Kitigrinya
Kitigrinya( ትግርኛ,tigriññā,pia huandikwaTigrigna,Tigrina,Tigriña;pia:Kitigray, Kitigre, Kihabesha) nilugha ya Kisemitiinayozungumzwa katikaEthiopia(hasajimbo la Tigray) naEritrea.
Maandishiyake ni kwaalfabeti ya Kiethiopia.
Wazungumzaji[hariri|hariri chanzo]
Idadiya wasemaji ni takribanmilioni5-6. Wazungumzaji wa lugha hii huitwaWatigray.
Nchini Ethiopia, Kitigrinya ni lugha ya tatu inayotumiwa na watu wengi (baada yaKioromonaKiamhari), wakati nchini Eritrea lugha hii inaongoza kuwa lugha inayotumika zaidi nchini humo. Waongeaji wengine wanaotumia lugha hii ni pamoja na wahamiaji wengi duniani ikiwa pamoja na wale wa hukoSudan,Saudi Arabia,Marekani,Ujerumani,Italia,Uingereza,KanadanaSweden,pamoja na watu wa jamii yaBeta Israelambao kwa sasa huishi nchiniIsraeli.
Historia[hariri|hariri chanzo]
Kitigrinya kimetokana nalughaya kale yaGe'eziliyokuwa lugha yanyanda za juuza Ethiopia na hadi leo ni lugha yaliturgiakatikaKanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopianala Eritrea.
Maandiko ya mwanzo kabisa ya lugha ya Kitigrinya yanafuata baada ya sheria za jadi zinazopatikana katika wilaya yaLogosarda,yaliyopo kusini mwa Eritrea tokea mwanzoni mwakarne ya 13.[1]
Lugha ya Kitigrinya, pamoja na lugha yaKiarabu,zilikuwa kati yalugha rasmikatikashirikisholililodumu kwa muda mfupi laEthiopiana baadaye nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na lugha yaKiamhari.Tangu kupatikana kwauhuruwa Eritrea mwaka1991,lugha ya Kitigrinya iliendelea kama lugha inayotumika zaidi nchini humo, na kuifanya nchi hiyo kuwa nchi pekeedunianikuitambua lugha ya Kitigrinya katika ngazi ya taifa.
Katika eneo la Eritrea, wizara ya habari iliamua kuanzishagazetila kilawikiliandikwalo kwa lugha ya Kitigrinya lilikua likigharimu takribani senti tano na kuuza nakala zaidi ya 5,000 kila wiki. Katika kipindi hiki, gazeti hili lilifahamika kama la kipekee zaidi.[2]
Lahajaza Kitigrinya hutofautiana kimatamshi, kimaana na kimaandishi.[3]Hadi sasa, hakuna lahaja ambayo imeshakubaliwa kuwa ndiyo maalum kwa watumiaji wa lugha hii.
Lugha hii mara nyingi huchanganywa na lugha nyingine ambazo kwa namna fulani hufanana nazo hasa katikamatamshi,kwa mfano lugha yaKitigreambayo lugha hii hutumika katika maeneo ya ukanda wa chini wa Eritrea, hasa upande wa Kaskazini na Magharibi ambapo lugha hii hutumika.
Marejeo[hariri|hariri chanzo]
- ↑"UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page: Tigrinya".UCLA. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzomnamo 2007-03-02.Iliwekwa mnamo2006-11-10.
- ↑Ministry of Information (1944)The First to be Freed—The record of British military administration in Eritrea and Somalia, 1941-1943.London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
- ↑Leslau, Wolf (1941)Documents Tigrigna (Éthiopien Septentrional): Grammaire et Textes.Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
Bibliografia[hariri|hariri chanzo]
- Amanuel Sahle (1998)Säwasäsǝw Tǝgrǝñña bǝsäfiḥ.Lawrencevill, NJ, USA: Red Sea Press.ISBN 1-56902-096-5
- Dan'el Täxlu Räda (1996, Eth. Cal.)Zäbänawi säwasəw kʷ'ankʷ'a Təgrəñña.Mäx'älä
- Rehman, Abdel. English Tigrigna Dictionary: A Dictionary of the Tigrinya Language: (Asmara) Simon Wallenberg Press. Introduction Pages to the Tigrinya LanguageISBN 1-84356-006-2
- Eritrean People's Liberation Front (1985)Dictionary, English-Tigrigna-Arabic.Rome: EPLF.
- ----- (1986)Dictionary, Tigrigna-English, mesgebe qalat tigrinya englizenya.Rome: EPLF.
- Kane, Thomas L. (2000)Tigrinya-English Dictionary(2 vols). Springfield, VA: Dunwoody Press.ISBN 1-881265-68-4
- Leslau, Wolf(1941)Documents tigrigna: grammaire et textes.Paris: Libraire C. Klincksieck.
- Mason, John (Ed.) (1996)Säwasǝw Tǝgrǝñña,Tigrinya Grammar.Lawrenceville, NJ, USA: Red Sea Press.ISBN 0-932415-20-2(ISBN 0-932415-21-0,paperback)
- Praetorius, F. (1871)Grammatik der Tigriñasprache in Abessinien.Halle.ISBN 3-487-05191-5(1974 reprint)
- Täxästä Täxlä et al. (1989, Eth. Cal.)Mäzgäbä k'alat Təgrəñña bə-Təgrəñña.Addis Ababa:Nəgd matämiya dərəǧǧət.
- Ullendorff, E.(1985)A Tigrinya Chrestomathy.Stuttgart: F. Steiner.ISBN 3-515-04314-4
- Ze'im Girma (1983)Lǝsanä Ag’azi.Asmara: Government Printing Press.
Viungo vya nje[hariri|hariri chanzo]
- (en)Muhtasari kuhusu Kitigrinya kwenyeEthnologue
- lugha ya Kitigrinya kwenye Multitree
- ramani ya KitigrinyaArchived21 Juni 2010 at theWayback Machine.
- Tigrinya classes for children of Tigrinya-speaking immigrants in SwedenArchived17 Agosti 2009 at theWayback Machine., including teaching materials.
- Tigrigna onlineArchived14 Novemba 2020 at theWayback Machine., includes an online English-Tigrinya dictionary.
- Sites with Tigrinya text or sound files (all require a Ge'ez Unicode font).
- AsmarinoArchived13 Januari 2006 at theWayback Machine.: Eritrean exile site.
- Meskerem:"Eritrean opposition" website.
- Eritrean government site with links toHaddas ErtraArchived17 Januari 2006 at theWayback Machine., the daily Tigrinya newspaper in Eritrea.
- Christian recordings in Tigrinya:Global Recordingswebsite.
- Tigrina Learning and Playing Game Board - ጸወታ ፍልጠት:It provides for playful learning of the Ge'ez script and all languages which are written with it.[1]Archived19 Januari 2021 at theWayback Machine.
Jina la lugha | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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ትግርኛtigriññā | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pronunciation | /tɨɡrɨɲa/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Inazungumzwa nchini | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ukanda | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jumla ya wazungumzaji | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Familia ya lugha | {{
|
Afro-asiatic | yellow =Afro-Asiatic | orange =Niger-Congo | gold =Nilo-Saharan | goldenrod =Khoisan | lawngreen =Indo-European | lightgreen =Caucasian | yellowgreen =Altaic | limegreen =Uralic | mediumspringgreen =Dravidian | Paleo-Siberian | Paleo-siberian | Palaeosiberian | Palaeo-Siberian | Palaeo-siberian =Paleosiberian | pink =Austronesian | Austro-asiatic | Austroasiatic | lightcoral =Austro-Asiatic | tomato =Sino-Tibetan | Hmong-Mien =Hmong-Mien | orchid =Australian | violet =Papuan | lavender =Tai-Kadai | lightblue =American | Na-Dené | deepskyblue =Na-Dené | Dené-Yeniseian | deepskyblue =Dené-Yeniseian | lightcyan =Eskimo-Aleut | creole =Creole | pidgin =Pidgin | mixed =Mixed | isolate | language isolate | #dddddd =language isolate | sign | sign language | silver =sign language | conlang | constructed language | black =constructed language | default | white = — |
}} | |
Mfumo wa uandikaji | Ge'ez alphabetabugida | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hadhi rasmi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lugha rasmi nchini | Eritrea(working language) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hurekebishwa na | No official regulation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Misimbo ya lugha | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISO 639-1 | ti | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISO 639-2 | tir | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISO 639-3 | tir | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note:This page may containIPAphonetic symbols inUnicode. |