Diplopode

Diplopoda; Vremenski raspon:428–0Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Kasnisilurdosadašnjosti
	Reprezentativna selekcija stonoga (nisu u srazmeri)
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Arthropoda
Podtip:	Myriapoda
Klasa:	Diplopoda; De BlainvilleuGervais,1844
Podklase
	Penicillata; Chilognatha; †Arthropleuridea;
Diverzitet
	16 redova, oko 12.000 vrsta

Diplopodasu najobimnija grupastonoga.Poznato je oko 12.000 vrsta koje su najbrojnije utropskimpredelima

Opis i građa

Telo im je cilindrično, diferencirano naglavu,grudi iabdomen.Abdomen je građen od udvojenih segmenata i ekstremiteta po čemu su i dobile ime. Glava diplopoda je jasno izražena. Na njoj se nalaze kratke antene sa po 7 – 9 članaka.Očisu im građene od skupina prostih očiju (ocela). Usta su im okruženamandibulamakoje su snažne i složeno grđene. Iza mandibula se nalazi gnatohilarijum. Gnatohilarijum na distalnoj ivici nosi nekolikotuberkulakoje služe kao čulaukusai za pridržavanje delova hrane. Iza glave se nalaze četiri segmenta koji nisu udvojeni pa se ovaj deo označava kao grudni (thorax). Prvi segment (collum) je bez ekstremiteta. On je krupan i specifične morfologije, označava se i kao vratni segment. Sledeća tri segmenta imaju po par ekstremiteta. Na trećem segmentu toraksa se nalazi parni polni otvor, pa se on označava kao i genitalni. Iza segmenata grudi sledi serija diplosegmenata sa po dva para ekstremiteta. Na zadnjem segmentu, pigidijumu nalazi se analni otvor.Respiratorni sistemje građen odtrahejakoje se otvaraju parnim stigmama sa ventralne strane. Stigme vode u trahejne cevčice koje se granaju po celom telu. Ekskreciju vrše parni Malpigijevi sudovi koji su vrlo dugi.Nervni sistemje lestvičast kao i kod ostalih stonoga, samo što suganglijeu diplosegmentima abdomena udvojene. Od čula imaju dobro razvijene oči, građene od skupina ocela. Većina diplopoda je negativno fototropna. Antene imaju senzitivne dlačice za precepciju mehaničkih draži. Pored njih na antenama se nalaze hemoreceptori koji su razvijeni i na gnatohilarijumu.^[1]

Stanište i distribucija

Nastanjuju sve kontinente osimAntarktika.Naseljavaju skoro sva terestrična staništa u rasponu odarktičkog krugana severu doArgentinskeprovincijeSanta Kruzna jugu. Tipični su stanovnici šumskog tla, žive u opalom lišću, trulim stablima ili u zemlji pod uslovom da stanište vlažno. Najbrojnije su u vlažnim šumamaumerene zonegde mogu da dostignu gustinu od preko 1,000 individua po metru kvadratnom.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Ishrana

Za većinuDiplopodaje karakteristično da se hrane biljnom hranom koju grickaju složenim mandibulama. Neke tropske vrste su zoofagne i hrane se sitnimbeskičmenjacima.^[1]

Sistematika

U okviru klaseDiplopodase izdvajaju dve potklase sa više redova:PselaphognathaiChilognatha.Pselaphognathaobuhvata oko 100 vrsta sitnih diplopoda koje su klasifikovane u familijuPolyxenidae.U okviru potklaseChilognathaizdvajaju se tri nadreda:Opisthandria,ColobognathaiProterandria.^[1]

Familije

AbacionidaeShelley, 1979
AdritylidaeShear, 1971
AllopocockiidaeKeeton, 1960
AndrognathidaeCope, 1869
AphelidesmidaeBrolemann, 1916
AprosphylosomatidaeHoffman, 1961
ApterouridaeLoomis, 1966
AtopetholidaeChamberlin, 1918
BlaniulidaeKoch, 1847
BranneriidaeCook, 1896
CambalidaeBollman, 1893
CambalopsidaeCook, 1895
CaseyidaeVerhoeff, 1909
ChelodesmidaeCook, 1895
ChelojulidaeEnghoff, 1991
ChoctellidaeChamberlin & Hoffman, 1950
CleidogonidaeCook, 1896
ConotylidaeCook, 1896
CraspedosomatidaeGray, 1843
CryptodesmidaeKarsch, 1880
CyrtodesmidaeCook, 1896
DorsoporidaeLoomis, 1958
EurymerodesmidaeCausey, 1951
EuryuridaePocock, 1909
FloridobolidaeKeeton, 1959
FuhrmannodesmidaeBrolemann, 1916
GlomeridaeLeach, 1815
GlomeridesmidaeLatzel, 1884
HaplodesmidaeCook, 1895
HirudisomatidaeSilvestri, 1896
HolistophallidaeSilvestri, 1909
JulidaeLeach, 1814
LophoproctidaeSilvestri, 1897
MacrosternodesmidaeBrolemann, 1916
MessicobolidaeLoomis, 1968
NearctodesmidaeChamberlin & Hoffman, 1950
NemasomatidaeBollman, 1893
OkeanobatidaeVerhoeff, 1942
OniscodesmidaeDeSaussure, 1860
PachybolidaeCook, 1897
PaeromopodidaeCook, 1895
ParadoxosomatidaeDaday, 1889
ParajulidaeBollman, 1893
PlatydesmidaeDeSaussure, 1860
PlatyrhacidaePocock, 1895
PolydesmidaeLeach, 1815
PolyxenidaeLucas, 1840
PolyzoniidaeNewport, 1844
PseudonannolenidaeSilvestri, 1895
PseudospirobolellidaeBrolemann, 1913
PyrgodesmidaeSilvestri, 1896
RhachodesmidaeCarl, 1903
RhinocricidaeBrolemann, 1913
RhiscosomididaeSilvestri, 1909
SchizopetalidaeVerhoeff, 1909
SiphoniulidaePocock, 1894
SiphonophoridaeNewport, 1844
SiphonorhinidaeCook, 1895
SiphonotidaeCook, 1895
SphaeriodesmidaeHumbert & DeSaussure, 1869
SpirobolellidaeBrolemann, 1913
SpirobolidaeBollman, 1893
SpirostreptidaeBrandt, 1833
StemmiulidaePocock, 1894
StriariidaeBollman, 1893
TelsonemasomatidaeEnghoff, 1991
TingupidaeLoomis, 1966
TrichopetalidaeVerhoeff, 1914
TridontomidaeLoomis & Hoffman, 1962
TrigoniulidaeAttems, 1909
TyphlobolellidaeHoffman, 1980
UrochordeumatidaeSilvestri, 1909
XystodesmidaeCook, 1895
ZosteractinidaeLoomis, 1943

Rodovi

AbacionRafinesque, 1820
AceratophallusCarl, 1902
AchemenidesShear, 1971
AchromoporusLoomis, 1936
AcutangulusAttems, 1898
AdritylaCausey, 1961
AenigmopusLoomis & Hoffman, 1962
AgenodesmusLoomis, 1934
AirocaulonLoomis, 1964
AkamptogonusAttems, 1914
AlakeneChamberlin, 1941
AlcimobolusLoomis, 1936
AliulusCausey, 1950
AllajulusKoch, 1847
AllarithmusAttems, 1933
AllopocockiaBrolemann, 1913
AlocodesmusSilvestri, 1896
AmeractisCausey, 1959
AmphelictogonChamberlin, 1918
AmplinusAttems, 1898
AnadenobolusSilvestri, 1897
AndrognathusCope, 1869
AnelusCook, 1911
AniulusChamberlin, 1940
AnombrocheirBuckett & Gardner, 1969
AntillodesmusChamberlin, 1918
AntrogonodesmusHoffman, 1959
ApacheiulusLoomis, 1968
AphelidesmusBrolemann, 1898
ApheloriaChamberlin, 1921
AporodesminusSilvestri, 1904
AprosphylosomaHoffman, 1961
ApterourusLoomis, 1966
ArchiboreoiulusBrolemann, 1921
ArinolusChamberlin, 1940
ArolusChamberlin, 1922
ArvechambusCausey, 1963
AsiomorphaVerhoeff, 1939
AtopetholusChamberlin, 1918
AuracricusPérez-Asso, 1998
AustrotylaCausey, 1961
AuturusChamberlin, 1942
AztecolusChamberlin, 1943
BarrodesmusChamberlin, 1940
BarydesmusCook, 1896
BdellozoniumCook & Loomis, 1928
BeatadesmusLoomis, 1934
BerlesedesmusLoomis, 1975
BiaporusLoomis, 1941
BidentogonBuckett & Gardner, 1968
BistolodesmusShelley, 1994
BlancosomaShear & Hubbard, 1998
BlaniulusGervais, 1836
BollmanellaChamberlin, 1941
BollmaniulusVerhoeff, 1926
BonetesmusChamberlin, 1942
BorariaChamberlin, 1943
BotrydesmusLoomis, 1934
BrachoriaChamberlin, 1939
BrachycybeWood, 1864
BrachyiulusBerlese, 1884
BranneriaBollman, 1893
BrevigonusShelley, 1980
BrunsoniaLoomis & Schmitt, 1971
BuotusChamberlin, 1940
BuwatiaChamberlin, 1912
BuzoniumCook & Loomis, 1928
CabracaShear, 1982
CaliactisShelley, 1996
CalianotusShelley, 1997
CaliforniulusVerhoeff, 1938
CalymmodesmusCarl, 1914
CalyptodesmusSchubart, 1944
CambalaGray, 1832
CambalommaLoomis, 1941
CaraibodesmusChamberlin, 1918
CaralindaHoffman, 1978
CarambaShear, 1977
CaseyaCook & Collins, 1895
CatapleuradesmusLoomis, 1964
CentrelusCook, 1911
CeuthauxusChamberlin, 1942
ChaetaspisBollman, 1887
CheirogonusHoffman, 1982
CheiropusLoomis, 1944
ChelogonobolusCarl, 1919
ChelojulusEnghoff, 1982
CherokiaChamberlin, 1949
ChicobolusChamberlin, 1947
ChilaphrodesmusLoomis, 1934
ChirripeckiaHoffman, 1976
ChoctellaChamberlin, 1918
ChonapheCook, 1904
ChondrodesmusSilvestri, 1897
ChondromorphaSilvestri, 1897
ChondrotropisLoomis, 1936
ChoneiulusBrolemann, 1921
ChromodesmusLoomis, 1976
ChytodesmusCook, 1896
CleidogonaCook, 1895
CleptoriaChamberlin, 1939
CoccoelasmaLoomis, 1936
CodiulusChamberlin, 1940
ColactisLoomis, 1937
ColactoidesShelley, 1997
ColobodesmusBrolemann, 1905
ComanchelusHoffman & Orcutt, 1960
ConotylaCook & Collins, 1895
CorypusLoomis & Schmitt, 1971
CraspedosomaLeach, 1814
CraterodesmusLoomis, 1941
CroataniaShelley, 1977
CryptocoryphaAttems, 1907
CryptymaChamberlin, 1943
CubodesmusChamberlin, 1918
CurodesmusChamberlin, 1922
CyclodesmusHumbert & DeSaussure, 1869
CyclopsodesmusLoomis, 1964
CyclothyrophorusPocock, 1908
CylindrodesmusPocock, 1889
CylindrogonusLoomis, 1964
CylindroiulusVerhoeff, 1894
CylindromusLoomis, 1977
CylionusCook, 1898
CynedesmusCook, 1895
CyphodesmusPeters, 1864
CyphotylusLoomis, 1936
CyrtapheLoomis, 1936
CyrtodesmusGervais, 1847
DarlingtoniellaLoomis, 1938
DecaporodesmusKenyon, 1899
DelophonChamberlin, 1943
DeltotariaCausey, 1942
DesmethusChamberlin, 1922
DesmonusCook, 1898
DiactisLoomis, 1937
DiaphanacmeLoomis, 1964
DicellariusChamberlin, 1920
DicropusLoomis, 1972
DilophopsLoomis, 1934
DiuncustomaShelley, 1997
DixioriaChamberlin, 1947
DocodesmiellaLoomis, 1961
DocodesmusCook, 1896
DoileneChamberlin, 1941
DorsoporusLoomis, 1958
DuoporusCook, 1901
DybasiaLoomis, 1964
DynoriaChamberlin, 1939
ElcarmeniaKraus, 1954
EllipodesmusChamberlin, 1918
EnantiogonusLoomis, 1961
EndereLoomis, 1938
EpinannoleneBrolemann, 1903
ErdelyiaHoffman, 1962
ErgeneChamberlin, 1943
ErgodesmusChamberlin, 1949
EthojulusChamberlin, 1918
EurelusChamberlin, 1941
EurhinocricusBrolemann, 1903
EurymerodesmusBrolemann, 1900
EuryurusKoch, 1847
EusphaeriodesmusBrolemann, 1916
EutynellusChamberlin, 1940
EutyporhachisPocock, 1909
ExallostethusHoffman, 1975
FalloriaHoffman, 1948
FennelliaLoomis, 1941
FloreaShelley, 1996
FloridobolusCausey, 1957
FomentocricusPérez-Asso, 1998
FurcillariaShelley, 1981
GeorgiulusHoffman, 1992
GlomeridesmusGervais, 1844
GlomeroidesChamberlin, 1922
GlyphiulusGervais, 1847
GonoessaShelley, 1984
GosiulusChamberlin, 1940
GosodesmusChamberlin, 1922
GranmadesmusPérez-Asso, 1996
GyalostethusHoffman, 1965
GyniulusLoomis, 1963
HaitobolusMauriès & Hoffman, 1998
HakiulusChamberlin, 1940
HaplocyclodesmusAttems, 1940
HarpagonopusLoomis, 1960
HarpapheCook, 1904
HenicomusLoomis, 1941
HeptiumLoomis, 1937
HeteropenteLoomis, 1933
HexadesmusLoomis, 1933
HiltoniusChamberlin, 1918
HolistophallusSilvestri, 1909
HybocestusHoffman, 1959
HypselodesmusLoomis, 1941
HypsiloporusLoomis, 1961
IdagonaBuckett & Gardner, 1967
IdiurodesmusSilvestri, 1924
IdrionariaShelley, 1996
IllacmeCook & Loomis, 1928
IlliniurusShear, 1968
IomoidesLoomis, 1934
IomusCook, 1911
IrazunusAttems, 1933
IrogonusLoomis, 1964
IsapheCook, 1904
IschnocybeCook & Loomis, 1928
IschnosphaeriodesmusBrolemann, 1916
IsoporostreptusSilvestri, 1898
JeekeliaLoomis, 1941
JobocricusPérez-Asso, 1998
JulusLinnaeus, 1758
KapyrodesmusAttems, 1940
KarukeromusMauriès, 1980
KepolydesmusChamberlin, 1910
LasiomazusLoomis, 1941
LeiocricusLoomis, 1936
LeiodereLoomis, 1938
LeiogonopusLoomis, 1964
LeiomodesmusLoomis, 1938
LeptogoniulusSilvestri, 1897
LigiodesmusPocock, 1909
LignydesmusCook, 1896
LiomusChamberlin, 1950
LitiulusChamberlin, 1940
LobodesmusLoomis, 1936
LoomisiolaHoffman, 1979
LophocyclusLoomis, 1936
LophodesmusPocock, 1894
LophomusLoomis & Schmitt, 1971
LophoproctinusSilvestri, 1948
LophoturusBrolemann, 1931
LourdesiaShelley, 1991
LyrraneaHoffman, 1963
MacromastusLoomis & Schmitt, 1971
MacroxenodesSilvestri, 1948
MaderesmusChamberlin, 1943
MannobolusLoomis, 1968
MayastreptusHoffman, 1998
MessicobolusBrolemann, 1913
MestosomaSilvestri, 1897
MetaphallusChamberlin, 1952
MetaxycheirBuckett & Gardner, 1969
MetopionaGardner & Shelley, 1989
MexicambalaCausey, 1964
MexicoiulusVerhoeff, 1926
MexiconiumShelley, 1996
MexidesmusLoomis, 1976
MexiterpesCausey, 1963
MitocybeCook & Loomis, 1928
MontapheChamberlin, 1949
MoreleneChamberlin, 1943
MotyxiaChamberlin, 1941
MulaikiulusChamberlin, 1941
MyrmecodesmusSilvestri, 1910
NannariaChamberlin, 1918
NannoleneBollman, 1887
NanorrhacusCook, 1896
NarceusRafinesque, 1820
NearctodesmusSilvestri, 1910
NeoleptodesmusCarl, 1903
NesobolusChamberlin, 1918
NopoiulusMenge, 1851
NyssodesmusCook, 1896
OchrogrammaGardner & Shelley, 1989
OchthocelataShelley, 1995
OctoglenaWood, 1864
OdachurusLoomis, 1938
OenomaeaHoffman, 1964
OkeanobatesVerhoeff, 1939
OkliulusCausey, 1950
OnomerisCook, 1896
OnychelusCook, 1904
OodedesmusLoomis, 1960
OphiodesmusCook, 1895
OphyiulusBerlese, 1884
OpionaChamberlin, 1951
OrinisobatesLohmander, 1932
OriulusChamberlin, 1940
OropheChamberlin, 1951
OrthoporusSilvestri, 1897
OxidusCook, 1911
OxypygeSilvestri, 1896
OxypygidesChamberlin, 1922
PachydesmusCook, 1895
PachygonopusLoomis, 1964
PaeromopusKarsch, 1881
PaiteyaChamberlin, 1910
PammicrophallusPocock, 1909
ParajulusHumbert & DeSaussure, 1869
PararhachistesPocock, 1909
ParcipromusShelley, 1995
ParvulodesmusShelley, 1983
PeckfiskiaLoomis, 1969
PenteporusLoomis, 1936
PeridontodesmusSilvestri, 1896
PetaserpesCope, 1870
PetenobolusLoomis, 1968
PharodereLoomis, 1938
PheniulusChamberlin, 1943
PhreatodesmusLoomis, 1960
PhylactophallusPocock, 1909
PiedolusChamberlin, 1930
PinesmusChamberlin, 1943
PlatydereLoomis, 1938
PlatydesmusLucas, 1843
PlatyurodesmusLoomis, 1977
PlesioproctusCondé, 1964
PleurolomaRafinesque, 1820
PlicatodesmusPérez-Asso, 1995
PlumatylaShear, 1972
PodiscodesmusLoomis, 1941
PolydesmusLatreille, 1802/1803
PolylepiscusPocock, 1909
PolyxenusLatreille, 1802/1803
PoratiaCook & Cook, 1894
PoratioidesLoomis, 1970
PozodesmusShear, 1986
PrionogonusShelley, 1982
ProaspisLoomis, 1941
ProeilodesmusHoffman, 1990
ProsopodesmusSilvestri, 1910
ProstemmiulusSilvestri, 1916
ProteroiulusSilvestri, 1897
PsammodesmusCook, 1896
PseudojulusBollman, 1887
PseudopolydesmusAttems, 1898
PseudospirobolellusCarl, 1912
PseudotremiaCope, 1869
PsochodesmusCook, 1896
PterygiodesmusLoomis, 1936
PtyoiulusCook, 1895
QuisquiciaLoomis, 1936
ReddellobusCausey, 1973
RettenmeyeriaLoomis, 1959
RhachidomorphaDeSaussure, 1860
RhachodesmusCook, 1895
RhaphandraLoomis, 1966
RhinocricusKarsch, 1881
RhinotusCook, 1896
RhiscosomidesSilvestri, 1909
RhysodesmusCook, 1895
RicodesmusChamberlin, 1922
RudiloriaCausey, 1955
SaiulusChamberlin, 1940
SakophallusChamberlin, 1942
SalvadoriaKraus, 1954
SarolepisLoomis, 1964
SchistidesChamberlin, 1922
SchmidtolusChamberlin, 1953
ScobinomusLoomis, 1953
ScoliogmusLoomis, 1941
ScoterpesCope, 1872
ScytonotusKoch, 1847
SelenocheirShelley, 1994
SeminellogonChamberlin, 1933
SemionellusChamberlin, 1920
SierresmusChamberlin, 1943
SigmocheirChamberlin, 1951
SigmoriaChamberlin, 1939
SimiulusChamberlin, 1940
SiphonacmeCook & Loomis, 1928
SiphoniulusPocock, 1894
SiphonocybePocock, 1903
SiphonophoraBrandt, 1837
SolaenogonaHoffman, 1950
SolaenorhabdusHoffman, 1950
SophiulusChamberlin, 1940
SpathiulusChamberlin, 1940
SpeodesmusLoomis, 1939
SpeoseyaCausey, 1954
SpeostriariaCausey, 1960
SphaeriodesmusPeters, 1864
SpirobolellusPocock, 1894
StelgipusLoomis, 1944
StemmiulusGervais, 1844
StenodesmusDeSaussure, 1859
StenozoniumShelley, 1998
StriariaBollman, 1888
StrongylodesmusDeSaussure, 1859
StyraxodesmusChamberlin, 1918
SumideroShear, 1982
SynecheporusLoomis, 1941
SynopturaAttems, 1914
SynthodesmusChamberlin, 1922
TaiyutylaChamberlin, 1952
TalamanciaLoomis, 1974
TancitaresChamberlin, 1942
TaphrodesmusSilvestri, 1910
TarascolusChamberlin, 1943
TeinorhachisLoomis, 1961
TelsonemasomaEnghoff, 1979
TeniulusChamberlin, 1951
TetracionHoffman, 1956
TexophonChamberlin, 1946
ThalassisobatesVerhoeff, 1908
ThrinaxoriaChamberlin & Hoffman, 1950
ThriniulusChamberlin, 1940
ThyroproctusPocock, 1894
TichodesmusChamberlin, 1940
TidolusChamberlin, 1949
TiganogonaChamberlin, 1928
TigoleneChamberlin, 1941
TingupaChamberlin, 1910
TirodesmusCook, 1896
TitsonaChamberlin, 1912
ToltecolusChamberlin, 1943
TomodesmusChamberlin, 1918
TracheloaspisLoomis, 1961
TrichomerisLoomis, 1943
TrichomorphaSilvestri, 1897
TrichopetalumHarger, 1872
TridereCook & Loomis, 1938
TridesmusCook, 1896
TridontomusLoomis & Hoffman, 1962
TrigenotylaCausey, 1951
TrigoniulusPocock, 1894
TubapheCausey, 1954
TuniulusChamberlin, 1940
TunodesmusChamberlin, 1922
TylobolusCook, 1904
TylogoneusCausey, 1973
TynommaLoomis, 1937
TyphlobolellusHoffman, 1969
UnculabesCausey, 1971
UnderwoodiaCook & Collins, 1895
UroblaniulusAttems, 1901
UrochordeumaSilvestri, 1913
UtadesmusChamberlin & Hoffman, 1950
UvaldiaLoomis, 1968
VaferiaCausey, 1958
VasingtonaChamberlin, 1941
VirgoiulusEnghoff, 1984
WamokiaChamberlin, 1941
WatichelusChamberlin, 1949
XenoporusLoomis, 1961
XystocheirCook, 1904
YucatobolusChamberlin, 1938
ZeuctodesmusPocock, 1909
ZipygeChamberlin, 1925
ZosteractisLoomis, 1943

Reference

^^а ^б ^вBrajković, Miloje.Zoologija Invertebrata II deo(prvo изд.). Zavod za udžbenike-Beograd. стр. 229, 230, 231, 232.
^Golovatch, Sergei I.; Kime, R. Desmond (2009). "Millipede (Diplopoda) distributions: a review" (PDF). Soil Organisms. 81 (3): 565–597.
^Adis, Joachim (1986). "An 'aquatic' millipede from a Central Amazonian inundation forest". Oecologia. 68 (3): 347–349. Bibcode:1986Oecol..68..347A. doi:10.1007/BF01036737.
^Burrows, F. J.; Hales, D. F.; Beattie, A. J. (1994). "Aquatic millipedes in Australia: a biological Enigma and a conservation saga". Australian Zoologist. 29 (3–4): 213–216. doi:10.7882/az.1994.007.
^Barber, A. D., ed. (2013). "World Database of Littoral Myriapoda". World Register of Marine Species. Приступљено 25 October 2013.

Spoljašnje veze

Milli-PEET: The Class Diplopoda– The Field Museum, Chicago
Millipedes of Australia Архивиранона сајтуWayback Machine(27. јун 2018)
Diplopoda: Guide to New Zealand Soil Invertebrates Архивиранона сајтуWayback Machine(13. мај 2020) – Massey University
SysMyr, a myriapod taxonomy database Архивиранона сајтуWayback Machine(25. април 2020)
British Myriapod & Isopod Group

[Brajković-1] а ^б ^вBrajković, Miloje.Zoologija Invertebrata II deo(prvo изд.). Zavod za udžbenike-Beograd. стр. 229, 230, 231, 232.

[2] Golovatch, Sergei I.; Kime, R. Desmond (2009). "Millipede (Diplopoda) distributions: a review" (PDF). Soil Organisms. 81 (3): 565–597.

[3] Adis, Joachim (1986). "An 'aquatic' millipede from a Central Amazonian inundation forest". Oecologia. 68 (3): 347–349. Bibcode:1986Oecol..68..347A. doi:10.1007/BF01036737.

[4] Burrows, F. J.; Hales, D. F.; Beattie, A. J. (1994). "Aquatic millipedes in Australia: a biological Enigma and a conservation saga". Australian Zoologist. 29 (3–4): 213–216. doi:10.7882/az.1994.007.

[5] Barber, A. D., ed. (2013). "World Database of Littoral Myriapoda". World Register of Marine Species. Приступљено 25 October 2013.

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