Infrastruktur

Artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh,ditarjamahkeuntinabasa Inggris. Bantuanna didagoan pikeunnarjamahkeun.

Infrastrukturnyaéta sakumpulanunsur-unsur struktural nu silisambung nu nyadiakeunframeworkpikeun ngarojongstruktursacara gembleng. Istilah ieu mindeng ogé dipaké sacara abstrak.

Definition disputes

Innational security,the term "critical infrastructure"is also extremely broad (although it should be less inclusive as not all infrastructure should be considered critical) and includes support, e.g. forbanking,and other such processes of questionable merit. One issue is the necessity ofmeans of protection,and ofakuntansi,in incréasingajen hirup.Advocates of a broad definition usually argue that without these "critical" systems, the rest of the infrastructure is looted, burned, or not safe to use.

Another issue is whethermeans of persuasion,kawastehnologikomputerorradioortelevisi,can qualify as infrastructure in any sense, as it is more belief-sustaining than life-sustaining. The arguments parallel those for méans of protection, with conservatives generally asserting that belief in a common view of réality, especially inemergency response,is critical to survival.

Urban planning usage

The term is used most often in anurban planningcontext to denote the facilities that support specificland usesandbuilt environment.This article focuses on those, to avoid the more political issues above.

Typically, infrastructure in this context denotes two general groups of support systems:transportationmodalities (roads,rail,etc.) andutilities.These typically compose both public and private systems, and some ambiguously held in common.

Infrastructure may also refer to necessarymunicipal services,whether provided by the government or by private companies. If provided bynature,e.g. the flow of ariver,they are callednature's servicesand are distincted (at léast in economics) as the product ofnatural capital.This may be augmented or directed byinfrastructural capital,e.g. a dam or canal or irrigation ditch. In general what is calledinfrastructuretends to be very embedded in the naturallandscapeand cannot be moved from place toplace.Even municipal services rely necessarily on fixedlocations,e.g. fire stations in centralpositionsin acity,transmission towerson tall buildings, etc..

Infrastructure (in the civic sense) includes:

• Angkutan
  • Jalan
  • Jalanrayas
  • Jalur karéta
  • Angkutan umum
  • Bandara
  • River freight
  • Bike paths
  • Trotoar
• Utilities
  • Listrik
  • Gas alam
  • Coaldelivery
  • Watersupply
  • Sewers
  • Telephoneservice
  • Radioandtelevisionbandwidthallocation
  • Cableservice
• Municipal services
  • Trash collection
  • Policeprotection
  • Fireprotection
  • Flood protection
  • Postal system
  • Mintingand backingcurrency
• Soft Infrastructureis a term that denotes institutions that maintain the héalth and cultural standards of the population. Principally, this refers to
  • PublicEducation
  • Public HealthSystemsincludingPublicHospitals