith, 1993 [NephromycesGiard, 1888])
- Class 3.CyathobodoneaCavalier-Smith, 1993 (ordersPseudodendromonadidaHibberd, 1985;SpongomonadidaHibberd, 1983 [includingPhalansteriidaHibberd, 1983];KathablepharidaCavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Class 4.EbrideaLemmermann, 1901 emend. Deflandre, 1936 stat. nov. Loeblich III, 1970 orthog. emend. (orderEbriidaDeflandre, 1936)
- Class 5.PhytomyxeaEngler & Prantl, 1897 orthog. emend. (ordersPhagomyxidaCavalier-Smith, 1993;PlasmodiophoridaCook, 1928)
- Class 1.HeteromiteaCavalier-Smith, 1993
- Subphylum 2.OpalinataWenyon, 1926 stat. nov. emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Class 1.OpalineaWenyon, 1926 stat. nov. emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (ordersKarotomorphidaCavalier-Smith, 1993;OpalinidaPoche, 1913 stat. nov. Hall, 1953)
- Subphylum 3.KinetomonadaCavalier-Smith, 1993.
- Class 1.KinetomonadeaCavalier-Smith, 1993 (ordersHistionidaCavalier-Smith, 1993;HeliomonadidaCavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Subphylum 4.HemimastigophoraFoissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 stat. nov.
- Class 1.HemimastigeaFoissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 (orderHemimastigidaFoissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 [Spironema, Stereonema, Hemimastix])
- Subphylum 1.ProterozoaCavalier-Smith, 1981 emend. stat. nov. 1993
- Phylum 2.Mycetozoade Bary, 1873 stat. nov. Engler & Prantl, 1888
- Subphylum 1.Eumyxanomen novum proPlasmodiogymnomycotinaMartin, Alexopoulos & Farr, 1983
- Class 1.ProtosteleaOlive & Stoianovitch, 1966
- Class 2.MyxogastreaFries, 1829 stat. nov.
- Subclass 1.Gastromyxianomen novum proMyxogastromycetidae
- Subclass 2.StemonitiaRoss, 1973 orthog. emend.
- Subphylum 2.DictyosteliaLister, 1909 stat. nov.
- Class 1.DictyosteleaLister, 1909 stat. nov.
- Subphylum 1.Eumyxanomen novum proPlasmodiogymnomycotinaMartin, Alexopoulos & Farr, 1983
- Phylum 1.OpalozoaCavalier-Smith, 1991
- Superphylum 2.ChoanozoaCavalier-Smith, 1983 stat. nov.
- Phylum 1.ChoanozoaCavalier-Smith, 1981 emend. 1983
- Class 1.ChoanomonadeaKrylov et al., 1980 (syn.CraspedophyceaeChadefaud, 1960,CraspedomonadophyceaeHibberd, 1976; both unsuitable for a purely zoological taxon) (orderChoanoflagellidaKent, 1880 emend. Hibberd, 1983 = familyCraspedomonadinaStein, 1878)
- Phylum 1.ChoanozoaCavalier-Smith, 1981 emend. 1983
- Superphylum 1.Opalomyxasuperphyl. nov.
- Parvkindgdom 2.AlveolataCavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. nov.
- Superphylum 1.MiozoaCavalier-Smith, 1987
- Phylum 1.DinozoaCavalier-Smith, 1981 emend.
- Subphylum 1.ProtalveolataCavalier-Smith, 1991
- Class 1.Colponemeacl. nov. (orderColponemidaord. nov.)
- Class 2.OxyrrheaCavalier-Smith, 1987 (orderOxyrrhidaorthog. emend. proOxyrrhinalesSournia in Taylor, 1990)
- Class 3.Ellobiopseaorthog. emend. proEllobiophyceaeLoeblich III, 1970
- Subphylum 2.DinoflagellataButschli, 1885 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1991 (originally a class) (syn.CilioflagellataMüller,Dinophytaauct.,DinophyceaePascher, 1914)
- Superclass 1.Syndinasupercl. nov.
- Class 1.SyndineaChatton, 1920 stat. nov. Loeblich, 1976 orthog. emend. Corliss, 1984
- Superclass 2.Hemidiniasupercl. nov.
- Class 1.NoctiluceaHaeckel, 1866 stat. nov. (orderCystoflagellataHaeckel, 1873 stat. nov. Butschli, 1887)
- Class 2.HaplozooideaPoche, 1911 (syn.BlastodiniphyceaeFensome et al., 1993 orthog. emend.) (orderBlastodinidaChatton, 1906)
- Superclass 3.Dinokaryotasupercl. nov.
- Class 1.PeridineaEhrenberg, 1830 stat. nov. Wettstein, 1901 emend.
- Subclass 1.GymnodinoidiaPoche, 1913 stat. nov. (syn.GymnodiniphycidaeFensome et al., 1993)
- Subclass 2.PeridinoidiaPoche, 1913 stat. nov. Fritsch, 1935 (syn.PeridiniphycidaeFensome et al., 1993)
- Subclass 3.ProrocentroidiaLemmermann, 1899, stat. nov. (syn.ProrocentrophycidaeFensome et al., 1993)
- Subclass 4.DesmocapsoidiaPascher, 1941 stat. nov.
- Subclass 5.Thoracosphaeroidiasubcl. nov.
- Class 2.BilidineaCavalier-Smith, 1993 (ordersDinophysidaLindemann, 1928 andNannoceratopsida)
- Class 1.PeridineaEhrenberg, 1830 stat. nov. Wettstein, 1901 emend.
- Superclass 1.Syndinasupercl. nov.
- Subphylum 1.ProtalveolataCavalier-Smith, 1991
- Phylum 2.ApicomplexaLevine, 1970 emend.
- Subphylum 1.Apicomonadasubph. nov.
- Class 1.Apicomonadeacl. nov. (ordersPerkinsidaLevine, 1978;Colpodellidaord. nov. proSpiromonadidaKrylov & Mylnikov, 1986)
- Subphylum 2.Gamontozoasubph. nov.
- Infraphylum 1.SporozoaLeuckart, 1879 stat. nov.
- Superclass 1.GregariniaDufour, 1828 stat. nov.
- Class 1.Eogregarineacl. nov.
- Class 2.Neogregarineacl. nov.
- Superclass 2.CoccidiaLeuckart, 1879 stat. nov.
- Class 1.Coelotropheacl. nov.
- Class 2.Eucoccideacl. nov.
- Superclass 1.GregariniaDufour, 1828 stat. nov.
- Infraphylum 2.HematozoaVivier, 1982 stat. nov.
- Class 1.HaemosporeaDanilewsky, 1885 stat. nov. Sleigh, 1989
- Class 2.PiroplasmeaWenyon, 1926 stat. nov. Levine, 1971
- Infraphylum 1.SporozoaLeuckart, 1879 stat. nov.
- Subphylum 1.Apicomonadasubph. nov.
- Phylum 1.DinozoaCavalier-Smith, 1981 emend.
- Superphylum 2.HeterokaryotaHickson, 1903 stat. nov.
- Phylum 3.CiliophoraDoflein, 1901 stat. nov. Copeland, 1956 emend. auct.
- Class 1.SpirotricheaButschli, 1889 stat. nov.
- Subclass 1.HeterotrichiaStein, 1859 stat. nov.
- Subclass 2.ChoreotrichiaSmall & Lynn, 1985
- Subclass 3.StichotrichiaSmall & Lynn, 1985
- Class 2.ProstomateaSchewiakoff, 1896
- Class 3.LitostomateaSmall & Lynn, 1981
- Subclass 1.HaptoriaCorliss, 1974
- Subclass 2.TrichostomatiaButschli, 1889
- Class 4.Phyllopharyngeade Puytorac et al., 1974
- Subclass 1.Phyllopharyngiade Puytorac et al., 1974
- Subclass 2.ChonotrichiaWallengren, 1895
- Subclass 3.SuctoriaButschli, 1889
- Class 5.NassophoreaSmall & Lynn, 1981
- Subclass 1.NassophoriaSmall & Lynn, 1981
- Subclass 2.HypotrichiaStein, 1859 stat. nov.
- Class 6.Oligohymenophoreade Puytorac et al., 1974
- Subclass 1.HymenostomatiaDelage & Herouard, 1896 stat. nov.
- Subclass 2.PeritrichiaStein, 1859 stat. nov.
- Subclass 3.AstomatiaSchewiakoff, 1896
- Subclass 4.ApostomatiaChatton & Lwoff, 1928
- Subclass 5.PlagiopyliaSmall & Lynn, 1985
- Class 7.Colpodeade Puytorac et al., 1974
- Class 8.KaryorelicteaCorliss, 1974
- Class 1.SpirotricheaButschli, 1889 stat. nov.
- Phylum 3.CiliophoraDoflein, 1901 stat. nov. Copeland, 1956 emend. auct.
- Superphylum 1.MiozoaCavalier-Smith, 1987
- Parvkingdom 3.ActinopodaCalkins, 1902 stat. nov. (originally a class)
- Phylum 1.HeliozoaHaeckel, 1866 emend. stat. nov. Margulis, 1974
- Class 1.Nucleoheleacl. nov. (ordersDesmothoracidaHertwig & Lesser, 1874;ActinophryidaHartmann, 1913)
- Class 2.CentroheleaKuhn, 1926 (ordersAxoplasthelidaFebvre-Chevalier, 1984 stat. nov.;CentroplasthelidaFebvre-Chevalier, 1984 stat. nov.)
- Phylum 2.RadiozoaCavalier-Smith, 1987
- Subphylum 1.Spasmariasubph. nov.
- Class 1.AcanthareaHaeckel, 1881 stat. nov.
- Subclass 1.Holacanthiasubcl. nov. (ordersHolacanthidaSchewiakoff, 1926;Plegmacantha,Rechetniak, 1981)
- Subclass 2.Euacanthiasubcl. nov. (3 orders)
- Class 2.SticholoncheaPoche, 1913 stat. nov. Petrushevskaja, 1977
- Class 1.AcanthareaHaeckel, 1881 stat. nov.
- Subphylum 2.RadiolariaMuller, 1858 emend. stat. nov.
- Class 1.PolycystineaEhrenberg, 1838 stat. nov.
- Subclass 1.SpumellariaEhrenberg, 1875
- Subclass 2.NassellariaEhrenberg, 1875
- Class 2.PhaeodareaHaeckel, 1879
- Class 1.PolycystineaEhrenberg, 1838 stat. nov.
- Subphylum 1.Spasmariasubph. nov.
- Phylum 1.HeliozoaHaeckel, 1866 emend. stat. nov. Margulis, 1974
- Parvkingdom 4.Neosarcodinaparvking. nov.
- Phylum 1.RhizopodaDujardin, 1835 stat. nov. Haeckel, 1866 emend.
- Class 1.LoboseaCarpenter, 1861 stat. nov. emend.
- Subclass 1.GymnamoebiaHaeckel, 1862 stat. nov. (ordersEuamoebidaLepsi, 1960;LeptomyxidaPussard & Pons, 1976 emend. Page, 1987;Copromyxidaord. nov.;AcanthopodidaPage, 1976;LoboreticulatidaPage, 1987).
- Subclass 2.Testacealobosiade Saedeleer, 1934 (ordersArcellinidaKent, 1880,TrichosidaMobius, 1889HimatismenidaPage, 1987)
- Class 2.FiloseaLeidy, 1879 emend.
- Subclass 1.CristidiscoidiaPage, 1987 stat. nov. (ordersNucleariidaord. nov.;Fonticulidaord. nov.)
- Subclass 2.CristivesiculatiaPage, 1987 stat. nov. (orderVampyrellidaStarobogatov ex Krylov et al., 1980)
- Subclass 3.TestaceafilosiaDe Saedeleer, 1934 (orderGromiidaClaparede & Lachmann, 1859)
- Class 1.LoboseaCarpenter, 1861 stat. nov. emend.
- Phylum 2.ReticulosaCarpenter, 1862 emend. stat. nov. (syn.Granuloreticulosa) de Saedeleer, 1834
- Subphylum 1.Athalamiasubph. nov.
- Class 1.AthalameaHaeckel, 1862 stat. nov. Lee, 1990 (ordersAthalamidaHaeckel, 1862;PromycetozoidaGrell, 1985)
- Subphylum 2.Foraminifera(D'Orbigny, 1826) Eichwald, 1830 stat. nov. Mikhalevich, 1980
- Class 1.MonothalameaHaeckel, 1862 stat. nov.
- Class 2.PolythalameaEhrenberg, 1838 stat. nov. Mikhalevich, 1980
- Subclass 1.AllogromioidiaChapman & Parr, 1936 stat. nov. Mikhalevich, 1980
- Subclass 2.TextularidiaLankester, 1885 stat. nov. Mikhalevich, 1980 (ordersAmmodiscida;Lituolida)
- Subclass 3.FusulinidiaFursenko, 1958 stat. nov. (orig. order)
- Subclass 4.MiliolidiaLankester, 1885 stat. nov. Saidova, 1981 (orderMiliolida)
- Subclass 5.RotalidiaLankester, 1885, stat. nov. (ordersNodosariida;Buliminida;Discordida;Spirillinida;Globigerinida;Orbiloidida;Cassidulinida;Certerinida;Robertinida)
- Subphylum 1.Athalamiasubph. nov.
- Neosarcodina incertae sedes
- ClassXenophyophoreaSchulze, 1904
- ClassSchizocladeaCedhagen & Mattson, 1992
- ClassHoloseacl. nov. (orderLuffisphaeridaord. nov.)
- Phylum 1.RhizopodaDujardin, 1835 stat. nov. Haeckel, 1866 emend.
- Parvkingdom 5.Entamoebiaparvking. nov.
- Phylum 1.Entamoebiaphyl. nov.
- Class 1.EntamoebeaCavalier-Smith, 1991 (orderEntamoebidaord. nov.)
- Phylum 1.Entamoebiaphyl. nov.
- Parvkingdom 6.MyxozoaGrassé, 1970 stat. nov. emend.
- Phylum 1.MyxosporidiaButschli, 1881 stat. nov. Grasse, 1970
- Pseudoclass 1.MyxosporeaBütschli, 1881 stat. nov.
- Pseudoclass 2.ActinomyxeaŠtolc, 1899 stat. nov. (syn.ActinosporeaNoble, 1980)
- Phylum 2.HaplosporidiaCaullery & Mesnil, 1899 stat. nov. Corliss, 1984
- Class 1.HaplosporeaChatton, 1911 stat. nov. Desportes and Nashed, 1983
- Phylum 3.ParamyxiaChatton, 1911 stat. nov.
- Class 1.ParamyxeaChatton, 1911, stat. nov. emend. Desportes, 1981 (ordersParamyxidaChatton, 1911;MarteiliidaDesportes & Ginsburger-Vogel, 1977)
- Phylum 1.MyxosporidiaButschli, 1881 stat. nov. Grasse, 1970
- Parvkingdom 7.Mesozoavan Beneden, 1876 stat. nov.
- Phylum 1.Mesozoavan Beneden, 1876
- Class 1.Rhombozoavan Beneden, 1876 (ordersDicyemidavan Beneden;Heterocyemidavan Beneden)
- Class 2.OrthonecteaGiard, 1879 stat. nov. (orderOrthonectidaGiard, 1879)
- Phylum 1.Mesozoavan Beneden, 1876
- Parvkingdom 1.Ciliomyxaparvking. nov.
- Infrakingdom 1.EuglenozoaCavalier-Smith, 1981 stat. nov.
- Branch 1.Parabasalianew branch
- Subkingdom 1.Adictyozoasubking. nov.
- Kingdom 2.Plantae
- Subkingdom 1.Viridiplantae
- Subkingdom 2.Biliphyta
- Kingdom 3.Animalia
- Kingdom 4.Fungi
- Kingdom 5.Chromista
- Subkingdom 1.Chlorarachnia
- Subkingdom 2.Euchromista(cryptomonads, Goniomonas, heterokonts, and haptophytes)
- Kingdom 1.Protozoa
Cavalier-Smith (1996/97)
FromAmoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryote evolution: megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms eozoa and neozoa,[63],[64].
KingdomProtozoa
- SubkingdomEozoaCavalier-Smith 1996
- PhylumTrichozoaCavalier-Smith 1996
- SubphylumAnaeromonadaCavalier-Smith 1996
- ClassAnaeromonadeaCavalier-Smith 1996
- OrderAnaeromonadidaCavalier-Smith 1996
- ClassAnaeromonadeaCavalier-Smith 1996
- SubphylumParabasalaCavalier-Smith 1996
- SubphylumAnaeromonadaCavalier-Smith 1996
- PhylumPercolozoa
- PhylumEuglenozoa
- PhylumTrichozoaCavalier-Smith 1996
- SubkingdomNeozoaCavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov.
- Infrakingdom 1.SarcodinaHertwig & Lesser 1874 infrak. nov.
- Superphylum 1.Eosarcodinasuperph. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum 1.ReticulosaCarpenter 1862 emend. stat. nov. de Saedeleer 1934
- Phylum 2.Mycetozoade Bary 1873 stat. nov. Engler & Prantl 1888
- Superphylum 2.HaplosporidaCavalier-Smith 1996
- PhylumHaplosporidiaCaullery & Mesnil 1899 stat. nov. Corliss 1984
- Superphylum 3.NeosarcodinaCavalier-Smith 1993 emend. 1996
- Phylum 1.RhizopodaDujardin 1835 stat. nov. Haeckel 1886 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 1.Phytomyxasubphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- ClassPhytomyxeaEngler & Prantl 1897 orthog. emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order 1.PhagomyxidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Phagomyxa)
- Order 2.PlasmodiophoridaCook 1928 (e.g.Plasmodiophora)
- ClassPhytomyxeaEngler & Prantl 1897 orthog. emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subphylum 2.Reticulofilosasubphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1.ChlorarachneaHibberd & Norris 1984 orthog. emend Cavalier-Smith 1993
- OrderChlorarachnidaHibberd & Norris 1984 orthog. emend. (e.g.Chlorarachnion,Cryptochlora)
- Class 2.ProteomyxideaLankester 1885 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order 1.PseudosporidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Pseudospora)
- Order 2.LeucodictyidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Leucodictyon)
- Class 1.ChlorarachneaHibberd & Norris 1984 orthog. emend Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subphylum 3.Monadofilosasubphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1.SarcomonadeaCavalier -Smith 1993 stat. nov. 1995 emend.
- Order 1.CercomonadidaPoche 1913 emend. Vickerman in Honigberg 1983 (e.g.Cercomonas,Heteromita,Massisteria)
- Order 2.ThaumatomonadidaShirkina 1987 (e.g.Thaumatomonas,Thaumatomastix)
- Class 2.FiloseaLeidy 1879 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subclass 1.CristidiscoidiaPage 1987 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order 1.NucleariidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Nuclearia)
- Order 2.FonticulidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (Fonticula)
- Order 3.Ministeriidaord. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Ministeria)
- Subclass 2.CristivesiculatiaPage 1987 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- OrderVampyrellidaStarobogatov ex Krylov et al. 1980 (e.g.Vampyrella)
- Subclass 3.TestaceafilosiaDe Saedeleer 1934
- Order 1.GromiidaClaparède & Lachmann 1856 (e.g.Gromia)
- Order 2.Euglyphidastat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Euglypha,Paulinella)
- Subclass 1.CristidiscoidiaPage 1987 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Class 1.SarcomonadeaCavalier -Smith 1993 stat. nov. 1995 emend.
- Subphylum 1.Phytomyxasubphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum 2.AmoebozoaLühe 1913 stat. nov. Corliss 1984 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 1.LobosaCarpenter 1861 stat. nov.
- Class 2.AmoebaeaEhrenberg 1830 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Order 1.EuamoebidaLepşi 1960 (e.g. Amoeba)
- Order 2.LeptomyxidaPussard & Pons 1976 emend. Page 1987 (e.g.Leptomyxa)
- Order 3.CopromyxidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (Copromyxa)
- Order 4.AcanthopodidaPage 1976 (e.g.Acanthamoeba,Hartmannella)
- Order 5.LoboreticulatidaPage 1987 (Corallomyxa)
- Class 2.TestacealoboseaDe Saedeleer 1934 stat. nov.
- Order 1.ArcellinidaKent 1880 (e.g.Arcella,Difflugia)
- Order 2.TrichosidaMöbius 1889 (Trichosphaerium)
- Order 3.HimatismenidaPage 1987 (e.g.Cochliopodium)
- Class 2.AmoebaeaEhrenberg 1830 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 2.Holomastigasubphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- ClassHolomastigacl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- OrderHolomastigidaLauterborn 1895 (as suborderHolomastigina) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Multicilia)
- ClassHolomastigacl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 3.ArchamoebaeCavalier-Smith 1983 stat. nov.
- Class 1.PelobionteaPage 1976 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 1991
- Order 1.MastigamoebidaFrenzel 1892 (syn.RhizoflagellataKent 1880) (e.g.Mastigina,Mastigamoeba,Mastigella,Pelomyxa)
- Order 2.PhreatamoebidaCavalier-Smith 1991 (Phreatamoeba)
- Class 2.EntamoebeaCavalier-Smith 1991
- OrderEntamoebidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Entamoeba)
- Class 1.PelobionteaPage 1976 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 1991
- Subphylum 1.LobosaCarpenter 1861 stat. nov.
- Phylum 1.RhizopodaDujardin 1835 stat. nov. Haeckel 1886 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Superphylum 1.Eosarcodinasuperph. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Infrakingdom 2.AlveolataCavalier-Smith 1991 infrak. nov.
- Superphylum 1.MiozoaCavalier-Smith 1987
- Phylum 1.DinozoaCavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 1991
- Phylum 2.ApicomplexaLevine 1970 emend.
- Superphylum 2.HeterokaryotaHickson 1903 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- PhylumCiliophoraDoflein 1901 stat. nov. Copeland 1956 emend. auct.
- Superphylum 1.MiozoaCavalier-Smith 1987
- Infrakingdom 3.ActinopodaCalkins 1902 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- InfrakingdomNeomonadaCavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum 1.Neomonadaphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 1.Apusozoasubphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Infraphylum 1.Extrumonadainfraphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1.ThecomonadeaCavalier-Smith 1993 (as subclass) stat. nov. 1995
- Order 1.ApusomonadidaKarpov & Mylnikov 1989 (Apusomonas)
- Order 2.CryomonadidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (Cryothecomonas)
- Class 2.Jakobeacl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Order 1.JakobidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (Jakoba)
- Order 2.Discocelidaord. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Discocelis)
- Class 3.KinetomonadeaCavalier-Smith 1993
- Subclass 1.Varicristiasubcl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- OrderHistionidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Histiona,Reclinomonas,Ancyromonas)
- Subclass 2.Ramicristiasubcl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Order 1.HeliomonadidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (Dimorpha,Tetradimorpha)
- Order 2.Commatiidaord. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Commation)
- Subclass 1.Varicristiasubcl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1.ThecomonadeaCavalier-Smith 1993 (as subclass) stat. nov. 1995
- Infraphylum 2.Eurymonadainfraphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1.AnisomonadeaCavalier-Smith 1993 emend.
- Order 1.DiphylleidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (Diphyllea)
- Order 2.PhagodinidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (Phagodinium)
- Order 3.Caecitellidaord. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Caecitellus)
- Class 2.EbrideaLemmermann 1901 emend. Deflandre 1936 stat. nov. Loeblich III 1970
- OrderEbriidaDeflandre 1936 (e.g.Ebria,Hermesinum)
- Class 1.AnisomonadeaCavalier-Smith 1993 emend.
- Infraphylum 1.Extrumonadainfraphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 2.Isomitasubphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1.CyathobodoneaCavalier-Smith 1993
- Order 1.PseudodendromonadidaHibberd 1985 (Cyathobodo,Pseudodendromonas)
- Order 2.SpongomonadidaHibberd 1983 emend. Karpov 1990 (Spongomonas,Rhipidodendron,Phalansterium)
- Order 3.KathablepharidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (Kathablepharis)
- Class 2.TelonemeaCavalier-Smith 1993
- Order 1.TelonemidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (Telonema)
- Order 2.NephromycidaCavalier-Smith 1993 (Nephromyces)
- Class 1.CyathobodoneaCavalier-Smith 1993
- Subphylum 3.HemimastigophoraFoissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- ClassHemimastigeaFoissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988
- OrderHemimastigidaFoissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 (e.g.Spironema,Hemimastix)
- ClassHemimastigeaFoissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988
- Subphylum 4.ChoanozoaCavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 1983 stat. nov.
- Class 1.ChoanoflagelleaKent 1880 (as orderChoanoflagellida) stat. nov. (syn.ChoanomonadeaKrylov et al. 1980)
- Order 1.CraspedidaCavalier-Smith 1996 (e.g.Monosiga)
- FamiliesCodosigidaeandSalpingoecidae
- Order 2.AcanthoecidaCavalier-Smith 1996 (e.g.Diaphanoeca)
- FamilyAcanthoecidae
- Order 1.CraspedidaCavalier-Smith 1996 (e.g.Monosiga)
- Class 2.CorallochytreaCavalier-Smith 1995
- OrderCorallochytridaCavalier-Smith 1995 (Corallochytrium)
- Class 1.ChoanoflagelleaKent 1880 (as orderChoanoflagellida) stat. nov. (syn.ChoanomonadeaKrylov et al. 1980)
- Subphylum 1.Apusozoasubphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum 1.Neomonadaphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Infrakingdom 1.SarcodinaHertwig & Lesser 1874 infrak. nov.
Patterson (1996)
Patterson, D.J. (1996).Free-living freshwater protozoa: a colour guide.John Wiley & Sons: New York; Manson Publishing: London; UNSW Press; Sydney. 223 p.,[65].
"protozoa"
- 1.ciliates
- 2.flagellates
- 3.amoebae
Cavalier-Smith (1998a)
Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. Neomonada and the origin of animals and fungi. In: Coombs GH, Vickerman K, Sleigh MA, Warren A (ed.)Evolutionary relationships among protozoa.Kluwer, London, pp. 375-407,[66].
- KingdomProtozoa
Cavalier-Smith (1998b)
FromA revised six-kingdom system of life,[67].
Empire or Superkingdom 1.Prokaryota
Empire or Superkingdom 2.Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1.ProtozoaGoldfuss 1818 stat. nov. Owen 1858 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
- Subkingdom 1.ArchezoaCavalier-Smith 1983 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
- Phylum 1.MetamonadaGrassé 1952 stat. nov. et em. Cavalier-Smith 1981
- Subphylum 1.EopharyngiaCavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Giardia, Hexamita, Trepomonas, Chilomastix)
- Subphylum 2.AxostylariaGrassé 1952 stat. nov. em. Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Oxymonas, Pyrsonympha)
- Phylum 2.TrichozoaCavalier-Smith 1997
- Subphylum 1.AnaeromonadaCavalier-Smith 1997 (Trimastix)
- Subphylum 2.ParabasalaHonigberg 1973 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g.Trichomonas, Trichonympha)
- Phylum 1.MetamonadaGrassé 1952 stat. nov. et em. Cavalier-Smith 1981
- Subkingdom 2.NeozoaCavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. 1997 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
- Infrakingdom 1.SarcomastigotaCavalier-Smith 1983 stat. nov. em. [probably paraphyletic]
- Phylum 1.NeomonadaCavalier-Smith 1997. [probably paraphyletic]
- Subphylum 1.ApusozoaCavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g.Apusomonas, Ancyromonas, Jakoba, Reclinomonas Ebria)
- Subphylum 2.IsomitaCavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g.Phalansterium, Cyathobodo, Kathablepharis)
- Subphylum 3.ChoanozoaCavalier-Smith 1981 em. 1983 stat. nov. (e.g.Monosiga, Diaphanoeca, Corallochytrium, Psorospermium) [probably paraphyletic.]
- Phylum 2.Cercozoaphyl. nov. (syn.RhizopodaVon Siebold 1845stat. nov.Haeckel 1886 as emended by Cavalier-Smith 1995b, 1997a; present phylum emended by addition ofSpongomonadidaand transfer ofCristidiscoidiatoChoanozoa:Cavalier-Smith, 1997b)
- SubphylumPhytomyxaCavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g.Plasmodiophora)
- SubphylumReticulofilosaCavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g.Chlorarachnion,Cryptochlora)
- SubphylumMonadofilosaCavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g.Cercomonas,Gymnophrys,Euglypha,Spongomonas)
- Phylum 3.Foraminifera(D’Orbigny 1826) Eichwald 1830 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 (e.g.Allogromia, Ammonia)
- Phylum 4.AmoebozoaLühe 1913 stat. nov. em.
- Subphylum 1.LobosaCarpenter 1861 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997 em. (e.g.Amoeba, Acanthamoeba, Arcella, Difflugia, Multicilia)
- Subphylum 2.Conosasubphyl. nov.
- Infraphylum 1.ArchamoebaeCavalier-Smith 1983 stat. nov. (e.g.Pelomyxa, Mastigamoeba, Phreatamoeba, Entamoeba)
- Infraphylum 2.MycetozoaDe Bary 1859 stat. nov.
- Superclass 1.EumyxaCavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. (e.g.Protostelium, Physarum) [probably paraphyletic]
- Superclass 2.DictyosteliaLister 1909 stat. nov. (e.g.Dictyostelium)
- Phylum 1.NeomonadaCavalier-Smith 1997. [probably paraphyletic]
- Infrakingdom 2.Discicristatainfraking. nov.
- Phylum 1.PercolozoaCavalier-Smith 1991.
- Subphylum 1.TetramitiaCavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Percolomonas, Naegleria)
- Subphylum 2.PseudociliataCavalier-Smith 1993 (Stephanopogon)
- Phylum 2.EuglenozoaCavalier-Smith 1981.
- Subphylum 1.Plicostomasubphyl. nov.
- SuperclassDiplonemiaCavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. (e.g.Diplonema)
- SuperclassEuglenoidaBütschli 1884 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g.Euglena, Petalomonas, Peranema)
- Subphylum 2.Saccostomasubphyl. nov.
- ClassKinetoplasteaHonigberg 1963 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 (e.g.Bodo, Trypanosoma, Leishmania)
- ClassPostgaardeacl. nov. (sole genusPostgaardiSimpson et al., 1997)
- Subphylum 1.Plicostomasubphyl. nov.
- Phylum 1.PercolozoaCavalier-Smith 1991.
- Infrakingdom 3.AlveolataCavalier-Smith 1991 em.
- Superphylum 1.MiozoaCavalier-Smith 1987.
- Phylum 1.DinozoaCavalier-Smith 1981 em.
- Subphylum 1.ProtalveolataCavalier-Smith 1991 em. (e.g.Colponema, Ellobiopsis, Spironema, Hemimastix, Colpodella, Perkinsus) [probably paraphyletic]
- Subphylum 2.DinoflagellataBütschli 1885 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1991 (e.g.Noctiluca, Crypthecodinium, Amphidinium)
- Phylum 2.SporozoaLeuckart 1879 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1981 (synsTelosporidiaSchaudinn 1900;EusporaLevine 1961;PolannuliferaLevine 1969;ApicomplexaLevine 1970 pro parte)
- Subphylum 1.GregarinaeHaeckel 1866 stat. nov. (e.g.Monocystis)
- Subphylum 2.CoccidiomorphaDoflein 1901
- SuperclassCoccidiaLeuckart 1879 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma, Eimeria)
- SuperclassAscetosporaSprague 1979 stat. nov. (e.g.Haplosporidium, Paramyxa)
- SuperclassHematozoaVivier 1982 stat. nov. (e.g.Plasmodium, Babesia)
- Subphylum 3.Manubrisporasubphyl. nov.
- ClassMetchnikovelleaWeiser 1977 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993 to exclude Minisporea (e.g.Metchnikovella)
- Phylum 1.DinozoaCavalier-Smith 1981 em.
- Superphylum 2.HeterokaryotaHickson 1903 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993.
- PhylumCiliophoraDoflein 1901 stat. nov. Copeland 1956 em. auct.
- Subphylum 1.Tubulicorticatade Puytorac et al. 1992 (e.g.Loxodes, Stylonychia, Colpoda)
- Subphylum 2.Epiplasmatade Puytorac et al. 1992 (e.g.Tetrahymena, Paramecium, Vorticella)
- Subphylum 3.Filocorticatade Puytorac et al. 1992 (e.g.Spathidium)
- PhylumCiliophoraDoflein 1901 stat. nov. Copeland 1956 em. auct.
- Superphylum 1.MiozoaCavalier-Smith 1987.
- Infrakingdom 4.ActinopodaCalkins 1902 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997
- Phylum 1.HeliozoaHaeckel 1886 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 (e.g.Actinophrys, Acanthocystis)
- Phylum 2.RadiozoaCavalier-Smith 1987.
- Subphylum 1.SpasmariaCavalier-Smith 1993 (Sticholonche,acantharians, e.g.Acanthometra)
- Subphylum 2.RadiolariaMüller 1858 emend. stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g.Thallassicolla, Aulacantha)
- Infrakingdom 1.SarcomastigotaCavalier-Smith 1983 stat. nov. em. [probably paraphyletic]
- Subkingdom 1.ArchezoaCavalier-Smith 1983 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
- Kingdom 2.AnimaliaLinnaeus 1758 em. Cavalier-Smith 1995 (unnecessary synonym Metazoa Haeckel 1874)
- Kingdom 3.FungiLinnaeus 1753 stat. nov. Nees 1817 em.
- Kingdom 4.PlantaeHaeckel 1866 em. Cavalier-Smith 1981
- Kingdom 5.ChromistaCavalier-Smith 1981 em.
Cavalier-Smith (1999)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1999). Zooflagellate phylogeny and the systematics of Protozoa.Biological Bulletin,393-396,[68].
KingdomProtozoa
- Subkingdom 1.Archezoa
- Phylum 1.Metamonada
- Phylum 2.Parabasalia
- Subkingdom 2.Neozoa
- Infrakingdom 1.Discicristata
- Infrakingdom 2.Alveolata
- Infrakingdom 3.Sarcomastigota
- Infrakingdom 4.Actinopoda
Cavalier-Smith (1999)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1999). Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree.Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology,46(4), 347-366,[69].
KingdomProtozoa
- SubkingdomEozoa
- InfrakingdomLoukozoa
- PhylumLoukozoa(Anaeromonadea;Jakobea)
- InfrakingdomArchezoa
- InfrakingdomLoukozoa
- SubkingdomNeozoa
- InfrakingdomDiscicristata
- InfrakingdomSarcomastigota
- InfrakingdomRetaria
- InfrakingdomAlveolata
Leeet al.(2000)
From Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. & Bradbury, P. (appeared 2002, dated 2000).An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa.Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A: Society of Protozoologists/Allen Press; 2nd ed.,vol. 1,vol. 2.See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015),[70].
"protozoa"[p. iv]
- "related to multicellular groups"
- Choanoflagellata(e.g., collared flagellates) [seeChoanoflagellida]
- Microsporida(e.g.,Nosema,Abelspora)
- Myxozoa(e.g.,Myxobolus)
- Volvocida(e.g.,Volvox,Chlamydomonas)
- "alveolates"
- Apicomplexa(e.g.,Toxoplasma)
- Colpodellidae(e.g.,Colpodella)
- Ciliophora(e.g.,Paramecium,Tetrahymena)
- Dinozoa(e.g.,Gymnodinium,Peridinium) [seeDinoflagellata]
- "stramenopiles"
- Bicosoecida(e.g.,Bicosoeca,Cafeteria)
- Chrysomonada(e.g.,Ochromonas,Dinobryon) [seeChrysophyceae]
- Pelagophyceae(e.g.,Pelagomonas,Aureococcus)
- Raphidomonadida(e.g.,Heterosigma,Olisthodiscus)
- "residual heterotrophic stramenopiles" (e.g.,Diplophrys,slabyrinthulids) [seeStramenopiles]
- Slopalinida(e.g.,Opalina,Zelleriella)
- Synurophyceae(e.g.,Synura,Mallomonas)
- Silicoflagellata(e.g., silicoflagellates, pedinellids)
- "ameboid protists"
- Acantharia(e.g.,Acanthometra,Stauracantha)
- "amoebae of uncertain affinities" (e.g.,Malamoeba,Endamoeba,Entamoeba) [seeIncertae sedis Eukaryota]
- Arcellinida(e.g.,Arcella,Difflugia)
- Heliozoa(sun animacules)
- Granuloreticulosea(e.g.,Foraminifera) [seeGranuloreticulosa]
- Mycetozoa(slime molds)
- Phaeodaria(e.g.,Aulacantha,Challengeria) [seePhaeodarea]
- Polycystina(e.g.,Thalassicolla,Collozoum)
- "ramicristate amoebae" (e.g.,Amoeba,Mayorella,Vexillifera) [see "gymnamoebae"]
- Schizocladidae(e.g.,Schizocladus)
- "testate amoebae with filipodia" (e.g.,Euglypha,Amphitrema) [seeTestaceafilosia]
- Trichosidae(e.g.,Trichosphaerium)
- Xenophyophorea(e.g., xenophyophores)
- "ameboid & flagellated protists"
- Pelobiontida(e.g.,Pelomyxa,Mastigella)
- Heterolobosea(e.g.,Vahlkampfia,Tetramitus)
- "flagellated protists"
- Cryptomonadida(e.g.,Cryptomonas,Rhodomonas)
- Diplomonadida(e.g.,Giardia,Hexamita)
- Euglenozoa(e.g.,Euglena,Trypanosoma)
- Hemimastigophora(e.g.,Spironema,Hemimastix)
- oxymonads(e.g.,Oxymonas,Pyrsonympha)
- Parabasalia(e.g.,Trichomonas,Trichonympha)
- Pedinophyceae(e.g.,Pedinomonas)
- Prasinophyceae(e.g.,Tetraselmis,Mesostigma)
- Prymnesiida(e.g.,Prymnesium,Coccolithus)
- "residual heterotrophic flagellates" (e.g.,Reclinomonas,Jakoba) [seeIncertae sedis Eukaryota]
- Retortamonadida(e.g.,Retortamonas,Chilomastix)
- "other"
- Haplospora(e.g.,Haplosporidium,Minchinia) [seeHaplosporidia]
- Plasmodiophora(e.g.,Tetramyxa,Plasmodiophora) [seePlasmodiophoromycota]
Cavalier-Smith (2002)
FromThe phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa,[71].
KingdomProtozoa
- SubkingdomGymnomyxaLankester 1878 stat. nov. emend.
- SubkingdomCorticataLankester 1878 stat. nov. emend.
- Infrakingdom 1.Excavatainfraregnum nov.
- SuperphylumLoukozoa
- PhylumLoukozoa
- SuperphylumDiscicristatastat. nov.
- PhylumPercolozoa
- PhylumEuglenozoa
- SuperphylumArchezoastat. nov.
- PhylumMetamonada
- PhylumParabasalia
- SuperphylumLoukozoa
- Infrakingdom 2.Alveolata
- Phylum 12.Miozoa
- Phylum 13.Ciliophora
- Infrakingdom 1.Excavatainfraregnum nov.
Cavalier-Smith (2003)
FromProtist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa,[72],[73].
KingdomProtozoa(11 phyla)
- [unikonts]
- [bikonts]
- [cabozoa]
- InfrakingdomRhizaria
- Phylum 3.Cercozoa
- Phylum 4.Retaria(Radiozoa,Foraminifera)
- InfrakingdomExcavata
- Phylum 5.Loukozoa
- Phylum 6.Metamonada
- Phylum 7.Euglenozoa
- Phylum 8.Percolozoa
- InfrakingdomRhizaria
- [Kingdom Plantae (Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta, Glaucophyta)]
- [chromalveolate]
- [Kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta)]
- InfrakingdomAlveolata
- Phylum 9.Ciliophora
- Phylum 10.Miozoa(Protalveolata,Dinozoa,Apicomplexa)
- Phylum 11.Apusozoa(Thecomonadea,Diphylleida)
- [cabozoa]
Cavalier-Smith (2004)
FromOnly six kingdoms of life,[74].
EmpireEukaryota(Cavalier-Smith 1998)
- KingdomProtozoa(Cavalier-Smith 2002a, 2003a)
- [unikonts]
- SubkingdomSarcomastigota
- [bikonts]
- SubkingdomBiciliata
- InfrakingdomRhizaria
- PhylumCercozoa
- PhylumForaminifera
- PhylumRadiozoa
- InfrakingdomExcavata
- PhylumLoukozoa
- PhylumPercolozoa
- PhylumEuglenozoa
- PhylumMetamonada(incl.ParabasaliaandAnaeromonadea)
- InfrakingdomAlveolata
- PhylumMyzozoa
- PhylumCiliophora
- Biciliata incertae sedis
- InfrakingdomRhizaria
- SubkingdomBiciliata
- [unikonts]
- KingdomAnimalia(Myxozoaand 21 othera phyla) (Cavalier-Smith 1998; Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2003c)
- KingdomFungi(phylaArchemycota,Microsporidia,Ascomycota,Basidiomycota) (Cavalier-Smith 2000b)
- KingdomPlantae
- SubkingdomBiliphyta(phylaGlaucophyta,Rhodophyta)
- SubkingdomViridaeplantae(Chlorophyta,Bryophyta,Tracheophyta)
- KingdomChromista
- SubkingdomCryptista(phylumCryptista:cryptophytes, goniomonads, katablepharids)
- SubkingdomChromobiota
- InfrakingdomHeterokonta(phylaOchrophyta,Pseudofungi,Opalozoa(comprising subphylaOpalinata,Sagenista)
- InfrakingdomHaptista(phylumHaptophyta)
Cavalier-Smith (2010)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2010). Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree.Biol. Lett.6 (3): 342–5,[75].
- KingdomProtozoa[paraphyletic]
- SubkingdomSarcomastigota
- SubkingdomEozoa
- InfrakingdomExcavata
- InfrakingdomEuglenozoa
- KingdomAnimalia
- KingdomFungi
- KingdomPlantae(Glaucophyta,Rhodophyta,Viridiplantae)
- KingdomChromista
Taylor & Sanders (2010)
Taylor, W.D. & R.W. Sanders. 2010. Protozoa. pp. 43-96. In: Thorp, J.H. & Covich, A.P. (eds.)The Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates.3rd ed. Academic Press,[76].
"protozoa"
- "phytoflagellates"
- "zooflagellates"
- "amoeboid protozoa"
- "ciliated protozoa"
Ruggiero et al. (2015)
- Ruggiero, M.A.,Gordon, D.P.,Orrell, T.M.,Bailly, N.,Bourgoin, T.,Brusca, R.C.,Cavalier-Smith, T.,Guiry, M.D.&Kirk, P.M.2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms.PLoS ONE10(4): e0119248DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
.[Correction in 10(6): e0130114DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130114
.]Reference page.
- SuperkingdomProkaryota
- KingdomArchaea[=Archaebacteria]
- KingdomBacteria[=Eubacteria]
- SuperkingdomEukaryota
- KingdomProtozoa
- SubkingdomEozoa
- InfrakingdomEuglenozoa
- InfrakingdomExcavata
- SubkingdomSarcomastigota
- PhylumAmoebozoa
- PhylumChoanozoa[withMicrosporidia,Animalia,andFungiconstitutes "SupergroupOpisthokonta"]
- PhylumMicrosporidia[withChoanozoa,Animalia,andFungiconstitutes "SupergroupOpisthokonta"]
- PhylumSulcozoa
- SubkingdomEozoa
- KingdomChromista
- SubkingdomHacrobia
- SubkingdomHarosa[= "SupergroupSAR"]
- InfrakingdomHalvaria
- SuperphylumAlveolata
- SuperphylumHeterokonta[= "SupergroupStramenopiles"]
- InfrakingdomRhizaria
- InfrakingdomHalvaria
- KingdomFungi
- KingdomPlantae[=Archaeplastida]
- SubkingdomBiliphyta
- SubkingdomViridiplantae
- KingdomAnimalia
- KingdomProtozoa
Vernacular names
azərbaycanca:Protozoylar
беларуская:Прасцейшыя
català:Protozou
čeština:Prvoci
dansk:Protozoer
Deutsch:Urtiere; Urthiere (obsolete spelling)
español:Protozoo
français:Protozoaire
hrvatski:Praživotinje
magyar:Protozoa
interlingua:Protozoa
Bahasa Indonesia:Protozoa
Ido:Protozoo
Limburgs:Protozoa
Plattdüütsch:Protozoa
norsk nynorsk:Protozo
norsk:Protozo
polski:Pierwotniaki
português:Protozoário
română:Protozoar
Scots:Protozoa
slovenčina:Prvoky
svenska:Urdjur
தமிழ்:முன்னுயிரிகள் (புரோட்டோசூவா)