Tulipani

Tulipani
Klasifikimi shkencor
Unrecognized taxon (fix):	Tulipani
Species
See text

Tulipaniështë njëlulenëgjininëTulipa,që përfshin rreth 150 lloje të familjesLiliaceae.Zona ku rriten tulipanët përfshin pjesën jugore tëEvropës,veriut tëAfrikës,dhe nëAzi,ngaAnatoliadheIranie deri në verilindje tëKinës.Qendra e bioshumëllojshmërisë së llojit, gjendet nëPamirdhe në maletHindu Kushe stepat eKazakistanit.Lloje të ndryshëm kultivarësh hibridë, rriten nga njeriu në kopshte e vazo. Pjesa më e madhe e kultivarëve vijnë ngaTulipa gesneriana.Në Shqipëri rriten dy lloje tulipanësh, nga të cilët,Tulipani shqiptarështë lloj endemik që rritet në një zonë prej më pak se 1 km²në qarkun e Kukësit.

Përshkrimi

Tulipan i kultivuar në Floridë

Lloji është bimë shumëvjeçare e me qepujka. Qepujkat janë shpesh të mbuluara nga shtresa letrore e me push. Tulipanët variojnë nga lloje të shkurtra në ato të gjata, duke u rritur kështu nga 10-70 cm. Janë bimë që durojnë të ftohtin dhe dëborën. Bima ka zakonisht 2 deri në 6 gjethe por ka tulipanë që kanë deri në 12 gjethe. Gjethet janë të mbuluara me dyll e kanë ngjyrë të gjelbër të hapët në të mesme, dhe janë të gjata e pothuajse mishtore. Lulet janë të mëdha. Zakonisht kanë nga një lule për kërcell por ka lloje tulipani që kanë edhe deri në katër lule. Lulet janë në formë kupe dhe kanë tri petale e tri nënpetla. Çdo lule bën tri fruta, që janë kapsulta të mbuluara nga një mbulesë mishtore në formë të zgjatur, që përmbajnë farna të shumta në formë petash të vogla.

Origjina e emrit

Although tulips are associated withHollanda,both the flower and its name originated in thePersian empire.The tulip, orlale(fromPersianلاله,lâleh) as it is also called in Turkey, is a flower indigenous toTurkey,Iran,Afghanistanand other parts ofCentral Asia.Although, it is unclear who first brought the flower to northwest Europe, it is the Turks who made tulip known in Europe. The most widely accepted story is that ofOghier Ghislain de Busbecq,ambassador from Ferdinand I toSuleyman the Magnificentof the Ottoman Empire in 1554. He remarks in a letter upon seeing "an abundance of flowers everywhere; Narcissus, hyacinths, and those which in Turkish Lale, much to our astonishment, because it was almost midwinter, a season unfriendly to flowers" (see Busbecq, qtd. in Blunt, 7). In Persian Literature (classic and modern) special attention has been given to these two flowers, in specific likening the beloved eyes to Narges and a glass of wine to Laleh. The wordtulip,which earlier in English appeared in such forms astulipaortulipant,entered the language by way of Frenchtulipeand its obsolete formtulipanor by way of Modern Latintulīpa,fromOttoman Turkishtülbend,"muslin, gauze". (The English wordturban,first recorded in English in the 16th century, can also be traced to Ottoman Turkishtülbend.)

Kultivimi

Festivali i tulipanëve në Woodburn, Oregon. 2007

Tulipan i egër në stepat e Kazakistanit

Tulips originate frommountainousareas withtemperate climatesand need a period of cool dormancy. They do best in climates with long cool springs and early summers, but they are often grown as spring blooming annual plantings in warmer areas of the world. The bulbs are typically planted in late summer and fall, normally from 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in.) deep, depending of the type planted, in well draining soils. In parts of the world that do not have long cool springs and early summers, the bulbs are often planted up to 12 inches deep; this provides some protection from the heat of summer and tends to force the plants to regenerate one large bulb each year instead of many smaller non blooming ones. This can extend the usefulness of the plants in warmer areas a few years but not stave off the degradation in bulb size and eventual death of the plants.

Shumimi

Tulips can be propagated throughoffsets,seedsormicropropagation.Offsets and Tissue Culture methods are means ofasexualpropagation, they are used to producegeneticclonesof the parent plant which maintains cultivar integrity. Seed raised plants show greater variation, and seeds are most often used to propagate species and subspecies or are used for the creation of new hybrids. Many tulip species can cross pollinate with each other; when wild tulip populations overlap with other species or subspecies, they often hybridize and produce populations of mixed plants. Most tulip cultivars are complex hybrids and sterile; those plants that produce seeds produce offspring very dissimilar to the parents.

In horticulture, tulips are divided up into fifteen groups mostly based on flower morphology and plant size.

• Single early group - with cup-shaped single flowers, no larger than 8cm across (3 inches). They bloom early to mid season. Growing 15 to 45cm tall.
• Double early group - with fully double flowers, bowl shaped to 8cm across. Plants typically grow from 30-40cm tall.
• Triumph group - single, cup shaped flowers up to 6cm wide. Plants grow 35-60cm tall and bloom mid to late season.
• Darwin hybrid group - single flowers are ovoid in shape and up to 8cm wide. Plants grow 50-70cm tall and bloom mid to late season. This group should not be confused with older Darwin tulips - which belong in the Single Late Group below.
• Single late group - cup or goblet-shaded flowers up to 8cm wide, some plants produce multi-flowering stems. Plants grow 45-75cm tall and bloom late season.

Tulip growers using offsets to produce salable plants need a year or more of growth before plants are large enough to flower; tulips grown from seeds often need five to eight years of growth before plants are flowering size. Commercial growers harvest the bulbs in late summer and grade them into sizes; bulbs large enough to flower are sorted and sold, while smaller bulbs are sorted into sizes and replanted. Holland is the main producer of commercially sold plants, producing as many as 3 billion bulbs annually.

Sëmundjet

Variegated colours produced by selective breeding

Botrytis tulipaeis a major fungal disease affecting tulips, causing cell death leading to rotten plants.Other pathogens include Anthracnose, bacterial soft rot, blight caused bySclerotium rolfsii,bulbnematodes,otherrotsincluding bluemolds,black molds and mushy rot.

Historically variegated varieties admired during the Dutchtulipomaniagained their delicately feathered patterns from an infection withTulip Breaking potyvirus,the mosaic virus that was carried by the green peach aphids,Myzus persicae.Persicae were common in European gardens of the seventeenth century. While the virus produces fantastically colourful flowers, it also caused weakened plants that died slowly. Today the virus is almost eradicated from tulip growers' fields. Those Tulips affected by mosaic virus are called "Broken tulips"; they will occasionally revert to a plain or solid colouring, but still remain infected with the virus.

Some historicalcultivarshave had a striped, "feathered", "flamed", orvariegatedflower. While some modern varieties also display multicoloured patterns, this results from a natural change in the upper and lower layers ofpigmentin the tulip flower.

The Black Tulipis the title of a historical romance byAlexandre Dumas, père(1850), in which the city ofHaarlemhas a reward for the first grower who can produce a truly black tulip.

Futja në Evropën perëndimore

Field of red tulips, Floriade, Canberra

Tulips are common in urban landscaping, as seen here in front of an office tower inOttawa

A pink tulip of the Triumph cultivar - shown here in the color "Burns"

a peek on the inside of tulips

It is unclear who first brought the tulip to northwest Europe. The most widely accepted story is that ofOghier Ghislain de Busbecq,AmbassadorofFerdinand ItoSuleyman the Magnificentof theOttoman Empirein 1554. He remarked in a letter that he saw "an abundance of flowers everywhere;Narcissus,hyacinthsand those which in Turkish Lale, much to our astonishment because it was almost midwinter, a season unfriendly to flowers "(see Busbecq, qtd. in Blunt, 7). It gained much popularity and was seen as a sign of abundance and indulgence in the Ottoman Empire. The era during which the Ottoman Empire was wealthiest is called theTulip eraorLale DevriinTurkish.In classic and modernPersian literature,special attention has been given to these beautiful flowers and in recent times tulips have featured in the poems ofSimin Behbahani.However, the tulip was a topic for Persian poets as far back as the thirteenth century. Musharrifu'd-dinSaadi (poet)inGulistandescribed a visionary garden where 'The murmur of a cool stream / bird song, ripe fruit in plenty / bright multicoloured tulips and fragrant roses...' resulted in a paradise on earth.

In 1559, an account byConrad Gessnerdescribed tulips flowering inAugsburg,Bavariain the garden of Councillor Herwart. Due to the nature of the tulip's growing cycle, the bulbs are generally removed from the ground in June and they must be replanted by September to endure the winter. Busbecq's account of the supposed first sighting of tulips by a European is likely spurious. While possible, it is doubtful that Busbecq could successfully have had the tulip bulbs removed, shipped and replanted between his first sighting of them in March 1558 and Gessner's description the following year.

Another oft-quoted account of the origin of tupis is the one of Lopo Vaz de Sampayo, governor of thePortuguesepossessions inIndia.When he returned to Portugal in disgrace after usurping his position from the rightful governor, Sampayo supposedly took tulip bulbs with him fromSri Lanka.This tale too, however, does not hold up to scrutiny because tulips do not occur in Sri Lanka and the island itself is far from the route Sampayo's ships should have taken.

Regardless of how the flower originally arrived in Europe, its popularity soared quickly.Charles de L'Ecluse(Clusius) is largely responsible for the spread of tulip bulbs in the final years of the sixteenth century. He was the author of the first major work on tulips, completed in 1592. Clusius had already begun to note and remark upon the variations in colour that made the tulip so admired and his admiration of them quickly spread to others. While occupying a chair in the medical faculty of theUniversity of Leiden,Clusius planted both a teaching garden and his own private plot with tulip bulbs. In 1596 and 1598, Clusius suffered thefts from his garden, with over a hundred bulbs stolen in a single raid.

Between 1634 and 1637, the early enthusiasm for the new flowers triggered aspeculativefrenzy now known as thetulip maniaand tulip bulbs were then considered a form of currency. The Netherlands are still associated with tulips and the term 'Dutch tulips' is often used for the cultivated forms.Tulip Festivalsare held in the Netherlands,Spalding(England) and in North America every May, including theSkagit Valley Festival(Washington), the Tulip Festival in May in Orange City and Pella, Iowa, and the three week annualCanadian Tulip FestivalinOttawa,Canada.Tulips are now also popular inAustraliaand several festivals are held during September and October in theSouthern Hemisphere'sspring.The world's largest permanent display of tulips, although open to the public only seasonally, is inKeukenhofin theNetherlands.

Lloje të zgjedhura

Tulipa albanica Tulipa acuminata(Horned Tulip) Tulipa agenensis(Eyed Tulip) Tulipa aleppensis(Aleppo Tulip) Tulipa armena Tulipa aucheriana Tulipa batalinii Tulipa bakeri Tulipa biflora Tulipa borszczowii Tulipa butkovii Tulipa carinata Tulipa celsiana Tulipa clusiana(Lady Tulip) Tulipa cretica Tulipa cypria Tulipa dasystemon Tulipa didieri Tulipa dubia Tulipa edulis Tulipa ferganica Tulipa gesneriana Tulipa goulimyi Tulipa greigii

Tulipa grengiolensis Tulipa heterophylla Tulipa hoogiana Tulipa humilis Tulipa hungarica Tulipa iliensis Tulipa ingens Tulipa julia Tulipa kaufmanniana(Waterlily Tulip) Tulipa kolpakowskiana Tulipa korolkowiiRegel Tulipa kurdica Tulipa kuschkensis Tulipa lanata Tulipa latifolia Tulipa lehmanniana Tulipa linifolia(Bokhara Tulip) Tulipa marjolettii Tulipa mauritania Tulipa micheliana Tulipa montana Tulipa orphanidea(Orange Wild Tulip) Tulipa ostrowskiana Tulipa platystigma Tulipa polychroma

Tulipa praecox Tulipa praestans Tulipa primulina Tulipa pulchella Tulipa retroflexa Tulipa rhodopea Tulipa saxatilis Tulipa sharonensis Tulipa splendens Tulipa sprengeriBaker Tulipa stapfii Tulipa subpraestans Tulipa sylvestris(Wild Tulip) Tulipa systola Tulipa taihangshanica Tulipa tarda Tulipa tetraphylla Tulipa tschimganica Tulipa tubergeniana Tulipa turkestanica Tulipa undulatifolia Tulipa urumiensis Tulipa urumoffii Tulipa violacea Tulipa whittalli

Shih edhe

• Tulip period
• Tulip mania
• Species Tulips

Burime

• Blunt, Wilfrid.Tulipomania
• Clusius, Carolus.A Treatise on Tulips
• Dash, Mike.Tulipomania
• Pavord, Anna.The Tulip
• Pollan, Michael.The Botany of Desire

Lidhje të jashtme

• Old Tulips
• Canadian National Capital Commission: The Gift of Tulips
• Greig's tulip (tulipa greigii) in its original habitat in Kazakhstan
• Lalades (Tulips of Chios: Tulipa praecox, Tulipa aegenensis, Tulipa clusiana, and Tulipa undulatifolia)
• elegant-tulip-bulbs.com: Information about 3700 tulip namesArkivuar17 shtator 2009 tek Wayback Machine
• Tulip photos
• Tulip species