Elementi za kikemia
Elementi za kikemianidutuzenyetabiamaalumu zisizotenganishwa kuwa dutu tofauti kwa mbinu zakemia.Elementitupu ina aina moja tu yaatomindani yake.
Dutu na elementi[hariri|hariri chanzo]
Kwa mfanomajini dutu na ndani yake kuna atomi zahaidrojeninaoksijeni.Atomi hizo zinashikana kamamolekyuli.Kwa kuongezanishatiinawezekana kutenganisha haidrojeni na oksijeni kuwa dutu mbili tofauti. Kila moja peke yake hainakitukingine ndani yake, kwa hiyo ni elementi.
Inawezekana kupasua hata atomi lakini hii si kazi ya kemia bali ni yafizikia.
Elementi asilia na elementi sintetiki[hariri|hariri chanzo]
Kwa jumla kuna elementi 116 zinazojulikana katika Kemia zimo katikajedwali la elementilinaloitwa pia "mfumo radidia".
Kati ya hizo 116 ni 90 tu zinazopatikana kiasili. Nyingine zinatengenezwa katikamaabarana hazidumu sana. Katika hizoelementi sintetiki,nyingine zinakaamudamfupi wasekundelakini nyingine zinakaa miaka.
Alama na hali maada[hariri|hariri chanzo]
Kila elementi inaalamayake ya kikemia jinsi inavyoonekana katikajedwali la elementi.
Elementi zinatokea kwahali maadatofauti.Dunianikuna hali zamango,kiowevunagesi.Penyejotokali kama katikajuakuna pia hali yautegili(plasma). Mara nyingi elementi zinapatikana katika hali yakampaundiyaani zimeunganika na elementi nyingine.
Orodha ya elementi[hariri|hariri chanzo]
Orodha ifuatayo inatajaelementi za kikemiakatikamfumo radidiakufuatana naherufizaalfabeti.
Jina la Elementi) | Kiingereza (IUPAC) | Alama | Namba atomia | Uzani atomia [u] |
Densiti [kg/m³] (20 °C) |
Kiwango cha kuyeyuka (°C) |
Kiwango cha kuchemka (°C) |
Iligunduliwa mwaka |
Kutambuliwa na |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aktini | actinium | Ac | 89 | 227,03 | 10070 | 1047 | 3197 | 1899 | Debierne |
Alumini | aluminium | Al | 13 | 26,98 | 2700 | 660,5 | 2467 | 1825 | Ørsted |
Ameriki | americium | Am | 95 | 243,06 | 13670 | 994 | 2607 | 1944 | Seaborg |
Stibi | antimony | Sb | 51 | 121,75 | 6690 | 630,7 | 1750 | zamani | (?) |
Arigoni | argon | Ar | 18 | 39,94 | 1,66 | −189,4 | −185,9 | 1894 | Ramsay, Strutt |
Asenia | arsenic | As | 33 | 74,92 | 5720 | 6132) | 6132) | 11. Jhd. | Albertus Magnus |
Astatini | astatine | At | 85 | 209,99 | 302 | 337 | 1940 | Segrè | |
Bari | barium | Ba | 56 | 137,33 | 3650 | 725 | 1640 | 1808 | Davy |
Berkeli | berkelium | Bk | 97 | 247,07 | 13250 | 986 | 1949 | Seaborg | |
Berili | beryllium | Be | 4 | 9,01 | 1850 | 1278 | 2970 | 1797 | Vauquelin |
Bismuthi | bismuth | Bi | 83 | 208,98 | 9800 | 271,4 | 1560 | 1540 | Agricola |
Bohri | bohrium | Bh | 107 | 262,12 | 1976 | Oganessian | |||
Boroni | boron | B | 5 | 10,81 | 2460 | 2300 | 2550 | 1808 | Davy, Gay-Lussac |
Bromi | bromine | Br | 35 | 79,90 | 3140 | −7,3 | 58,8 | 1826 | Balard |
Cadimi(Kadimi) | cadmium | Cd | 48 | 112,41 | 8640 | 321 | 765 | 1817 | Stromeyerund Hermann |
Caesi(Sizi) | cesium | Cs | 55 | 132,91 | 1900 | 28,4 | 690 | 1860 | Kirchhoff, Bunsen |
Kalisi | calcium | Ca | 20 | 40,078 | 1540 | 839 | 1487 | 1808 | Davy |
Kalifoni | californium | Cf | 98 | 251,08 | 15100 | 900 | 1950 | Seaborg | |
Seri | cerium | Ce | 58 | 140,11 | 6770 | 798 | 3257 | 1803 | von Hisinger,Berzelius |
Chlorini(Klorini) | chlorine | Cl | 17 | 35,45 | 2,95 | −101 | −34,6 | 1774 | Scheele |
Chromi(Kromi) | chromium | Cr | 24 | 52,00 | 7140 | 1857 | 2482 | 1797 | Vauquelin |
Kobalti | cobalt | Co | 27 | 58,933 | 8890 | 1495 | 2870 | 1735 | Brandt |
Curi(Kuri) | curium | Cm | 96 | 247,07 | 13510 | 1340 | 3110 | 1944 | Seaborg |
Darmstadti | darmstadtium | Ds | 110 | 269 | 1994 | GSI | |||
Dubni | dubnium | Db | 105 | 262,11 | 1967/70 | Ghiorso | |||
Disprosi | Disprosi | Dy | 66 | 162,5 | 8560 | 1409 | 2335 | 1886 | Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
Einsteini | einsteinium | Es | 99 | 252,08 | 860 | 1952 | Seaborg | ||
Feri (Chuma) | iron | Fe | 26 | 55,85 | 7870 | 1535 | 2750 | zamani | (?) |
Erbi | erbium | Er | 68 | 167,26 | 9050 | 1522 | 2510 | 1842 | Mosander |
Europi | europium | Eu | 63 | 151,96 | 5250 | 822 | 1597 | 1901 | Demarçay |
Fermi | fermium | Fm | 100 | 257,10 | 1952 | Seaborg | |||
Florini | fluorine | F | 9 | 19,00 | 1,58 | −219,6 | −188,1 | 1886 | Moissan |
Fransi | francium | Fr | 87 | 223,02 | 27 | 677 | 1939 | Perey | |
Gadolini | gadolinium | Gd | 64 | 157,25 | 7890 | 1311 | 3233 | 1880 | de Marignac |
Gali | gallium | Ga | 31 | 69,72 | 5910 | 29,8 | 2403 | 1875 | Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
Gerimani | germanium | Ge | 32 | 72,61 | 5320 | 937,4 | 2830 | 1886 | Winkler |
Auri (Dhahabu) | gold | Au | 79 | 196,97 | 19320 | 1064,4 | 2940 | zamani | (?) |
Hafni | hafnium | Hf | 72 | 178,49 | 13310 | 2150 | 5400 | 1923 | Coster, de Hevesy |
Hassi | hassium | Hs | 108 | 265,00 | 1984 | GSI | |||
Heli | helium | He | 2 | 4,00 | 0,170 | −272,2 | −268,9 | 1895 | Ramsay, Crookes |
Holmi | holmium | Ho | 67 | 164,93 | 8780 | 1470 | 2720 | 1878 | Soret |
Hidrojeni | hydrogen | H | 1 | 1,01 | 0,084 | −259,1 | −252,9 | 1766 | Cavendish |
Indi | indium | In | 49 | 114,82 | 7310 | 156,2 | 2080 | 1863 | Reich, Richter |
Iodini | iodine | I | 53 | 126,90 | 4940 | 113,5 | 184,4 | 1811 | Courtois |
Iridi | iridium | Ir | 77 | 192,22 | 22560 | 2410 | 4130 | 1803 | Tennant |
Kali | potassium | K | 19 | 39,098 | 860 | 63,7 | 774 | 1807 | Davy |
Kaboni | carbon | C | 6 | 12,011 | 3510 | 3550 | 4827 | zamani | (?) |
Kriptoni | krypton | Kr | 36 | 83,80 | 3,48 | −156,6 | −152,3 | 1898 | Ramsay, Travers |
Shaba(Kupri) | copper | Cu | 29 | 63,55 | 8920 | 1083,5 | 2595 | zamani | (?) |
Lanthani | lanthanum | La | 57 | 138,90 | 6160 | 920 | 3454 | 1839 | Mosander |
Lawirensi | lawrencium | Lr | 103 | 260,10 | 1627 | 1961 | Ghiorso | ||
Lithi | lithium | Li | 3 | 6,94 | 530 | 180,5 | 1317 | 1817 | Arfwedson |
Luteti | lutetium | Lu | 71 | 175,00 | 9840 | 1656 | 3315 | 1907 | von Welsbach, Urbain |
Magnesi | magnesium | Mg | 12 | 24,30 | 1740 | 648,8 | 1107 | 1828 | Bussy |
Manganisi | manganese | Mn | 25 | 54,90 | 7440 | 1244 | 2097 | 1774 | Gahn |
Meitneri | meitnerium | Mt | 109 | 266 | 1982 | GSI | |||
Mendelevi | mendelevium | Md | 101 | 258,1 | 1955 | Seaborg | |||
Molibdeni | molybdenum | Mo | 42 | 95,94 | 10280 | 2617 | 5560 | 1778 | Scheele |
Natiri | sodium | Na | 11 | 22,99 | 970 | 97,8 | 892 | 1807 | Davy |
Neodimi | neodymium | Nd | 60 | 144,24 | 7000 | 1010 | 3127 | 1895 | von Welsbach |
Neoni | neon | Ne | 10 | 20,18 | 0,84 | −248,7 | −246,1 | 1898 | Ramsay Travers |
Neptuni | neptunium | Np | 93 | 237,05 | 20480 | 640 | 3902 | 1940 | McMillan Abelson |
Nikeli | nickel | Ni | 28 | 58,69 | 8910 | 1453 | 2732 | 1751 | Cronstedt |
Niobi | niobium | Nb | 41 | 92,91 | 8580 | 2468 | 4927 | 1801 | Hatchet |
Nitrojeni | nitrogen | N | 7 | 14,01 | 1,170 | −209,9 | −195,8 | 1771 | Scheele |
Nobeli | nobelium | No | 102 | 259,10 | 1958 | Seaborg | |||
Osmi | osmium | Os | 76 | 190,2 | 22590 | 3045 | 5027 | 1803 | Tennant |
Paladi | palladium | Pd | 46 | 106,42 | 12020 | 1552 | 3140 | 1803 | Wollaston |
Risasi(Plumbi) | lead | Pb | 82 | 207,2 | 11340 | 327,5 | 1740 | zamani | (?) |
Posferi | phosphorus | P | 15 | 30,97 | 1820 | 44 | 280 | 1669 | Brand |
Platini | platinum | Pt | 78 | 195,08 | 21450 | 1772 | 3827 | 1557 | Scaliger |
Plutoni | plutonium | Pu | 94 | 244,06 | 19740 | 641 | 3327 | 1940 | Seaborg |
Poloni | polonium | Po | 84 | 208,98 | 9200 | 254 | 962 | 1898 | Marie Curie |
Praseodimi | praseodymium | Pr | 59 | 140,91 | 6480 | 931 | 3212 | 1895 | von Welsbach |
Promethi | promethium | Pm | 61 | 146,92 | 7220 | 1080 | 2730 | 1945 | Marinsky |
Protaktini | protactinium | Pa | 91 | 231,04 | 15370 | 1554 | 4030 | 1917 | Fajans Hahn, Meitner |
Zebaki(Hidragiri) | mercury | Hg | 80 | 200,59 | 13550 | −38,9 | 356,6 | zamani | (?) |
Radi (elementi) | radium | Ra | 88 | 226,03 | 5500 | 700 | 1140 | 1898 | Marieund Pierre Curie |
Radoni | radon | Rn | 86 | 222,02 | 9,23 | −71 | −61,8 | 1900 | Dorn |
Reni | rhenium | Re | 75 | 186,21 | 21030 | 3180 | 5627 | 1925 | Noddack, Tacke, Berg |
Rodi | rhodium | Rh | 45 | 102,91 | 12410 | 1966 | 3727 | 1803 | Wollaston |
Roentgeni | roentgenium | Rg | 111 | 272 | 1994 | GSI | |||
Rubidi | rubidium | Rb | 37 | 85,45 | 1530 | 39 | 688 | 1861 | Bunsen, Kirchhoff |
Rutheni | ruthenium | Ru | 44 | 101,07 | 12450 | 2310 | 3900 | 1844 | Claus |
Rutherfordi | rutherfordium | Rf | 104 | 261,11 | 1964/69 | Ghiorso | |||
Samari | samarium | Sm | 62 | 150,36 | 7540 | 1072 | 1778 | 1879 | Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
Oksijeni | oxygen | O | 8 | 16,00 | 1,33 | −218,4 | −182,9 | 1774 | Priestley, Scheele |
Skandi | scandium | Sc | 21 | 44,96 | 2990 | 1539 | 2832 | 1879 | Nilson |
Sulfuri | sulfur | S | 16 | 32,07 | 2060 | 113 | 444,7 | zamani | (?) |
Seaborgi | seaborgium | Sg | 106 | 263,12 | 1974 | Oganessian | |||
Seleni | selenium | Se | 34 | 78,96 | 4820 | 217 | 685 | 1817 | Berzelius |
Agenti | silver | Ag | 47 | 107,87 | 10490 | 961,9 | 2212 | zamani | (?) |
Silikoni | silicon | Si | 14 | 28,09 | 2330 | 1410 | 2355 | 1824 | Berzelius |
Stani | tin | Sn | 50 | 118,71 | 7290 | 232 | 2270 | zamani | (?) |
Stronti | strontium | Sr | 38 | 87,62 | 2630 | 769 | 1384 | 1798 | Klaproth |
Tantali | tantalum | Ta | 73 | 180,95 | 16680 | 2996 | 5425 | 1802 | Ekeberg |
Tekineti | technetium | Tc | 43 | 98,91 | 11490 | 2172 | 5030 | 1937 | Segrè |
Teluro | tellurium | Te | 52 | 127,6 | 6250 | 449,6 | 990 | 1782 | von Reichenstein |
Taribi | terbium | Tb | 65 | 158,93 | 8250 | 1360 | 3041 | 1843 | Mosander |
Tali | thallium | Tl | 81 | 204,38 | 11850 | 303,6 | 1457 | 1861 | Crookes |
Thori | thorium | Th | 90 | 232,04 | 11720 | 1750 | 4787 | 1829 | Berzelius |
Thuli | thulium | Tm | 69 | 168,93 | 9320 | 1545 | 1727 | 1879 | Cleve |
Titani | titanium | Ti | 22 | 47,88 | 4510 | 1660 | 3260 | 1791 | Gregor, Klaproth |
Kopernici | copernicium | Cn | 112 | 277 | 1996 | GSI | |||
Livermori | livermorium | Lv | 116 | 289 | 2000 | JINR | |||
Oganessoni | oganesson | Og | 118 | 293 | 2006 | JINR | |||
Moskovi | moscovium | Mc | 115 | 288 | 2006 | JINR | |||
Flerovi | flerovium | Fl | 114 | 289 | 1999 | JINR | |||
Tennessini | tennessine | Ts | 117 | ||||||
Nihoni | nihonium | Nh | 113 | 287 | 2006 | JINR | |||
Urani | uranium | U | 92 | 238,03 | 18970 | 1132,4 | 3818 | 1789 | Klaproth |
Vanadi | vanadium | V | 23 | 50,94 | 6090 | 1890 | 3380 | 1801 | del Río |
Wolframi | tungsten | W | 74 | 183,85 | 19260 | 3407 | 5927 | 1783 | FaustoundJuan de Elhuyar |
Yitebi | ytterbium | Yb | 70 | 173,04 | 6970 | 824 | 1193 | 1878 | de Marignac |
Yitri | yttrium | Y | 39 | 88,91 | 4470 | 1523 | 3337 | 1794 | Gadolin |
Zinki | zinc | Zn | 30 | 65,39 | 7140 | 419,6 | 907 | zamani | (?) |
Xenoni(Zenoni) | xenon | Xe | 54 | 131,29 | 4,49 | −111,9 | −107 | 1898 | Ramsay, Travers |
Zirikoni | zirconium | Zr | 40 | 91,22 | 6510 | 1852 | 4377 | 1789 | Klaproth |
Tazama pia[hariri|hariri chanzo]
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