Kashmiri

Kashmiriështë rajoni më verior gjeografik inënkontinentit Indian.Deri në mesin e shekullit të 19-të, termiKashmirtregonte vetëmLuginën e KashmiritmidisHimalajeve të MëdhadheVargmalit Pir Panjal.Sot, termi përfshin një zonë më të madhe që përfshin territoret e administruara nga Indianët eXhamu dhe KashmiritdheLadakh,territoret e administruara nga Pakistani tëAzad KashmirdheGilgit-Baltistanitdhe territoret e administruara nga Kina tëAksai ÇindheTraktit Trans-Karakoram.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Në gjysmën e parë të mijëvjeçarit të parë, rajoni i Kashmirit u bë një qendër e rëndësishme ehinduizmitdhe më vonë ebudizmit;më vonë akoma, në shekullin e nëntë, u ngritShaivizmi i Kashmirit.^[4]Në vitin 1339,Shah Miru bë sundimtari i parëmyslimani Kashmirit, duke inauguruarSalatin-i-Kashmirosedinastinë Shah Mir.^[5]Rajoni ishte pjesë ePerandorisë Mogulenga viti 1586 deri më 1751,^[6]dhe më pas, deri në 1820, ePerandorisë Afgane Durrani.Atë vit,Perandoria Sikh,nënRanjit Singh,aneksoi Kashmirin.^[5]Në vitin 1846, pas humbjes sësikhëvenëLuftën e Parë Anglo-Sikhdhe pas blerjes së rajonit ngabritanikëtsipasTraktatit të Amritsarit,Raja e Jammu, Gulab Singh, u bë sundimtari i ri i Kashmirit. Sundimi i pasardhësve të tij, nën sundimin (ose tutelën) e Kurorës Britanike, zgjati deri nëNdarjen e Indisënë vitin 1947, kur ishshteti princëroriPerandorisë Britanike Indianeu bë një territor i diskutueshëm, i administruar tani nga tre vende:India,PakistanidheKina.^[1]^[7]^[8]^[2]

Referime

^^a ^b"Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent".Encyclopædia Britannica(në anglisht).Marrë më16 korrik2016.
^^a ^b"Kashmir territories profile"(në anglisht). BBC.Marrë më16 korrik2016.Quote: "The Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over six decades. Since India's partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought three wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full but control in part. Today it remains one of the most militarised zones in the world. China administers parts of the territory."
^"Kashmir profile—timeline".BBC News(në anglisht).Marrë më16 korrik2016.
1950s—China gradually occupies eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin).
1962—China defeats India in a short war for control of Aksai Chin.
1963—Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China.
^Basham, A. L. (2005)The wonder that was India,Picador. Pp. 572.ISBN 0-330-43909-X,p. 110.
^^a ^bImperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15.1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 93–95.
^Puri, Balraj(qershor 2009),"5000 Years of Kashmir",Epilogue(në anglisht), vëll. 3 no. 6, fq. 43–45,marrë më31 dhjetor2016,It was emperor Akbar who brought an end to indigenous Kashmiri Muslim rule that had lasted 250 years. The watershed in Kashmiri history is not the beginning of the Muslim rule as is regarded in the rest of the subcontinent but the changeover from Kashmiri rule to a non-Kashmiri rule.
^"Kashmir",Encyclopedia Americana(në anglisht), Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, fq. 328,ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
^Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003),Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M(në anglisht), Taylor & Francis, fq. 1191–,ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."

[britannica-intro-1] "Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent".Encyclopædia Britannica(në anglisht).Marrë më16 korrik2016.

[bbc-intro-2] "Kashmir territories profile"(në anglisht). BBC.Marrë më16 korrik2016.Quote: "The Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over six decades. Since India's partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought three wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full but control in part. Today it remains one of the most militarised zones in the world. China administers parts of the territory."

[3] "Kashmir profile—timeline".BBC News(në anglisht).Marrë më16 korrik2016.
1950s—China gradually occupies eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin).
1962—China defeats India in a short war for control of Aksai Chin.
1963—Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China.

[4] Basham, A. L. (2005)The wonder that was India,Picador. Pp. 572.ISBN 0-330-43909-X,p. 110.

[imp-gazet-history-5] Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15.1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 93–95.

[:1-6] Puri, Balraj(qershor 2009),"5000 Years of Kashmir",Epilogue(në anglisht), vëll. 3 no. 6, fq. 43–45,marrë më31 dhjetor2016,It was emperor Akbar who brought an end to indigenous Kashmiri Muslim rule that had lasted 250 years. The watershed in Kashmiri history is not the beginning of the Muslim rule as is regarded in the rest of the subcontinent but the changeover from Kashmiri rule to a non-Kashmiri rule.

[americana-7] "Kashmir",Encyclopedia Americana(në anglisht), Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, fq. 328,ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";

[Osmanczyk2003-8] Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003),Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M(në anglisht), Taylor & Francis, fq. 1191–,ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."

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