Elettaria cardamomum

Zeleni kardamon; Istinski kardamon
	Istinski kardamon; (Elettaria cardamomum); ilustracija iz 1896.
Naučna klasifikacija
Carstvo:	Plantae
Kladus:	Tracheophytes
Kladus:	Angiospermae
Kladus:	Monocotyledones
Kladus:	Commelinids
Red:	Zingiberales
Porodica:	Zingiberaceae
Rod:	Elettaria
Vrsta:	E. kardamon
Binomno ime
	Elettaria kardamon; (L.)Maton
Sinonimi
	Amomum cardamomumL.; Amomum repensSonn., illegitimate superfluous name; Amomum racemosumLam., illegitimate superfluous name; Alpinia cardamomum(L.) Roxb.; Cardamomum officinaleSalisb.; Zingiber cardamomum(L.) Stokes; Matonia cardamomum(L.) Stephenson & J.M.Churchill; Cardamomum verumOken, illegitimate superfluous name; Elettaria repensBaill., illegitimate superfluous name; Elettaria cardamomumvar.minorWatt, not validly published; Cardamomum elletariGarsault, rejected name; Zingiber minusGaertn.; Amomum ensalRaeusch.; Amomum uncinatumStokes; Cardamomum malabaricumPritz.; Cardamomum minus(Gaertn.) Kuntze; Elettaria cardamomumvar.minusculaBurkill, without description;

Elettaria cardamomum,obično poznat kaozeleniilipravi kardamon,zeljastaje,višegodišnja biljkaiz porodiceđumbira,^[3]^[4]poreklom iz južneIndije.Ona je najčešća od vrsta čije se seme koristi kao začin koji se nazivakardamom.Široko se uzgaja u tropskim regionima, a naturalizovana naReinionu,^[5]uIndokinii naKostariki.^[2]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Uzgoj

Elettaria cardamomumje oštra, aromatična, zeljasta, višegodišnja biljka, koja raste do oko 2–4 m visine. Listovi su naizmenični u dva niza, linearno-kopljasti, dugi 40–60 cm, sa dugim šiljastim vrhom. Cvetovi su beli do lila ili bledo ljubičasti, proizvedeni u rastresitom klasu dužine 30–60 cm. Plod je trostrana žutozelena mahuna dužine 1-2 cm, koja sadrži nekoliko (15-20) crnih i smeđih semenki

Upotrebe

Mahune kardamona koje se koriste kao začin

Zelene mahune biljke se suše, a seme unutar mahune koristi se uindijskoji drugimazijskim kuhinjama,bilo celo ili mleveno. To je najčešće uzgajana vrsta kardamona; za druge vrste i upotrebe pogledajtekardamon.

Pretpostavlja se da se pravi kardamon koristio uajurvedskojmedicini već u 4. veku pre nove ere.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]Mleveni kardamon je sastojak mnogih indijskihkarijai primarno doprinosi ukusumasala čaja.^[13]^[14]^[15]U Iranu i Indiji kardamon se koristi za aromu kafe i čaja. U Turskoj se koristi za aromatizaciju crnog turskog čaja,kakakule.

Uz authohtono rasprostranjenje, gaji se u Nepalu, Vijetnamu, Kambodži, Tajlandu, Šri Lanci i Centralnoj Americi. U Indiji sudržave SikimiKeralaglavni proizvođači kardamona; onise najviše kotiraju u pogledu obrađivanih površina i proizvodnje. Prvi put je uvezen u Evropu oko 1300. pne.

Ekologija

Larve moljcaEndoclita hoseikoristeE. cardamomumkao prehrambenu biljku.^[16]

Varijeteti

Tri prirodne sorte biljaka zelenog kardamoma su:

Malabar (Nadan), kao što i samo ime govori, je autohtona sortaKerale.Ove biljke imaju cvetnegrozdove^[17]^[18](koji proizvode mahune) koji rastu vodoravno duž zemlje.
Majsor je, kao što mu samo ime govori, autohtona sortaKarnatake.^[19]^[20]Ove biljke imaju cvetne grozdove koji rastu vertikalno naviše. Sorta Majsore je, međutim, u poslednjih nekoliko decenija u opadanju usled pojave otpornije i rodnije sorte „zeleno zlato”, koja je najčešći oblik kardamona ubranog u Kerali.
Vazhuka je prirodni hibrid između sorti Malabar i Majsor, i njenemetlice^[21]ne rastu ni vertikalno ni horizontalno, već negde između.

Nedavno je nekoliko uzgajivača izolovalo visoko rodne biljke i počelo da ih množi u velikom obimu. Najpopularnija visoko rodna sorta je 'Ndžalani', koja je jedinstvena sorta visokog prinosa kardamona koju je razvio indijski farmer Sebastian Džozef u mestuKatapanau državi Kerala na jugu Indije.^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]K. J. Babi iz okrugaIduki,Kerala, razvio je čisto belocvetnu sortu zelenog kardamona tipa Vazhuka koja ima veći prinos od Ndžalani. Sorta ima visoku prilagodljivost različitim uslovima zasenčene okoline i takođe se može uzgajati u preplavljenim područjima.^[26]

Galerija

Kardamon cvet
Kardamon biljka

Reference

^Elettaria cardamomum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen - Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
^^а ^б„Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families”.Apps.kew.org.Приступљено2018-05-29.^{[мртва веза]}
^Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).„An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III”.Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.161(2): 105—121.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x .Архивирано изоригинала(PDF)2017-05-25. г.
^класификација фамилије после 3. симпозијума о Zingiberaceae Архивиранона сајтуWayback Machine(28. септембар 2007), Приступљено 4. 5. 2013.
^„Collectivités d'Outre-mer de l'article 73 de la Constitution (Guadeloupe, Guyane, Martinique, La Réunion, Mayotte)”.legifrance.gouv.fr.Архивираноиз оригинала 2. 7. 2021. г.Приступљено28. 6. 2021.
^Larsen, K. (1996). A prelimanary checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 24: 35-49.
^Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
^Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
^Pickersgill, Barbara(2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark, ур.The Cultural History of Plants.Routledge. стр.158.ISBN 0415927463.
^Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). „Introduction”.A History of Indian Medical Literature.Groningen: Egbert Forsten.ISBN 978-90-6980-124-7.
^Beall, Jeffrey(2018).„Scientific soundness and the problem of predatory journals”.Ур.: Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C.Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science.MIT Press. стр. 293.ISBN 978-0-262-03742-6.„Ayurveda, a traditional Indian medicine, is the subject of more than a dozen, with some of these 'scholarly' journals devoted to Ayurveda alone..., others to Ayurveda and some other pseudoscience....Most current Ayurveda research can be classified as 'tooth fairy science,' research that accepts as its premise something not scientifically known to exist....Ayurveda is a long-standing system of beliefs and traditions, but its claimed effects have not been scientifically proven. Most Ayurveda researchers might as well be studying the tooth fairy. The German publisher Wolters Kluwer bought the Indian open-access publisher Medknow in 2011....It acquired its entire fleet of journals, including those devoted to pseudoscience topics such asAn International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda.”
^Semple D, Smyth R (2019).Chapter 1: Thinking about psychiatry.Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry(4th изд.). Oxford University Press. стр. 24.ISBN 978-0-19-879555-1.doi:10.1093/med/9780198795551.003.0001.„These pseudoscientific theories may...confuse metaphysical with empirical claims (e.g....Ayurvedic medicine)”(потребна претплата)
^„Karha: the Heart of Chai”.Hanumanchai.blogspot.ca.Приступљено2018-05-29.
^What is Chai?Архивирано2015-04-30 на сајтуWayback Machine
^„Recipe for 5 Spice Tea | Tea”.Tealicious(на језику: енглески). Архивирано изоригинала18. 05. 2019. г.Приступљено2019-05-18.
^Shaista Kokab and Shahid Ahmad (2011). „Developing Herbal Pharmaceutics in Pakistan – II: Distinctiveness of Selected Medicinal Herbs and Uses”.Managing Natural Resources for Sustaining Future Agriculture.3(21).
^Walters, Dirk R.; Keil, David J. (1. 1. 1996).Vascular PlantTaxonomy(4th изд.). United States: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. стр.602.ISBN 978-0-7872-2108-9.
^Wofford, B. Eugene (1989).Guide to the Vascular Plants of the Blue Ridge.University of Georgia Press. стр. 10—15.ISBN 978-0-8203-2455-5.
^„Protected Areas of India: State-wise break up of Wildlife Sanctuaries”(PDF).Wildlife Institute of India.Government of India.Архивирано(PDF)из оригинала 24. 10. 2016. г.Приступљено24. 8. 2016.
^„Figures at a glance”(PDF).2011 Provisional census data.Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.Архивирано(PDF)из оригинала 24. 10. 2011. г.Приступљено17. 9. 2011.
^Hickey, M.; King, C. (2001).The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms.Cambridge University Press. стр. 30.ISBN 978-0521790802.„A much-branched inflorescence.”(softcoverISBN 978-0521794015).
^Unsung Hero: Tale of an ingenious farmer,www.rediff.com, 30 May 2007.
^„New cardamom variety – Njallani”,National Innovation Foundation,Idukki, Kerala, India: Department of Science and Technology, Архивирано изоригинала27. 05. 2013. г.,Приступљено02. 11. 2020
^„Poor rainfall may hit cardamom crop”.The Hindu Business Line.6. 7. 2007.
^„Cardamom: Scientists, Njallani developers fight”.CommodityOnline. 8. 1. 2008.
^„White Flowered Cardamom Variety”(PDF),Fourth National Technological Innovations & Traditional Knowledge Awards,India: National Innovation Foundation, Department of Science and Technology, Архивирано изоригинала(PDF)2013-05-17. г.

Literatura

Zomlefer, W.B (1994).Flowering Plant Families.The University of North Carolina Press..
The phylogeny and a new classification of the gingers (Zingiberaceae): evidence from molecular data
Abstracts from the Symposia on the Family Zingiberaceae
A New Classification of the Zingiberaceaefrom the Third Symposium on Zingiberaceae
Poulsen, Axel; Båserud Mathisen, Helena; Newman, Mark; Ardiyani, Marlina; Lofthus, Øystein; Bjora, Charlotte (2018-08-01).„Sulettaria: A new ginger genus disjunct from Elettaria cardamomum”.Taxon.67(4): 725—738.S2CID 92388068.doi:10.12705/674.3.
Bell, Jacob (1843).Pharmaceutical Journal: A Weekly Record of Pharmacy and Allied Sciences.II, No. 1 (Public domain изд.). London: John Churchill.
Cumo, Christopher Martin (25. 4. 2013).Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia [3 Volumes].ABC-CLIO.ISBN 978-1-59884-775-8.
Kusters, Koen; Belcher, Brian (2004).Forest Products, Livelihoods and Conservation.Center for International Forestry Research.ISBN 978-979-3361-23-9.
Nair, K. P. Prabhakaran (2011).Agronomy and Economy of Black Pepper and Cardamom: The "King" and "Queen" of Spices.Elsevier.ISBN 978-0-12-391865-9.
Owen, T. C. (1883).Notes on Cardamom Cultivation(Public domain изд.). A. M. & J. Ferguson.
Parthasarathy, V. A.; Chempakam, Bhageerathy; Zachariah, T. John (2008).Chemistry of Spices.CABI.ISBN 978-1-84593-420-0.
Watt, Sir George (1908).The Commercial Products of India: Being an Abridgement of "The Dictionary of the Economic Products of India."(Public domain изд.). J. Murray. стр.514.
CardamomHQ: In-depth information on Cardamom
Mabberley, D.J.The Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of the Higher Plants.Cambridge University Press,1996,ISBN 0-521-34060-8
Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages: Cardamom
Plant Cultures: botany and history of Cardamom Архивирано27 август 2008 на сајтуWayback Machine
Pham Hoang Ho 1993,Cay Co Vietnam [Plants of Vietnam: in Vietnamese],vols. I, II & III, Montreal.
Buckingham, J.S. & Petheram, R.J. 2004,Cardamom cultivation and forest biodiversity in northwest Vietnam,Agricultural Research and Extension Network,Overseas Development Institute,London UK.
Aubertine, C. 2004, Cardamom (Amomum spp.) in Lao PDR: the hazardous future of an agroforest system product, in 'Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: case studies of non-timber forest products systems vol. 1-Asia,Center for International Forestry Research.Bogor,Indonesia.

Spoljašnje veze

University of Melbourne: SortingElettarianames

[1] Elettaria cardamomum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen - Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen

[ginger-2] а ^б„Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families”.Apps.kew.org.Приступљено2018-05-29.^{[мртва веза]}

[3] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).„An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III”.Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.161(2): 105—121.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x .Архивирано изоригинала(PDF)2017-05-25. г.

[4] класификација фамилије после 3. симпозијума о Zingiberaceae Архивиранона сајтуWayback Machine(28. септембар 2007), Приступљено 4. 5. 2013.

[:0-5] „Collectivités d'Outre-mer de l'article 73 de la Constitution (Guadeloupe, Guyane, Martinique, La Réunion, Mayotte)”.legifrance.gouv.fr.Архивираноиз оригинала 2. 7. 2021. г.Приступљено28. 6. 2021.

[6] Larsen, K. (1996). A prelimanary checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 24: 35-49.

[7] Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

[8] Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

[9] Pickersgill, Barbara(2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark, ур.The Cultural History of Plants.Routledge. стр.158.ISBN 0415927463.

[HIML-intro-10] Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). „Introduction”.A History of Indian Medical Literature.Groningen: Egbert Forsten.ISBN 978-90-6980-124-7.

[kaufman-11] Beall, Jeffrey(2018).„Scientific soundness and the problem of predatory journals”.Ур.: Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C.Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science.MIT Press. стр. 293.ISBN 978-0-262-03742-6.„Ayurveda, a traditional Indian medicine, is the subject of more than a dozen, with some of these 'scholarly' journals devoted to Ayurveda alone..., others to Ayurveda and some other pseudoscience....Most current Ayurveda research can be classified as 'tooth fairy science,' research that accepts as its premise something not scientifically known to exist....Ayurveda is a long-standing system of beliefs and traditions, but its claimed effects have not been scientifically proven. Most Ayurveda researchers might as well be studying the tooth fairy. The German publisher Wolters Kluwer bought the Indian open-access publisher Medknow in 2011....It acquired its entire fleet of journals, including those devoted to pseudoscience topics such asAn International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda.”

[oxpsych-12] Semple D, Smyth R (2019).Chapter 1: Thinking about psychiatry.Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry(4th изд.). Oxford University Press. стр. 24.ISBN 978-0-19-879555-1.doi:10.1093/med/9780198795551.003.0001.„These pseudoscientific theories may...confuse metaphysical with empirical claims (e.g....Ayurvedic medicine)”(потребна претплата)

[13] „Karha: the Heart of Chai”.Hanumanchai.blogspot.ca.Приступљено2018-05-29.

[14] What is Chai?Архивирано2015-04-30 на сајтуWayback Machine

[15] „Recipe for 5 Spice Tea | Tea”.Tealicious(на језику: енглески). Архивирано изоригинала18. 05. 2019. г.Приступљено2019-05-18.

[16] Shaista Kokab and Shahid Ahmad (2011). „Developing Herbal Pharmaceutics in Pakistan – II: Distinctiveness of Selected Medicinal Herbs and Uses”.Managing Natural Resources for Sustaining Future Agriculture.3(21).

[walters1996-17] Walters, Dirk R.; Keil, David J. (1. 1. 1996).Vascular PlantTaxonomy(4th изд.). United States: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. стр.602.ISBN 978-0-7872-2108-9.

[Wofford1989-18] Wofford, B. Eugene (1989).Guide to the Vascular Plants of the Blue Ridge.University of Georgia Press. стр. 10—15.ISBN 978-0-8203-2455-5.

[19] „Protected Areas of India: State-wise break up of Wildlife Sanctuaries”(PDF).Wildlife Institute of India.Government of India.Архивирано(PDF)из оригинала 24. 10. 2016. г.Приступљено24. 8. 2016.

[popu-20] „Figures at a glance”(PDF).2011 Provisional census data.Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.Архивирано(PDF)из оригинала 24. 10. 2011. г.Приступљено17. 9. 2011.

[Hickey-21] Hickey, M.; King, C. (2001).The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms.Cambridge University Press. стр. 30.ISBN 978-0521790802.„A much-branched inflorescence.”(softcoverISBN 978-0521794015).

[22] Unsung Hero: Tale of an ingenious farmer,www.rediff.com, 30 May 2007.

[23] „New cardamom variety – Njallani”,National Innovation Foundation,Idukki, Kerala, India: Department of Science and Technology, Архивирано изоригинала27. 05. 2013. г.,Приступљено02. 11. 2020

[24] „Poor rainfall may hit cardamom crop”.The Hindu Business Line.6. 7. 2007.

[25] „Cardamom: Scientists, Njallani developers fight”.CommodityOnline. 8. 1. 2008.

[26] „White Flowered Cardamom Variety”(PDF),Fourth National Technological Innovations & Traditional Knowledge Awards,India: National Innovation Foundation, Department of Science and Technology, Архивирано изоригинала(PDF)2013-05-17. г.

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Zeleni kardamon Istinski kardamon

Istinski kardamon (Elettaria cardamomum) ilustracija iz 1896.^[1]

Naučna klasifikacija
Carstvo:	Plantae
Kladus:	Tracheophytes
Kladus:	Angiospermae
Kladus:	Monocotyledones
Kladus:	Commelinids
Red:	Zingiberales
Porodica:	Zingiberaceae
Rod:	Elettaria
Vrsta:	E. kardamon
Binomno ime
*Elettaria kardamon* (L.)Maton
Sinonimi^[2]
Amomum cardamomumL. Amomum repensSonn., illegitimate superfluous name Amomum racemosumLam., illegitimate superfluous name Alpinia cardamomum(L.) Roxb. Cardamomum officinaleSalisb. Zingiber cardamomum(L.) Stokes Matonia cardamomum(L.) Stephenson & J.M.Churchill Cardamomum verumOken, illegitimate superfluous name Elettaria repensBaill., illegitimate superfluous name Elettaria cardamomumvar.minorWatt, not validly published Cardamomum elletariGarsault, rejected name Zingiber minusGaertn. Amomum ensalRaeusch. Amomum uncinatumStokes Cardamomum malabaricumPritz. Cardamomum minus(Gaertn.) Kuntze Elettaria cardamomumvar.minusculaBurkill, without description