Rhodophyta

Mastocarpus stellatus

Asparagopsis taxiformis

Taxonavigation

Superregnum:Eukaryota
Regnum:Plantae
Divisio:Rhodophyta

Subdivisiones:Cyanidiophytina-Proteorhodophytina-Eurhodophytina

Classes:Bangiophyceae-Compsopogonophyceae-Cyanidiophyceae-Florideophyceae-Porphyridiophyceae-Rhodellophyceae-Stylonematophyceae

+ Familiae (Classes, ordines incertae sedis):Pterocladiophilaceae

+ Genera (Classes, ordines, familiae incertae sedis):Callophycus–Chalicostroma–Enigma–Perinema–Rhododiplobia–Selkia

Name

RhodophytaWettstein(1901)

Synonyms

• RhodophyceaeRuprecht,1851;Thuret,1855;Rabenhorst,1863
• RhodophycotaPapenfuss,1946
• RhodoplantaeSaunders&Hommersand,2004
• RhodymeniobiotinaDoweld,Prosyllabus Tracheoph.: lxxiii. 2001 (pro subregum)
• RhodymeniophytaDoweld,Prosyllabus Tracheoph.: lxxiii. 2001 (pro phylum)
• BangiophytaVaga,Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 37: 646. 1952 ( “Bangieae” ) (pro phylum)
• PorphyridiophytaShameel,Pakistan J. Mar. Biol. 7: 24. 2001 (pro phylum)

References

Primary references

• Wettstein, R. von1901. Handbuch der systematischen Botanik. Vol. 1 pp. [i]–iv, [v], [1]–201. Leipzig & Wien [Vienna]: Franz Deuticke.Reference page.:46, 182.

Additional references

• Doweld, A.B.2001.Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium(Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum.Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos.ISBN 5-89118-283-1.Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна»DJVUGoogle BooksReference page.
• Saunders, G. W.&Hommersand, M.H.2004. Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data.American Journal of Botany91(10): 1494–1507.(online)PDFDOI:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1494Reference page.
• Kamiya, M.,Lindstrom, S.C.,Nakayama, T.,Yokoyama, A.,Lin, S.-M.,Guiry, M.D.,Gurgel, F.D.G.,Huisman, J.M.,Kitayama, T.,Suzuki, M.,Cho, T.O.&Frey, W.2017. Rhodophyta. In:Syllabus of Plant Families, 13th ed. Part 2/2: Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae.(Frey, W. Eds), pp. [i]–xii, [1]–171. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers.ISBN 978-3-443-01094-2.Reference page.
• Yoon, H.S.,Müller, K.M.,Sheath, R.G.,Ott, F.D.,&Bhattacharya, D.2006. Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta).Journal of Phycology42: 482–492.DOI:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00210.x(PDF)Reference page.
• Yoon, H.S.,Nelson, W.,Lindstrom, S.C.,Boo, S.M.,Pueschel, C.,Qiu, H.&Bhattacharya, D.2016. Rhodophyta. pp. 1–45. In:Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C.(Eds.).Handbook of the Protists.Springer.DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_33-1Reference page.
• Muñoz-Gómez, S.A.,Mejía-Franco, F.G.,Durnin, K.,Colp, M.,Grisdale, C.J.,Archibald, J.M.&Slamovits, C.H.2017. The new red algal subphylum Proteorhodophytina comprises the largest and most divergent plastid genomes known.Current Biology27: 1–8.DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.054Reference page.

Links

• Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M.2018.Rhodophyta.AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed 11 March 2018.
• Rhodophytain theWorld Register of Marine Species
• Rhodophyta– Taxon details onIntegrated Taxonomic Information System(ITIS).
• IUCN link:Rhodophyta threatened species

Vernacular names

беларуская:Чырвоныя водарасці
български:Червени водорасли
čeština:Ruduchy
dansk:Rødalger
Deutsch:Rotalgen
English:Red Algae
eesti:Punavetiktaimed
euskara:Alga gorri
suomi:Punalevät
français:Rhodophycées, algues rouges
Gàidhlig:Feamainn dearg
galego:Algas vermellas
עברית:אדומיות
magyar:Vörösmoszatok
Bahasa Indonesia:Ganggang merah
Nhật Bản ngữ:Rong đỏ
ქართული:ძოწეული წყალმცენარეები
한국어:홍조류
lietuvių:Raudondumbliai
македонски:Црвени алги
Nederlands:Roodalgen
norsk:Rødalger
polski:Krasnorosty
română:Algă roşie
русский:Красные водоросли
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски:Crvene alge
slovenčina:Červené riasy
slovenščina:Rdeče alge
српски / srpski:Црвене алге
svenska:Rödalger
Türkçe:Kırmızı algler
українська:Червоні водорості
Tiếng Việt:Tảo đỏ
Tiếng Trung:Rong đỏ môn

For more multimedia, look atRhodophytaonWikimedia Commons.

Alternative classifications

Dixon (1973)

Dixon, P. S. (1973).Biology of the Rhodophyta.University Reviews in Biology No. 4. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd,[1],[2].

• DivisionRhodophyta
  • ClassBangiophyceae
    • OrderPorphyridiales
    • OrderCompsopogonales
    • OrderRhodochaetales
    • OrderBangiales
  • ClassFlorideophyceae
    • OrderNemalionales
    • OrderGigartinales
    • OrderCryptonemiales
    • OrderRhodymeniales
    • OrderCeramiales

Pueschel & Cole (1982)

Pueschel, C.M. & Cole, K.M. 1982. Rhodophycean pit plugs: an ultrastructural survey with taxonomic implications.American Journal of Botany69 (5): 703–720,[3].

• DivisionRhodophyta
  • ClassBangiophyceae
  • ClassFlorideophyceae
    • OrderPalmariales
    • OrderCorallinales
    • OrderGelidiales
    • OrderHildenbrandiales
    • OrderNemaliales
    • OrderBatrachospermales
    • OrderBonnemaisoniales
    • OrderGigartinales
    • OrderCryptonemiales
    • OrderRhodymeniales
    • OrderCeramiales

[Note: the authors did not consider taxa in which pit plugs are absent or lack both caps and cap membranes.]

Gabrielson et al., in Margulis et al. (1990)

Gabrielson, P.W., Garbary, D.J., Sommerfeld, M.R., Townsend, R.A. & Tyler, P.L., 1990. 8. Phylum Rhodophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (ed.).Handbook of Protoctista.Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, p. 102-118. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015),[4].

• KingdomProtoctista
  • Section II: Phyla without flagellated stages, but with complex sexual cycles
    • Phylum 8.Rhodophyta
      • ClassRhodophyceae

van den Hoek et al. (1995)

Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. & Jahns, H.M. (1995).Algae An Introduction to Phycology.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,[5].

• "Algae"
  • DivisionRhodophyta
    • ClassBangiophyceae
      • OrderPorphyridiales(e.g.,Porphyridium,Chroodactylon)
      • OrderRhodochaetales(e.g.,Rhodochaete)
      • OrderErythropeltidales(e.g.,Erythrotrichia)
      • OrderCompsopogonales
      • OrderBangiales(e.g.,Porphyra,Bangia)
    • ClassFlorideophyceae
      • OrderAcrochaetiales(e.g.,Audouinella)
      • OrderPalmariales(e.g.,Palmaria,Rhodophysema)
      • OrderNemaliales(e.g.,Nemalion,Galaxaura)
      • OrderBatrachospermales(e.g.,Lemanea,Batrachospermum)
      • OrderCorallinales(e.g.,Lithophyllum,Jania)
      • OrderHildenbrandiales
      • OrderBonnemaisoniales
      • OrderGelidiales(e.g.,Gelidium)
      • OrderGigartinales(e.g.,Acrosymphyton,Dumontia,Chondrus,Mastocarpus)
      • OrderGracilariales
      • OrderAhnfeltiales
      • OrderRhodymeniales(e.g.,Chylocladia)
      • OrderCeramiales(e.g.,Polysiphonia,Callithamnion,Ceramium,Hypoglossum)

Doweld (2001)

• Doweld, A.B.2001.Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium(Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum.Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos.ISBN 5-89118-283-1.Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна»DJVUGoogle BooksReference page.

RegnumRhodymeniobiotaDoweld,2001

• SubregnumCryptomonadobiotinaDoweld,2001
  • Phylum 1:CryptomonadophytaPascher,1931 ( "Cryptophyta" )
    • ClassGoniomonadophyceaeCavalier-Smith,1993
    • ClassCryptomonadophyceaePascherexSchoenichen,1925 ( "Cryptomonadinae" )
• SubregnumGlaucocystobiotinaDoweld,2001
  • Phylum 1:GlaucocystophytaSkuja,1954 ( "Glaucophyta" )
    • ClassGlaucocystophyceaeSkuja,1954 (= GlaucosphaerophyceaeCavalier-Smith,1993)
• SubregnumRhodymeniobiotinaDoweld,2001
  • Phylum 1:CyanidiophytaMoehnexDoweld,2001
    • ClassCyanidiophyceaeMerola,1982
  • Phylum 2:RhodymeniophytaDoweld,2001
    • ClassBangiophyceaeWettstein,1901 ( "Bangiales" )
    • ClassRhodymeniophyceaeDoweld,2001

Saunders & Hommersand (2004)

G. W. Saunders & M. H. Hommersand (2004). Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data.American Journal of Botany91 (10): 1494–1507,[6].

KingdomPlantae

• SubkingdomRhodoplantaeG.W. Saunders et Hommersand subregnum nov.
  • Phylum 1:CyanidiophytaMoehn ex Doweld 2001
    • ClassCyanidiophyceaeMerola et al., 1981
      • OrderCyanidialesT. Christensen 1962
  • Phylum 2:RhodophytaWettstein 1901
    • Subphylum 1:RhodellophytinaCavalier-Smith 1998
      • ClassRhodellophyceaeCavalier-Smith 1998
        • Order 1 “Porphyridiales1” (in Fig. 2; includingRhodella,on which the class and subphylum are based)
        • Order 2StylonematalesK. Drew 1956 (Porphyridiales2 in Fig. 2, includesStylonemataceaeK. Drew)
        • Order 3PorphyridialesKylin ex Skuja 1939 (Porphyridiales3 in Fig. 2, includesPorphyridiaceaeSkuja)
    • Subphylum 2:MetarhodophytinaG.W. Saunders et Hommersand subphylum nov.
      • ClassCompsopogonophyceaeG.W. Saunders et Hommersand classis nov.
        • Order 1CompsopogonalesSkuja 1939: 34. (includesBoldiaceaeHerndon andCompsopogonaceaeSchmitz)
        • Order 2ErythropeltidalesGarbary et al. 1980 (includesErythrotrichiaceaeG.M. Smith [cf. Silva, 1996])
        • Order 3RhodochaetalesBessey 1907 (includesRhodochaetaceaeSchmitz)
    • Subphylum 3:EurhodophytinaG.W. Saunders et Hommersand subphylum nov.
      • Class 1:BangiophyceaeA. Wettstein 1901
        • OrderBangialesNägeli 1847
      • Class 2:FlorideophyceaeCronquist 1960
        • Subclass 1:HildenbrandiophycidaeG.W. Saunders et Hommersand subclassis nov.
          • OrderHildenbrandialesPueschel et K.M. Cole 1982: 718.
        • Subclass 2:NemaliophycidaeChristensen 1978
          • OrderAcrochaetiales
          • OrderBalbianiales
          • OrderBalliales
          • OrderBatrachospermales
          • OrderColaconematales
          • OrderCorallinales
          • OrderNemalialesSchmitz in Engler 1892
          • OrderPalmariales
          • OrderRhodogorgonales
          • OrderThoreales
        • Subclass 3:AhnfeltiophycidaeG.W. Saunders et Hommersand subclassis nov.
          • Order 1AhnfeltialesMaggs et Pueschel 1989: 349.
          • Order 2PihiellalesHuisman et al. 2003
        • Subclass 4:RhodymeniophycidaeG.W. Saunders et Hommersand subclassis nov.
          • OrderBonnemaisoniales
          • OrderCeramiales
          • OrderGelidiales
          • OrderGigartinales
          • OrderGracilariales
          • OrderHalymeniales
          • OrderNemastomatales
          • OrderPlocamiales
          • OrderRhodymenialesSchmitz in Engler 1892: 19.

Yoon et al. (2006)

• Yoon, H.S.,Müller, K.M.,Sheath, R.G.,Ott, F.D.,&Bhattacharya, D.2006. Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta).Journal of Phycology42: 482–492.DOI:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00210.x(PDF)Reference page.

PhylumRhodophytaWettstein 1901

• Subphylum 1:CyanidiophytinaH. S. Yoon, K. M. Müller, R. G. Sheath, F. D. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, subphylum nov.
  • ClassCyanidiophyceaeMerola, Castaldo, De Luca, Gambardella, Musacchio et Taddei 1981
• Subphylum 2:Rhodophytina
  • Class 1:BangiophyceaeWettstein 1901
  • Class 2:CompsopogonophyceaeG. W. Saunders et Hommersand 2004
  • Class 3:FlorideophyceaeCronquist 1960
  • Class 4:PorphyridiophyceaeH. S. Yoon, K. M. Müller, R. G. Sheath, F. D. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, class nov.
  • Class 5:RhodellophyceaeCavalier-Smith 1998
  • Class 6:StylonematophyceaeH.S. Yoon, K.M. Müller, R.G. Sheath, F.D. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, classis nov.

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms.PLoS ONE10(4): e0119248,[7].

• SuperkingdomEukaryota
  • KingdomPlantae[=Archaeplastida]
    • SubkingdomBiliphyta
      • PhylumGlaucophyta
        • ClassGlaucophyceae
          • OrderGlaucocystales
      • PhylumRhodophyta
        • SubphylumCyanidiophytina
          • ClassCyanidiophyceae
            • OrderCyanidiales
        • SubphylumEurhodophytina
          • ClassBangiophyceae
            • OrderBangiales
            • OrderGoniotrichales
          • ClassFlorideophyceae
            • Subclass N.N.
              • OrderRhodachlyales
            • SubclassAhnfeltiophycidae
              • OrderAhnfeltiales
              • OrderPihiellales
            • SubclassCorallinophycidae
              • OrderCorallinales
              • OrderRhodogorgonales
              • OrderSporolithales
            • SubclassHildenbrandiophyceae
              • OrderHildenbrandiales
            • SubclassNemaliophycidae
              • OrderAcrochaetiales
              • OrderBalbianiales
              • OrderBalliales
              • OrderBatrachospermales
              • OrderColaconematales
              • OrderEntwisleiales
              • OrderNemaliales
              • OrderPalmariales
              • OrderThoreales
            • SubclassRhodymeniophycidae
              • OrderAcrosymphytales
              • OrderBonnemaisoniales
              • OrderCeramiales
              • OrderGelidiales
              • OrderGigartinales
              • OrderGracilariales
              • OrderHalymeniales
              • OrderNemastomatales
              • OrderPeyssonneliales
              • OrderPlocamiales
              • OrderRhodymeniales
              • OrderSebdeniales
        • SubphylumMetarhodophytina
          • ClassCompsopogonophyceae
            • OrderCompsopogonales
            • OrderErythropeltidales
            • OrderRhodochaetales
        • SubphylumRhodellophytina
          • ClassPorphyridiophyceae
            • OrderPorphyridiales
          • ClassRhodellophyceae
            • OrderDixoniellales
            • OrderGlaucosphaerales
            • OrderRhodellales
          • ClassStylonematophyceae
            • OrderRufusiales
            • OrderStylonematales
    • SubkingdomViridiplantae
      • InfrakingdomChlorophyta
      • InfrakingdomStreptophyta
        • SuperphylumCharophyta
        • SuperphylumEmbryophyta
          • PhylumAnthocerotophyta
          • PhylumBryophyta
          • PhylumMarchantiophyta
          • PhylumTracheophyta