Kiurdu

Lashkari Zaban ( "lugha ya kambi ya jeshi" au "Lugha ya Hordish" ) katika hati ya Nastaliq

Kiurdu(pia hujulikana kamaLashkariimeandikwaلشکری) ni aina yalughayaKihindiiliyosanifiwa.

Ndiyolugha rasmiyaPakistanna ya majimbo 6 yaIndia(katika nchi hiyo ni mojawapo kati ya 22 zinazokubaliwa nakatiba).

Kwa kawaida kinaandikwa kwaherufi za Kiarabukutokana na uhusiano wake nadiniyaUislamu.

Wanaokitumia kamalugha mamani watumilioni65.

Marejeo

• Henry Blochmann(1877).English and Urdu dictionary, romanized(toleo la 8). CALCUTTA: Printed at the Baptist mission press for the Calcutta school-book society. uk. 215.Iliwekwa mnamo6 Julai2011.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)the University of Michigan
• John Dowson (1908).A grammar of the Urdū or Hindūstānī language(toleo la 3). LONDON: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., ltd. uk. 264.Iliwekwa mnamo6 Julai2011.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)the University of Michigan
• John Dowson (1872).A grammar of the Urdū or Hindūstānī language.LONDON: Trübner & Co. uk. 264.Iliwekwa mnamo6 Julai2011.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)Oxford University
• John Thompson Platts (1874).A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language.Juz. Volume 6423 of Harvard College Library preservation microfilm program. LONDON: W.H. Allen. uk. 399.Iliwekwa mnamo6 Julai2011.{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)Oxford University
• John Thompson Platts (1892).A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language.LONDON: W.H. Allen. uk. 399.Iliwekwa mnamo6 Julai2011.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)the New York Public Library
• John Thompson Platts (1884).A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English(toleo la reprint). LONDON: H. Milford. uk. 1259.Iliwekwa mnamo6 Julai2011.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)Oxford University
• Ahmad, Rizwan. 2006."Voices people write: Examining Urdu in Devanagari"Archived14 Juni 2007 at theWayback Machine.
• Alam, Muzaffar. 1998. "The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics." InModern Asian Studies,vol. 32, no. 2. (May, 1998), pp. 317–349.
• Asher, R. E. (Ed.). 1994.The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics.Oxford: Pergamon Press.ISBN 0-08-035943-4.
• Azad, Muhammad Husain. 2001 [1907].Aab-e hayat(Lahore: Naval Kishor Gais Printing Works) 1907 [in Urdu]; (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 2001. [In English translation]
• Azim, Anwar. 1975. Urdu a victim of cultural genocide. In Z. Imam (Ed.),Muslims in India(p. 259).
• Bhatia, Tej K. 1996.Colloquial Hindi: The Complete Course for Beginners.London, UK & New York, NY: Routledge.ISBN 0-415-11087-4(Book), 0415110882 (Cassettes), 0415110890 (Book & Cassette Course)
• Bhatia, Tej K. and Koul Ashok. 2000. "Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners." London: Routledge.ISBN 0-415-13540-0(Book);ISBN 0-415-13541-9(cassette);ISBN 0-415-13542-7(book and casseettes course)
• Chatterji, Suniti K. 1960.Indo-Aryan and Hindi(rev. 2nd ed.). Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay.
• Dua, Hans R. 1992. "Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language". In M. G. Clyne (Ed.),Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations.Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.ISBN 3-11-012855-1.
• Dua, Hans R. 1994a. Hindustani. In Asher, 1994; pp. 1554.
• Dua, Hans R. 1994b. Urdu. In Asher, 1994; pp. 4863–4864.
• Durrani, Attash, Dr. 2008.Pakistani Urdu.Islamabad: National Language Authority, Pakistan.
• Gumperz, J.J. (1982)."Discourse Strategies".Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help);Invalid|ref=harv(help)
• Hassan, Nazir and Omkar N. Koul 1980.Urdu Phonetic Reader.Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
• Syed Maqsud Jamil. "The Literary Heritage of Urdu",Daily Star, 16 June 2006.
• Kelkar, A. R. 1968.Studies in Hindi-Urdu: Introduction and word phonology. Poona: Deccan College.
• Khan, M. H. 1969. Urdu. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.),Current trends in linguistics(Vol. 5). The Hague: Mouton.
• King, Christopher R. 1994.One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India.Bombay: Oxford University Press.
• Koul, Ashok K. 2008.Urdu Script and Vocabulary.Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies.
• Koul, Omkar N. 1994.Hindi Phonetic Reader.Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies.
• Koul, Omkar N. 2008.Modern Hindi Grammar.Springfield: Dunwoody Press.
• Narang, G. C. and D. A. Becker. 1971. Aspiration and nasalization in the generative phonology of Hindi-Urdu.Language,47,646–767.
• Ohala, M. 1972. Topics in Hindi-Urdu phonology. (PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles).
• "A Desertful of Roses",a site about Ghalib's Urdu ghazals by Dr. Frances W. Pritchett, Professor of Modern Indic Languages at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
• Phukan, S. 2000. The Rustic Beloved: Ecology of Hindi in a Persianate World, The Annual of Urdu Studies, vol 15, issue 5, pp. 1–30
• The Comparative study of Urdu and Khowar.Badshah Munir BukhariNational Language Authority Pakistan 2003.
• Rai, Amrit. 1984.A house divided: The origin and development of Hindi-Hindustani.Delhi: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-561643-X.
• Snell, RupertTeach yourself Hindi: A complete guide for beginners.Lincolnwood, IL: NTC
• Pimsleur, Dr. Paul,"Free Urdu Audio Lesson"Archived7 Julai 2011 at theWayback Machine.
• The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and Urdu,ROBERT D. KING

Viungo vya nje

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• Directory of Urdu websitesArchived5 Januari 2015 at theWayback Machine..
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• lugha ya Kiurdu katika Glottolog

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