Barabara ya hariri

Njia za biashara ya kimataifa kati ya China na Ulaya wakati wakarne ya 1BK(majina ya nchi kwaKilatini:Sinae = China, Media Persis =Uajemi)

Barabara ya hariri(kwaKiingereza:"Silk road" ) ilikuwanjiamuhimu yabiasharakati yaChinakwa upande mmoja naAfrika Mashariki,Mashariki ya KatihalafuUlayakwa upande mwingine. Biashara hiyo iliendelea tangukarnezakabla ya Kristo.

Jinala "barabara ya hariri" limetokana nahaririambayo kwa muda mrefu ilitengenezwa katika China pekee ikawa kati yabidhaazilizotafutwa sanadunianikwabeiya juu.

MnamoJuni2014,UNESCOimetangaza sehemu Chang'an-Tianshan ya barabara hiyo kuwa mahali paUrithi wa Dunia.

Mtandao wa njia mbalimbali zilizopita Asia ya Kati

Barabara ya hariri haikuwa njia moja tu bali jumla ya njia za misafara kati ya China na nchi zaMagharibizilizopita katikaAsia ya Kati.

Kulikuwa na njia za kando, hasabaharini,kati yaChinanaUhindihalafu kutokaUhindihadiIrakauMisri.Njia za bahari zilikuwa muhimu hasa kama njia yanchi kavuilikatika wakati wavitaau ukosefu wa usalama. Kuna vipindi vichache ambako eneo lote la barabara ya hariri lilikuwa na usalama, hasa wakati wautawalawaWamongolia.Vinginevyosafarizilikuwa zahatarizikachukua muda mrefu. Bidhaa zilipitamikononimwawanafanyabiasharambalimbali zikaongezewa bei njiani.

Njia ya bidhaa, watu na mawazo

Si bidhaa tu ndizo zilizosafiri kwenye barabara ya hariri.Wasafiri,sanaa,mawazo,mafundisho,dininamagonjwawalipita pia kwa njia hiyo.

Teknolojiakama za kutengenezwa kwakaratasiau kuchapishwa kwavitabuzilipita njia hiyo kutoka China hadiAsia ya Magharibina kutoka huko hadi Ulaya.

Uenezaji waUbuddhakwendaMongoliana China katikakarne ya 1BK,waUkristokufika China katikakarne ya 3na waUislamukuelekeamasharikikatikakarne ya 8ulifuata barabara hii.

Njia ya magonjwa

Magonjwa yalipita njia hiyohiyo. Kwa mfanotauniilianza katikamiaka ya 1330katika China kwenye jimbo laYunnan.Ugonjwahuu unategemeavirobotokama kituo chavirusivyake.FarasizajeshilaMongoliana biashara yangoziilipeleka viroboto wale hadiBahari Nyeusi.Mwaka1348wafanyabiasharaWaitaliakutoka Bahari Nyeusi waliingiza ugonjwa Ulaya yenyewe ulikouaroboya wakazi wote.

Barabara mpya ya hariri ( "One Belt, One Road Initiative" au "Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road" ); nyekundu: China; machungwa: nchi wanachama wa Benki ya Uwekezaji wa Miundombinu ya Asia(Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank)

Barabara mpya ya hariri

Tangu mwaka2013serikali ya China imetangaza mpango wa "barabara mpya ya hariri"unaolenga kuimarisha na kupanua ushirikiano wa China, Asia ya Kati, Asia ya Magharibi na Ulaya, pamoja na sehemu zaAfrika.Jina rasmi kwa Kiingereza ni "Belt and Road Initiative"au"Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road".

Kwa kushirikiana na nchi za maeneo hayo China imeanza kujenga au kupanuabarabarananjia za reli.Kati ya miradi mingi iliyoanzishwa iko njia yareliinayounganisha China ya magharibi naKazakhstanna kuendelea hadiUrusinaUlaya ya Magharibikwa umbali wa takriban kilomita 12,000 ( "New Eurasian Land Bridge" ). Sehemu nyingine ni Ushoroba wa Kiuchumi wa China na Pakistan ( "China–Pakistan Economic Corridor" )ambako barabara kuu na reli zinaunganisha China ya Magharibi na bandari mpya yaGwadarkwenyeBahari Hindi.Bandari hii ilijengwa pia na makampuni ya China.

Kujisomea

• Boulnois, Luce.Silk Road: Monks, Warriors and Merchants on the Silk Road.Odyssey Publications, 2005.ISBN 962-217-720-4
• Bulliet, Richard W. 1975.The Camel and the Wheel.Harvard University Press.ISBN 0-674-09130-2.
• Christian, David (2000). "Silk Roads or Steppe Roads? The Silk Roads in World History".Journal of World History.2.1(Spring).University of Hawaii Press:1.
• de la Vaissière, E., Sogdian Traders. A History, Leiden, Brill, 2005, HardbackISBN 90-04-14252-5Brill Publishers,French versionISBN 2-85757-064-3on[1]Archived18 Agosti 2011 at theWayback Machine.
• Elisseeff, Vadime. Editor. 1998.The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce.UNESCO Publishing. Paris. Reprint: 2000.ISBN 92-3-103652-1softback;ISBN 1-57181-221-0;ISBN 1-57181-222-9softback.
• Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011).China's Ancient Tea Horse Road.Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2
• Hansen, Valerie.The Silk Road: A New History(Oxford University Press; 2012) 304 pages; Combines archaeology and history in a study of seven oases
• Hallikainen, Saana:Connections from Europe to Asia and how the trading was affected by the cultural exchange(2002)
• Hill, John E. (2004).The Peoples of the West from the WeilüeNgụy lượcby Yu HuanNgư hoạn:A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265.Draft annotated English translation.[2]
• Hopkirk, Peter:The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia;Kodansha International, New York, 1990, 1992.
• Kuzmina, E. E.The Prehistory of the Silk Road.(2008) Edited byVictor H. Mair.University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.ISBN 978-0-8122-4041-2
• Larsen, Jeanne.Silk Road: A Novel of Eighth-Century China.(1989; reprinted 2009)
• Levy, Scott C. "Early Modern Central Asia in World History,"History Compass(Nov 2012) 10#11 866–878, DOI:10.1111/hic3.12004
• Li et al."Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age".BMC Biology2010, 8:15.
• Liu, Xinru,and Shaffer, Lynda Norene. 2007.Connections Across Eurasia: Transportation, Communication, and Cultural Exchange on the Silk Roads.McGraw Hill, New York.ISBN 978-0-07-284351-4.
• Miller, Roy Andrew (1959):Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty.University of California Press.
• Omrani, Bijan.Asia Overland: Tales of Travel on the Trans-Siberian and Silk RoadOdyssey Publications, 2010ISBN 962-217-811-1
• Polo, Marco,Il Milione.
• Thubron, C.,The Silk Road to China(Hamlyn, 1989)
• Tuladhar, Kamal Ratna (2011).Caravan to Lhasa:A Merchant of Kathmandu in Traditional Tibet.Kathmandu: Lijala & Tisa.ISBN 99946-58-91-3
• Watt, James C.Y. & Wardwell, Anne E. (1997).When silk was gold: Central Asian and Chinese textiles.New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.ISBN0870998250.{{cite book}}:External link in|title=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Weber, Olivier,Eternal Afghanistan (photographies of Reza), (Unesco-Le Chêne, 2002)
• Yap, Joseph P.Wars With the Xiongnu – A Translation From Zizhi Tongjian.AuthorHouse (2009)ISBN 978-1-4490-0604-4

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