Asia Kidul Wétan

Asia Tenggara

TopograpiAsia Tenggara.

Area	4,523,000 km²
Populasi	568,300,000
Kapadetan	126 per km²
Nagara	11
Teritori	12
GDP	$900 miliar (exchange rate) $2.8 triliun (purchasing power parity)
GDP per kapita	$1,584 (exchange rate) $4,927 (purchasing power parity)
Basa	Indonesia,Filipina,Vietnam,Thai,Burma,Malayu,Khmer,Lao,Tetum,Nikobar,Mandarin,Inggris,Tamil,Portugis,Bengali,Hindi,Malayalam,Punjabi,Telugu,Jawa,Sunda,Tagalog,Cebuano,Madura,Kanton,Min,Taiwan (Min Nan),jeunglianna
Zona wanci	UTC +9:00 (Indonesia) tepi ka UTC +5:30 (Kapuloan Andaman jeung Nikobar)
Kota gede	Jakarta Manila Bangkok Ho Chi Minh City Surabaya Kuala Lumpur Singapura Hanoi Bandung Medan Yangon

Asia TenggaraatawaAsia Kidul Wétannyaéta hijisubwewengkondiAsia,nu ngawengku nagara-nagara nu sacara géografis aya di kiduleunChina,wetaneunIndiasarta kalereunAustralia.Wewengkon Asia Tenggara ngampar dina interseksi pelat géologis, kalayan aktivitas seismik katut vulkanik nu rongkah.

Asia Tenggara ngawengku dua wewengkon géografis: Asia daratan, jeungisland arckatutkapuloannu aya di wetan jeung wetan kiduleunnana. BagéandaratankaasupKamboja,Laos,Myanmar,ThailandjeungVietnam;nu populasina utamanaurang Taijeungurang Austroasiatik;ageman nu dominan nyaétaBuda,tuluyIslam.BagéanmaritimkaasupBrunei,Timor Wetan,Indonesia,Malaysia,PilipinajeungSingapura.Urang Austronesianu panglobana aya di wewengkon ieu; ageman nu dominan nyaétaIslam,tuluyKristen^[rujukan?].

Babagian

Pulitis

Asia Tenggara mindeng nujul kana hiji wewengkon nu ngawengku nagara-nagara di handap ieu, sok sanajan ari dina prak-prakannana mah, boh sacara umum atawa husus, wewengkonna bisa leuwih heureut atawa leuwih lega.

• Brunei
• Kamboja
• Indonésia
• Laos
• Malaysia
• Myanmar
• Pilipina
• Citakan:SGP
• Thailand
• Citakan:ETM
• Viétnam

Sakabéh nagara nu disebutkeun di luhur nyaéta anggotaAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations(ASéaN), kajabaTimor Wetan,nu mangrupa calon kénéh. Wewengkon ieu, babarengan jeung bagéanAsia Kidul,saméméhna katelahIndies Wetanatawa basajanna mah disebutIndies.

Artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh,ditarjamahkeuntinabasa Inggris. Bantuanna didagoan pikeunnarjamahkeun.

Mungguhing sacara pulitik mangrupa wewengkon cangkingan luar ti Australia,Pulo NatalsarengKapuloan Cocossacara kabudayaanana mangrupa bagéan Asia Kidul Wétan. Mungguhing, sawataraKapuloan di Laut Cina KidulKiwari janten pajoréwatan.Papua,kumaha ogé, sacara pulitik mangrupa bagéan Asia Kidul Wétan ti Indonésia, sanaos sacara géografi mindeng disamarutkeun minangka bagéan tiOceania.

Geograpis

Lokasi Asia Tenggara.

Sacara géografina Asia Kidul Wétan kabagi Kana dua wewengkon, utaminaAsia Kidul Wétan Daratan(atawaIndochina) sarengMaritime Southeast Maritim(atawaSemenanjung MalayaMalayu:Nusantara).

Asia Tenggara Daratankaasup:

• Kamboja
• Laos
• Myanmar
• Thailand
• Viétnam

Asia Tenggara Maritimkaasup:

• Brunéi
• Timor Wétan
• Indonésia
• Malaysia
• Pilipina
• Singapura

Gunung seuneun Mayon.

Malaysia dibagi kuLaut Cina Selatan.Semenanjung Malaysiadi daratan mungguhingMalaysia WétandiKalimantan,pulo pangageungna di wewengkon ieu. Nanging, Malaysia mindeng dianggrp nagara kapuloan. Ogé, bagéan wétan Indonésia jeung Timor Wétan (wétan gurat Wallace) dianggep bagéan géograpis ti Oceania.

Gunung Kinabalu.

Kapuloan Andaman jeung NicobardiIndiadisamarutkeun minangka bagéan Asia Kidul Wétan.Pulo Hainanmindeng dianggep Asia Kidul Wétan ogéAsia Wétan.

Sajarah

Arsitektur dina gayaSriwijaya.

Solheim and others have shown evidence for aNusantao(Nusantara) maritime trading network ranging fromVietnamto the rest of the archipelago as éarly as5000 BCEto1 CE.

The péoples of Southéast Asia, especially those ofAustronesiandescent, have been séafarers for thousands of yéars, some réaching the island ofMadagascar.Their vessels, such as thevinta,were océan-worthy.Magellan'svoyage records how much more manœuvrable their vessels were, as compared to the Européan ships.

Passage through theIndian Oceanaided the colonization of Madagascar by theMalay race,as well as commerce betweenWest Asiaand Southéast Asia. Gold fromSumatrais thought to have réached as far west asRome.

Originally most péople wereanimist.This was later replaced by Brahmanic Hinduism.Theravada Buddhismsoon followed in525.In 1400s, Islamic influences began to enter. This forced the last Hindu court in Indonésia to retréat toBali.

In Mainland South éast Asia, Myanmar, Cambodia and Thailand retained the Theravada form of Buddhism, brought to them from Sri Lanka. This type of Buddhism was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture.

Indianized kingdom

Very little is known about Southéast Asian religious beliefs and practices before the advent of Indian merchants and religious influences from the second century BCE onwards. Prior to the13th century,BuddhismandHinduismwere the main religions in Southéast Asia.

TheJawa DwipaHindu kingdom inJavaandSumatraexisted around200 BCE.

The history of the Malay-spéaking world begins with the advent of Indian influence, which dates back to at léast the 3rd century BC. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an éarly date. Both Hinduism andBuddhismwere well established in theMalay Peninsulaby the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spréad across the archipelago.

Cambodiawas first influenced by Hinduism during the beginning of theFunankingdom. Hinduism was one of theKhmer Empire's official religions. Cambodia is the home to one of the only two temples dedicated toBrahmain the world.Angkor Watis also a famous Hindu temple of Cambodia.

TheMajapahit Empirewas anIndianized kingdombased in éasternJavafrom 1293 to around 1500. Its gréatest ruler wasHayam Wuruk,whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's péak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southernMalay Peninsula,Borneo,Sumatra,Baliand southern of thePhilippines.

TheCholasexcelled in maritime activity in both military and the mercantile fields. Their raids ofKedahand theSrivijaya,and their continued commercial contacts with theChinese Empire,enabled them to influence the local cultures. Many of the surviving examples of theHindu cultural influencefound today throughout the Southéast Asia are the result of the Chola expeditions.

Perdagangan Cina

Chinese merchants have traded with the region for a long time as evidence of Magellan's voyage records thatBruneipossessed morecannonthan the Européan ships so it appéars that the Chinese fortified them.

Malaysian legend has it that a Chinese Ming emperor sent a princess,Han Li Poto Malacca, with a retinue of 500, to marrySultan Mansur Shahafter the emperor was impressed by the wisdom of the sultan. Han Li Po's well (constructed1459) is now a tourist attraction there, as isBukit Cina,where her retinue settled.

The strategic value of theStrait of Malacca,which was controlled bySultanate of Malaccain the 15th and éarly 16th century, did not go unnoticed byPortuguesewriterDuarte Barbosa,who in 1500 wrote"He who is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat ofVenice".

Gambar:StraitOfMalacca2.jpg

Strait of Malacca,(narrows).

Western colonization

Westerninfluence started to enter in the1500s,with the arrival of the Portuguese and Spanish inMoluccasand thePhilippines.

Européan explorers were réaching Southéast Asia from the west and from the éast. A regular trade between the sailing ships éast, from the Indian Océan and south from mainland Asia provided goods in return for natural products such as honey and hornbill béaks from the islands of the archipelago.

Européans brought Christianity allowingChristianmissionaries to become widespréaded. Siam also allowed Western science and technology to enter their country. China traded a lot of rice.

Kiwari

Regional integration throughASEANis one of the goals of Southéast Asian countries today.

Currently, there are various conflicting territorial and/or maritime claims, both among these countries and even involving other parties (notably both Chinas in the case of theSpratly Islands).

Geograpi

Hạ Long Bay,a Natural World's Heritage Site inVietnam

Géologically, theMalay archipelagois one of the most activevulcanologicalregions in the world.Geologicalupliftsin the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating inMount KinabaluinSabah,Malaysia on the island of Bornéo with a height of 4,101 metres (13,455ft) and alsoPuncak JayainPapua,Indonésia at 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), on the island ofNew Guinea.

Sabudeureun

TheAustralasiancontinental platedefines a region adjacent to Southéast Asia, which is also politically separated from the countries of Southéast Asia. But a cultural touch point lies betweenPapua New Guineaand the Indonésian region ofPapua,which shares the island ofNew Guineawith Papua New Guinéa. A considerable colonization effort of Papua is underway. o

Iklim

The climate of Southéast Asia is mainly tropical – hot and humid all yéar round. There is a lot of rainfall. Southéast Asia has a wet and dry séason caused by séasonal shift in winds ormonsoon.Thetropical rain beltcauses additional rainfall during the monsoon séason. The rain forest is the second largest on éarth (with the Amazon being the largest). Exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain aréas in the northern region, where high altitudes léad to milder temperatures and drier landscape.

Lingkungan

Munding cai.

Wallace's hypothetical line between Australasian and Southeast Asian fauna.

The animals of Southéast Asia are diverse; on the islands ofBorneoandSumatra,theOrangutan(man of the forest), theAsian Elephant,the Malayantapir,theSumatran Rhinocerosand theBornean Clouded Leopardcan be also found. Thebearcatcan be found on the island ofPalawan.

TheWater Buffalo,both domesticated and wild, can be found all over Southéast Asia, where once it was found in much gréater extent in South Asia, for example. Themouse deer,a small tusked deer as large as a toy dog or cat, can be found on Sumatra, Bornéo and Palawan Islands. Thegaur,a gigantic wild ox larger than even wild Water buffalo, is found mainly in Indochina and Malaysia.

Birds such as thepeafowlanddrongolive in this subregion as far éast asIndonesia.Thebabirusa,a four-tusked pig, can be found in Indonésia as well. Thehornbillwas prized for its béak and used in trade with China. The horn of the rhinoceros, not part of its skull, was prized in China as well.

The Indonésian Archipelago is split by theWallace Line.This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (éastern) species. The islands between Java/Bornéo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacéa.

Great Hornbill- bird from Southeast Asia

The shallow waters of theSoutheast Asian coral reefshave the highest levels ofbiodiversityfor the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. Thewhale sharkcan be found in theSouth China Sea.

The trees and other plants of the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are tall enough, temperate-climate vegetation can be found. These rainforest aréas are currently being logged-over, especially in Bornéo.

While Southéast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southéast Asia is facing severedeforestationwhich causes habitat loss for variousendangered speciessuch as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. At the same time,hazehas been a regular occurrence. The worst regional haze occurred in 1998 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze. In réaction, several countries in Southéast Asia signed theASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollutionin order to combat haze pollution.

Ekonomi

The region is also one of the most productive in manufacturingmicroprocessors.Reserves ofoilare also present in the region.

Seventeen telecommunications companies have contracted to build a new submarine cable to connect Southéast Asia to the U.S.This is to avoid the disruption caused by the cutting of the underséa cable from Taiwan to the U.S. in a recent éarthquake.

Demograpi

Southéast Asia has an aréa of approx. 4,000,000 km² (1.6 million sq miles).As of 2004,more than 593 million péople lived in the region, more than a fifth of them (125 million) on the Indonésian island ofJava,the most densely populated large island in the world. The distribution of the religions and péople is diverse in Southéast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 millionoverseas Chinesealso live in Southéast Asia, most prominently inChristmas Island,Malaysia,Singapura,IndonesiajeungThailand,sarta oge,Hoa,diVietnam.

Golongan seler

According to a recentStanfordgenetic study,the Southéast Asian population is far from being homogenéous. Although primarily descendants of Austronesian, Tai, and Mon-Khmer-spéaking immigrants who migrated from Southern China during the Bronze Age and Iron Age, there are overlays of Arab, Chinese, Indian, Européan, Polynesian and Melanesian genes. ThePhilippineshas Asia's largestEurasian (mixed ancestry),AmericanandAmerasianpopulation, and is continuously growing.

There are also large pockets of intermarriage between indigenous Southéast Asians and those of Chinese descent. They form a substantial part of everyday life in countries such asThailandand thePhilippines.Indonésia and Malaysia also has a few mixed Southéast Asian-Chinese populations.

Ageman

Countries in Southéast Asia practise many different religions.MainlandSéa countries, which are, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, practise predominantlyBuddhism.Singaporeis also predominantly Buddhist. In the Malay Archipelago, péople living in Malaysia, western Indonésia and Brunei practise mainlyIslam.Christianityis predominant in the Philippines, éastern Indonésia and éast Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population followed by Vietnam, both ex-colonies of Européan powers.

The religious composition for éach country is as follows. Some values are taken from theCIA Factbook:

Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Animisme,Buda,Kristen,Hindu,Islam,Sikh
Brunei	Islam (67%), Buda (13%), Kristen (10%), lianna (indigenous beliefs, etc) (10%)
Kamboja	Buda Theravada(93%), lianna (animisme, jsb) (7%)
Pulo Christmas	Buda (36%), Islam (25%), Kristen (18%),Taoisme(15%), lianna (6%)
Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)	Islam Suni(80%), lianna (20%)
Timor Wetan	Katolik Roma(90%), Islam (5%),Protestan(3%), lianna (Buda, Hindu, jsb) (2%)
Pulo Hainan	Animisme, Konghucu,Buda Mahayana,Protestan, Katolik Roma, Taoisme,teu boga ageman,lianna
Indonésia	Islam (86.1%), Protestan (5.7%), Katolik Roma (3%), Hindui (1.8%), lianna kaasup Buda, atawa teu jelas (3.4%)
Laos	Buda Theravada (60%), lianna (animisme, jsb) (40%)
Malaysia	Islam (60.4%), Buda Mahayana (19.2%), Kristen (9.1%), Hindu (6.1%), Animisme (5.2%)
Myanmar	Buda Theravada (89%), Islam (4%), Kristen (4%), Animisme (1%), lianna (2%)
Pilipina	Katolik Roma(81%), Islam (5%),Evangelis(2.8%),Iglesia ni Cristo(2.2%),Aglipayan(2%), Kristen lianna (4.5%), lianna (animisme, Buda, teu boga ageman, jsb) (2.5%)
Singapura	Buda (42.5%), Islam (15%), Taoisme (8%), Katolik Roma (4.5%), Hindu (4%), teu boga ageman (15%), Kristen lianna (10%), lianna (1%)
Kapuloan di Laut Cina Kidul	Buda, Kristen, Konghucu, Islam, Taoisme, teu boga ageman
Thailand	Buda Theravada (94.6%), Islam (4.6%), lianna (1%)
Viet Nam	Buda Mahayana (78%), Katolik Roma (7%), Buda Theravada (5%),Cao Dai(2%), Protestan (1%), lianna (Animisme,Hoa Hao,Islam, teu boga ageman, jsb) (7%)

Religions and péoples are diverse in Southéast Asia and not one country is homogenéous. In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonésia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such asBali.Christianity also predominates inPhilippines,PapuaandTimor.Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southéast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia etc.Garuda(Sanskrit: Garuḍa), thephoenixwho is the mount (vahanam) ofVishnu,is a national symbol in bothThailandandIndonesia;in thePhilippines,gold images of Garuda have been found onPalawan;gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found onMindanao.Balinese Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as Animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Christians can also be found throughout Southéast Asia; they are in the majority in éast Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote aréas ofSarawakin éast Malaysia andPapuain éastern Indonésia. In Myanmar, Sakka (Indra) is revered as anat.In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practiced, which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis onAncestor Worship.

Basa

éach of the languages have been influenced by cultural pressures due to trade and historical colonization as well. Thus, for example, a Filipino, educated in English and Filipino, as well as in his native tongue (e.g., Visayan), might well spéak another language, such as Spanish for historical réasons, or even Japanese for economic réasons; a Malaysian might well spéak Malay, Chinese as well as English, again for economic réasons.

The language composition for éach country is as follows: (The official languages have been bolded.)

Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Nicobarese,Bengali,English,Hindi,Malayalam,Punjabi,Tamil,Telugu,Shompen, Andamanese languages, others
Brunei	Malayu,English, Chinese, indigenous Borneian dialects
Cambodia	Khmer,Vietnamese, Chamic dialects, others
Christmas Island	English,Chinese, Malay
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	English,Cocos Malay
éast Timor	Tetum,Portuguese,Indonésian, English, Mambae, Makasae, Tukudede, Bunak, Galoli, Kemak, Fataluku, Baikeno, others
Hainan Island	Mandarin (Chinese),Hainanese, Vietnamese, Hlai, Hmong, Tsat, Zhuang, others
Indonésia	Indonésian,Acehnese, Batak, Sundanese, Javanese, Sasak, Tetum, Dayak, Minahasa, Toraja, Buginese, Halmahera, Ambonese, Ceramese, Dutch, Papuan languages, Chinese, others
Laos	Lao,Vietnamese, Hmong, Miao, Mien, Dao, Shan, others
Malaysia	Malay,English, Tamil, Chinese, other Indian languages, Sarawakian and Sabahan languages, others
Myanmar	Burmese,Shan, Karen, Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Mon, Chinese dialects, Indian languages, others
Philippines	Tagalog,English,Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Bicolano, Maranao, Maguindanao, Tausug, Kinaray-a, Chabacano,Lán-lâng-oē(Philippine Hokkien), Spanish, Arabic, other Visayan languages, and other Native Philippine languages
Singapore	Mandarin (Chinese),Malay,Tamil,English,other Chinese dialects, other Indian languages, Arabic dialects, others
South China Séa Islands	English,Filipino,Malay,Mandarin (Chinese),Vietnamese
Thailand	Thai,Vietnamese, Lao, Shan, Lue, Phutai, Khmer, Mon, Mein, Hmong, Karen, Malay, Chinese dialects, others
Vietnam	Vietnamese,Khmer, Cham, French créole, Tay, Muong, Nung, English, others

Budaya

The Banaue Rice Terraces in Luzon Island, Philippines.

Rice paddyagriculture has existed in Southéast Asia for thousands of yéars, ranging across the subregion. Some dramatic examples of these rice paddies populate theBanaue Rice Terracesin the mountains ofLuzonin the Philippines. Maintenance of these paddies is very labor-intensive. The rice paddies are well-suited to the monsoon climate of the region.

Stilt housescan be found all over Southéast Asia, from Thailand and Laos, to Bornéo, to Luzon in the Philippines, toPapua New Guinea.

The region has diverse metalworking. This include wéaponry, such as the distinctiveKris,and musical instruments, such as thegamelan.

Pangaruh

Calendars
Buddhist Burmese Chinese Gregorian calendar Hindu Indonesian Islamic Thai (lunar) Thai (solar)

The region's chief cultural influences have been from eitherChinaorIndiaor both, withVietnamconsidered by far the mostChinese-influenced.

As a rule, the péoples who ate with their fingers were more likely influenced by the culture of India, for example, than the culture of China, where the péoples first ate withchopsticks;tea,as a beverage, can be found across the region. Thefish saucesdistinctive to the region tend to vary.

Seni

Dance in much of Southéast Asia also includes movement of the hands, as well as the feet. Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries. The Arts and Literature in some of South éast Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism brought to them centuries ago.

In Indonésia and Malaysia, though they converted to Islam, they retained many forms of Hindu influenced practices, cultures, arts and literatures. An example will be theWayang Kulit(Shadow Puppet) and literatures like theRamayana.This is also true for mainland South éast Asia (excluding Vietnam). Dance movements, Hindu gods, Arts were also fused intoThai,Khmer,LaotianandBurmesecultures.

In Vietnam, the Vietnamese share many cultural similarities with the Chinese.

Cuisine
Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

Musik

Gamelaninstruments are common in the region. These consists ofgongsand other tonal and percussive music. Most of the traditional music is based on apentatonic scale.

Tulisan

Gambar:101 1048.jpg

Balinese writing on palm leaf. Artifacts can be seen in theField Museum,Chicago,Illinois.

The history of Southéast Asia has led to a wéalth of different authors, from both within and without writing about the region.

Originally,Indianswere the ones who taught the native inhabitants about writing. This is shown throughBrahmicforms of writing present in the region such as theBalinese scriptshown on split palm léaf calledlontar,right:

The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper circa100,inChina.Note éach palm léaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the léaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southéast Asia tended to beabugidas,until the arrival of the Européans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This would have been more durable in the tropical climate of Southéast Asia.

Tempo ogé

• Southeast Asian Capitals
• Southeast Asian studies
• History of Southeast Asia
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization(SéaTO)
• Japanese foreign policy in Southeast Asia
• S.E.A. Write Award
• Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)
• List of Southeast Asian mountains
• Southeast Asian Leaders

Rujukan

• Tiwari, Rajnish (2003):Post-crisis Exchange Rate Regimes in Southeast AsiaArchived2006-03-26 diWayback Machine(PDF), Seminar Paper, University of Hamburg.

Tumbu kaluar

• Topography of Southeast Asia in detailArchived2009-05-06 diWayback Machine(PDF)
• CityMayors.com article
• Southeast Asian ArchiveArchived2012-12-12 diArchive.todayat the University of California, Irvine.
• "Documenting the Southeast Asian Refugee Experience"Archived2003-02-25 diArchive.today,exhibit at theUniversity of California, Irvine,Library.
• Southeast Asia Visions, a collection of historical travel narrativesCornell University Library Digital Collection